The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is a unit of the United States Department of Labor. It is the principal fact-finding agency for the U.S. government in the broad field of labor economics and statistics and serves as a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System. The BLS collects, processes, analyzes, and disseminates essential statistical data to the American public, the U.S. Congress, other Federal agencies, State and local governments, business, and labor representatives. The BLS also serves as a statistical resource to the United States Department of Labor, and conducts research measuring the income levels families need to maintain a satisfactory quality of life.[5]
BLS data must satisfy a number of criteria, including relevance to current social and economic issues, timeliness in reflecting today's rapidly changing economic conditions, accuracy and consistently high statistical quality, impartiality in both subject matter and presentation, and accessibility to all. To avoid the appearance of partiality, the dates of major data releases are scheduled more than a year in advance, in coordination with the Office of Management and Budget.[6]
The Bureau of Labor was established within the Department of the Interior on June 27, 1884, to collect information about employment and labor. Its creation under the Bureau of Labor Act (23 Stat. 60) stemmed from the findings of U.S. Senator Henry W. Blair's "Labor and Capital Hearings", which examined labor issues and working conditions in the U.S.[7] Statistician Carroll D. Wright became the first U.S. Commissioner of Labor in 1885, a position he held until 1905. The Bureau's placement within the federal government structure changed three times in the first 29 years following its formation. It was made an independent (sub-Cabinet) department by the Department of Labor Act (25 Stat. 182) on June 13, 1888. The Bureau was then incorporated into the Department of Commerce and Labor by the Department of Commerce Act (32 Stat. 827) on February 14, 1903. Finally, it was transferred under the Department of Labor in 1913, where it resides today.[8][9] Starting in 1992, BLS was headquartered in the Postal Square Building near Washington Union Station. During 2024, BLS headquarters were moved to the Suitland Federal Center in Suitland, Maryland, into the same facility that houses the Bureau of the Census headquarters.
Since 1915, the BLS has published the Monthly Labor Review, a journal focused on the data and methodologies of labor statistics.
The BLS is headed by a commissioner who serves a four-year term from the date he or she takes office. The most recent Commissioner of Labor Statistics is Erika McEntarfer, who was confirmed by the U.S. Senate for the office on January 11, 2024.[10]
Erica Groshen was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on January 2, 2013, and sworn in as the 14th Commissioner of Labor Statistics on January 29, 2013, for a term that ended on January 27, 2017.[11][12] William Wiatrowski, Deputy Commissioner of the BLS, served as Acting Commissioner until the next commissioner, William Beach was sworn in. Beach served until January 2024, at which time he was succeeded by Erika McEntarfer.
On August 1, 2025, President Donald Trump announced he would fire Commissioner McEntarfer, hours after a downward revision in job creation was published in the Bureau's July jobs report.[13][14] According to the BBC, "[t]he decision shocked Wall Street and raised alarm about White House interference in economic data."[15] Commentators pointed out that due to BLS security precautions, the commissioner did not have access to the systems that collect the data for this report, and could not change the results without a large number of people knowing and at least some of them complaining publicly.[16]
US Jobs Report
Every month, usually on the first Friday, the BLS releases its Employment Situation Summary, commonly known as the "US jobs report,"[17] among other monthly, quarterly, annual, etc., reports.[18]
The methods the BLS uses for the surveys that originate the data for the jobs reports, and how the calculations for the reports are done, are publicly available government data, published on the BLS website.[19]
The BLS collects job data in two separate surveys:
Current Population Survey (CPS)
This survey provides data on the employed, unemployed, and those not in the labor force. It measures the unemployment rate, labor force participation rate, and employment-population ratio.[20] It is a monthly survey of U.S. households,[21][22] conducted by the United States Census Bureau for the BLS.[23] Participation in the survey is voluntary. [24]
After the interviews are conducted, the Census Bureau processes the raw data files (as submitted by interviewers) to create a microdata file that can be used to produce estimates. This processing includes removing all personally identifiable information, assigning standardized occupation and industry classifications, editing the data for completeness and consistency, and creating new data elements based on responses to multiple survey questions. Data from field interviewers and centralized call centers are transmitted to Census Bureau headquarters daily during the survey interview period through secure electronic communications. When the Census Bureau’s processing activities are completed, the microdata file is securely transferred to the BLS for estimation of labor force statistics.[25]
Current Employment Statistics (CES)
