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Philippine literature is literature associated with the Philippines from prehistory, through its colonial legacies, and on to the present.
The styles and themes used in Philippine literature were born from a combination of the country’s history, mythology, culture, and foreign influences, evolving throughout different periods while also adopting common writing philosophies and movements of the time. [1] [2] Philippine literature encompasses literary media written in various local languages as well as in Spanish and English.
According to journalist Nena Jimenez, the most common and consistent element of Philippine literature is its short and quick yet highly interpersonal sentences, with themes of family, dogmatic love, and persistence. [3] The use of commas, conjunctions, and a variation of English known as Filipino-English or Taglish are also most present in Philippine literature. [4] [5] Many of these elements used by Filipino writers had an impact in the history of literature as a whole.
According to Filipino historian Teodoro Agoncillo, the ethnicity that had the richest history in terms of story-telling were the Ilocano people, whose nomadic lifestyle in the highlands bred stories of adventures far moreso than other Filipinos living in the lowlands. Ilocano used an improvised, versified, and at times impromptu, long epic poem called a dallot, delivered and narrated in a song-like manner. [6] The most famous of these epics was the Biag ni Lamang . [7]
Other forms of literature written by pre-colonial Ilocano were songs (kankanta), dances (salsala), poems (dandaniw), riddles (burburtia), proverbs (pagsasao), and lamentations (dung-aw). Other traditional Filipino epics by other ethnicities include the Hudhud ni Aliguyon of the Ifugao, Hinilawod of Panay, Ibalon from Bicol, and Darangen of the Maranao. [8] During this time, different oral myths and folk tales were developed, eventually leading to their embeddement in Filipino culture, such as Ibong Adarna, Bernardo Carpio, Maria Makiling, and several creation myths. [7]
The Spanish colonization of the Philippine islands led to the introduction of European literary traditions. Many of these were influenced heavily by the Spanish language and the Catholic faith. [1] These traditions include poetry such as tanaga , ladino, corridos , and awit; religious dramas such as moriones , santacruzan , panunuluyan and senakulo; and secular dramas like comedia , duplo, and karagatan. [2] Many Filipino authors rose to prominence during this time, such as Francisco Balagtas, the author of Florante at Laura (1838); and Huseng Sisiw, author of Singsing ng Pagibig. Balagtas's title, which combines history, romance, and religion, became the premier Filipino story taught in schools nationwide. [9] Another influential writer was Leona Florentino, the mother of Philippine women's literature whose work catapulted feminism to the forefront of the revolution. [10] [11]
On December 1, 1846, the first daily newspaper, La Esperanza, was published in the country. [1] Other early newspapers were La Estrella (1847), Diario de Manila (1848) and Boletin Oficial de Filipinas (1852). The first provincial newspaper was El Eco de Vigan (1884), which was issued in Ilocos. In Cebu City, El Boletín de Cebú (The Bulletin of Cebu) was published in 1890. One of the most influential Spanish-language Filipino newspaper also include El Renacimiento (1901), printed in Manila by members of the Guerrero de Ermita family until the 1940s. [12]
The Philippine Revolution brought a larger wave of nationalistic literary works. A bulk of the writers of the era were propagandists and revolutionaries who wanted either representation of the Filipino people or total independence from Spanish authority. These include the works of Ilustrados like Pedro Alejandro Paterno, who wrote the first novel written by a Filipino, Nínay (1885); [13] Graciano López Jaena and later on by Marcelo H. del Pilar, who edited and published the pro-Filipino newspaper La Solidaridad (1889); [14] and the Philippine national hero, José Rizal, who wrote two famous novels in Spanish, Noli Me Tángere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891). [15]
The American occupation and eventual colonization of the Philippines paved the way for newer styles and genres. Compared to the more rigid literature of the Spanish era, the American period saw the popularity of the "free verse" in the Philippines, allowing for flexible poetry, prose, and other wordcraft. [2] The introduction of the English language was also of equal importance, as it became one of the most common languages that Filipino writers would use back then until today.