This program produces detailed industry estimates of nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings of workers on payrolls. CES National Estimates (CES-N) produces data for the nation, and CES State and Metro Area (CES-SA) produces estimates for all 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and about 450 metropolitan areas and divisions. Each month, CES surveys approximately 121,000 businesses and government agencies, representing approximately 631,000 individual worksites, drawn from a sampling frame of unemployment insurance tax accounts. Both programs use the same sample and collection methods.[26][27] Participation in the survey is voluntary under federal law, but it is mandatory in California, New Mexico, Ohio, Oregon, South Carolina, and Puerto Rico. The South Carolina requirement applies to firms with more than 20 employees. The businesses report data on employment, hours, and earnings for all paid workers from their payroll records. The data is collected for the pay period that includes the 12th of the month (no matter what its length), via a form sent to workplaces, by telephone, and online (not by email, for security reasons).[28]
For its monthly estimation, the CES-N program uses a matched sample concept and weighted sample data to produce employment, hours, and earnings estimates. Regarding its reliability, the CES survey, like other sample surveys, is subject to two types of error: sampling and nonsampling error. The magnitude of sampling error, or variance, is directly related to the size of the sample and the percentage of universe coverage achieved by the sample. The CES sample covers over one-third of total universe employment, yielding a very small variance for the total nonfarm estimates. Nonsampling error includes response errors, nonresponse bias, and frame imperfections, such as the inability to account for business births.[29][30]
Revisions
From 2000 through 2024, the average magnitude (absolute value) of the BLS's final revision of non-farm employment was about 265,000 annually. The average change between preliminary revisions and final revisions has been about 58,000 annually. (Distinguish: most news stories report figures monthly.)
The BLS cautions on its releases page that "data in archived news releases may have been revised in subsequent releases. The latest data, including any revisions, may be obtained from the databases accessible on the program homepages."[18]
In addition to the last month’s information, the jobs report revises up or down the previous two months’ jobs totals.[32][33][34] The primary reasons for the monthly revisions are the collection of additional samples and seasonal adjustments. Also, each year, CES March employment data are reanchored or benchmarked to employment population totals primarily derived from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. This is done by replacing the March data-based employment estimates with universe counts of employment. The data are also re-seasonally adjusted to account for the benchmark revision and the re-evaluation of outliers and models. "Although revisions can seem disruptive to some users, they are an integral part of the quality control of CES sample-based estimates."[35][36] The BLS doesn't wait until it has all the reports to make the estimate and avoid revisions because users of the data are "intensely interested in the earliest possible read on labor market developments." As the revised estimates are based on more complete data, they create a higher resolution picture; sometimes, the revised data produce a totally different picture.[37]
Following Trump's firing of Commissioner McEntarfer, the media explained how The Employment Situation reports are made, stating that revisions are not unusual, nor are large changes in them abnormal.[38] The BLS considers its initial job numbers as preliminary when they are first published, because some businesses don't report their payroll data by the deadline (only about 60% do), making the report harder to estimate. The BLS continues collecting the payroll data (three months after the deadline, when more than 90% of workplaces have responded), and revising it according to seasonal adjustments; if more complete data is much above or below the preliminary data, "revisions can be exacerbated by the BLS’ seasonal adjustments, which sometimes need to be recalculated."[38] The data is revised in each of the two months following the initial report, also in a preliminary annual revision (August), and in a final annual revision (February), adding unemployment insurance data; there is a 10-year revision with census data. The BLS doesn't give lengthy analysis of the revisions; according to William Beach ,[38]:min.02:13 "it's normal for BLS not to explain those differences, because then they're doing a job outside of the job they're supposed to do, which is to take the data, and statistically make modifications to the estimates based on the data."[39][38][40]
According to the WSJ, the BLS has faced issues with data collection in recent years. Budget cuts—including a governmental hiring freeze earlier this year—and response rates have made providing real-time, accurate data more difficult. For example, the BLS surveys about 120,000 employers by phone or online to track the number of jobs in the economy and about 30% to 40% don’t reply on time—up from under 20% a decade ago.[41]
According to Barry Knapp of Ironsides Macroeconomics, the model used by BLS systematically overestimates the employment effects of small businesses. At the same time, reduced numbers of job-seeking foreigners are not caused by higher employment but by increased deportations and sinking immigration, which is not reflected in the BLS reports.[42]
Commissioners
Commissioners of Labor Statistics (1885 to present):[43]
Data produced by the BLS is often categorized into groups of states known as Census Regions. There are four Census Regions, which are further categorized by Census Division as follows:
Northeast Region
New England Division: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
Middle Atlantic Division: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.
South Region
South Atlantic Division: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia.
East South Central Division: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee.
West South Central Division: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.
Midwest Region
East North Central Division: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
West North Central Division: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
West Region
Mountain Division: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.
Pacific Division: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.
↑ "Archived copy"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
↑ "Employment Situation Summary". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. August 1, 2025. Retrieved August 18, 2025. (...) Revisions for May and June were larger than normal. The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for May was revised down by 125,000, from +144,000 to +19,000, and the change for June was revised down by 133,000, from +147,000 to +14,000. With these revisions, employment in May and June combined is 258,000 lower than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)
1 2 "Economic News Releases". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. July 17, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2025. On This Page / Latest Releases / Major Economic Indicators / Schedules for News Releases / Employment & Unemployment / Inflation & Prices / Pay & Benefits & Workplace Injuries / Productivity & Technology / Employment Projections / Regional News Releases
↑ "Surveys & Programs. Questionnaires". United States Census Bureau. November 6, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2025. The computerized questionnaire for just the labor force portion of a CPS interview consists of more than 200 questions. However, complex skip patterns using the responses to several questions insure respondents are asked only a very small set of questions about themselves. Averaged over the 8 months of interviews, the labor force portion of the CPS interview lasts about 6 minutes per person.
↑ "Information for Respondents". United States Census Bureau. April 17, 2025. Retrieved August 19, 2025. Am I required to participate in the survey? Your participation in this survey is voluntary. However, your household has been selected to represent people like you, and your contribution helps to ensure that employment and unemployment data are as reliable and accurate as possible. The only way we can achieve this needed reliability is through the cooperation of households such as yours in providing complete and accurate information.
↑ "Current Population Survey: Calculation". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. April 10, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2025. Reliability of the data. Two types of error are possible in an estimate based on a sample survey: sampling error and nonsampling error. [Explanation follows.]
↑ "Economic News Release. Employment Situation". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2025. Retrieved September 5, 2025. Table of Contents / The PDF version of the news release / News release charts / Supplemental Files Table of Contents / Last Modified Date: September 05, 2025
↑ "Economic News Release. Employment Situation Summary Table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2025. Retrieved September 5, 2025. NOTE: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. / Last Modified Date: September 05, 2025
↑ Current Employment Statistics monthly revisions and annual benchmarking explained - February 2025 (Internet video). U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. February 7, 2025. Event occurs at 6:11 min. Retrieved September 5, 2025. [Reasons for monthly revisions, 3:47 min. Annual benchmark revisions, 08:33 min. Benchmarking method, 12:32 min. The March 2024 revision and the impact it had on data, 14:37 min. Takeaways & Final Notes, 30:54 min. Total running time: 31:39 min.]
↑ "Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2025. Retrieved September 5, 2025. The Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program publishes a quarterly count of employment and wages reported by employers covering more than 95 percent of U.S. jobs, available at the county, MSA, state and national levels by industry.
↑ Thomas Nardone, Kenneth Robertson, Julie Hatch Maxfield (July 10, 2013). "Why are there revisions to the jobs numbers?". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved September 5, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
As defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, the principal agencies of the Federal Statistical System have statistical activities as their core mission and conduct much of the government’s statistical work.
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