The first English novel written by a Filipino was The Child of Sorrow (1921) written by Zoilo Galang. [16] The early writings in English were characterized by melodrama, unreal language, and unsubtle emphasis on local color. Short stories also gained popularity during this period with many serials and stories published independently or through newspapers. The most well-known was Manuel Arguilla and his anthology How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Short Stories (1940), which won first prize in the Commonwealth Literary Contest.
During this time, there was also a resurgence of interest in Filipino mythology and folklore, and many works concerning them would be published, with the most well-known being the many anonymous stories about the folk character Juan Tamad (1919). [17] The level of poetry in the Philippines had also risen, with poet Jose Garcia Villa making impacts in poetry history for introducing the style of comma poetry and the "reversed consonance rhyme scheme". [4]
As the Philippines gained its sovereignty from America, patriotism once again became a central theme in Filipino literature. Besides stories of Filipino mythology and history, there was also a boom in tales depicting the simple life of the common Filipino. [18] These stories often took place in the countryside, and portrayed every day Filipino activities like church-going, farming, courting, and cockfighting. The most well-known example was the short story My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken by Alejandro Roces. [18] Other prominent writers during the mid-20th century were Carlos Bulosan, Nick Joaquin, Bienvenido Santos, Lualhati Bautista, and Rolando S. Rinio. [19] [20]
Carlos Bulosan, in particular, published the novel America Is In The Heart (1946), which became one of the earliest glimpses and representations of the life of Asian-American immigrants in the West. [21] F. Sionel Jose is also a similar author who tackled social injustice and elitism in his Rosales Saga (1973-1984). [22] Later on, political and protest literature became wildly present, especially during the Martial Law era. By this time, there became a focus on criticizing and satirizing the current status of the Philippines rather than just celebrating the nation like those before it. These works include the powerful Mga Ibong Mandaragit (1969) by Amado V. Hernandez and the Conjugal Dictatorship (1976) by Primitivo Mijares. [23]
It was around this period as well that the golden age of Filipino comics and sequential art emerged. Many Filipino comic books, strips, and graphic novels soared in popularity, making names of writers and artists like Pablo S. Gomez, Mars Ravelo, Francisco V. Coching, Carlo J. Caparas and Gilda Olvidado. [24]
The rise of mass printing and digital technology led to better accessibility for Filipino authors who wanted to publish their work. The internet had become a revolutionary tool for Filipino authors to reach readers outside of the Philippines. Publishing houses like PSICOM flourished, and there was a rise in popularity of self-publishers and web fiction sites like Wattpad. [25] The first title to achieve this was Danny R.’s webnovel Diary ng Pangit (2013). [26]
Around this time, several Filipinos began to dabble into current literary trends, tackling modern issues of diversity and mental health, while also introducing international readers to Filipino culture. Two of the most popular Filipino writers of the early 21st century include Rin Chupeco, who made a name for herself publishing Young Adult fiction, many of which were inspired by Filipino mythology from Maria Makiling to the Mangkukulam; [27] and Louis Bulaong, who is an important figure in the GameLit genre, and one who popularized the use of international Filipino terms like “kilig” in his stories. [28]
The 21st century also saw the rise in popularity of many Filipina writers. One of the most famous is Ivy Alvarez, a Filipino-Australian who gained acclaim for her collection of poets entitled Disturbance (2013), which contained themes of domestic abuse. [3] Another writer is Yvette Fernandez, a children’s book author from Summit Media whose books tackled history and morality. Other contemporary Filipina writers include Marites Vitug and Merlie M. Alunan.
The Order of National Artists of the Philippines is conferred to Filipinos with "exquisite contribution to Philippine art". The artists are chosen by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (Philippines) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines. The Order is given by the President of the Philippines.
Awardees of the National Artist of the Philippines Order, for Literature, include: [29] [30]
Carlos Sampayan Bulosan was a Filipino American novelist and poet who immigrated to the United States on July 1, 1930. He never returned to the Philippines and he spent most of his life in the United States. His best-known work today is the semi-autobiographical America Is in the Heart, but he first gained fame for his 1943 essay on The Freedom from Want.
Leona Josefa Florentino was a Filipina foundational poet, dramatist, satirist, and playwright who wrote and poetically spoke in Ilocano, her mother tongue, and Spanish, the lingua franca of her era. She is considered as the "mother of Philippine women's literature", serving as the "bridge from oral to literary tradition"; and as a pioneer in Philippine lesbian literature.
Francisco Sionil José was a Filipino writer who was one of the most widely read in the English language. A National Artist of the Philippines for Literature, which was bestowed upon him in 2001, José's novels and short stories depict the social underpinnings of class struggles and colonialism in Filipino society. His works—written in English—have been translated into 28 languages, including Korean, Indonesian, Czech, Russian, Latvian, Ukrainian and Dutch. He was often considered the leading Filipino candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Ilocano literature or Iloko literature pertains to the literary works of writers of Ilocano ancestry regardless of the language used - be it Ilocano, English, Spanish or other foreign and Philippine languages. For writers of the Ilocano language, the terms "Iloko" and "Ilocano" are different. Arbitrarily, "Iloko" is the language while "Ilocano" refers to the people or the ethnicity of the people who speak the Iloko language. This distinction of terms however is impractical since a lot of native Ilocanos interchange them practically.
Philippine literature in English has its roots in the efforts of the United States, then engaged in a war with Filipino nationalist forces at the end of the 19th century. By 1901, public education was institutionalized in the Philippines, with English serving as the medium of instruction. That year, around 600 educators in the S.S. Thomas were tasked to replace the soldiers who had been serving as the first teachers. Outside the academe, the wide availability of reading materials, such as books and newspapers in English, helped Filipinos assimilate the language quickly. Today, 78.53% of the population can understand or speak English.
Biag ni Lam-ang is an epic story of the Ilocano people from the Ilocos region of the Philippines. It is notable for being the first Philippine folk epic to be recorded in written form, and was one of only two folk epics documented during the Philippines' Spanish Colonial period, along with the Bicolano epic of Handiong. It is also noted for being a folk epic from a "Christianized" lowland people group, with elements incorporated into the storytelling.
The Ilocanos, Ilokanos, or Iloko people are the third largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group. They mostly reside within the Ilocos Region, in the northwestern seaboard of Luzon, Philippines. The native language of the Ilocano people is the Ilocano language.
Gémino Henson Abad is an educator, writer, and literary critic from Cebu, Philippines. He is a National Artist for Literature of the Philippines.
Bienvenido Nuqui Santos was a Filipino-American fiction, poetry and nonfiction writer. He was born and raised in Tondo, Manila. His family roots are originally from Lubao, Pampanga, Philippines. He lived in the United States for many years where he is widely credited as a pioneering Asian-American writer.
Néstor Vicente Madali González was a Filipino novelist, short story writer, essayist and, poet. Conferred as the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1997.
Epifanio San Juan Jr., also known as E. San Juan Jr., is a known Filipino American literary academic, Tagalog writer, Filipino poet, civic intellectual, activist, writer, essayist, video/film maker, editor, and poet whose works related to the Filipino Diaspora in English and Filipino writings have been translated into German, Russian, French, Italian, and Chinese. As an author of books on race and cultural studies, he was a "major influence on the academic world". He was the director of the Philippines Cultural Studies Center in Storrs, Connecticut in the United States. In 1999, San Juan received the Centennial Award for Achievement in Literature from the Cultural Center of the Philippines because of his contributions to Filipino and Filipino American Studies.
Philippine literature in Spanish is a body of literature made by Filipino writers in the Spanish language. Today, this corpus is the third largest in the whole corpus of Philippine literature. It is slightly larger than the Philippine literature in the vernacular languages. However, because of the very few additions to it in the past 30 years, it is expected that the former will soon overtake its rank.
Merlinda Bobis is a contemporary Filipina-Australian writer and academic.
Cebuano literature includes both the oral and written literary forms Cebuano of colonial, pre-colonial and post-colonial Philippines.
Elsa Martinez De Coscolluela is a Filipina poet, short-story writer, and playwright from Bacolod. She is married to Jose Orlando H. Coscolluela and has three sons, Jose Orlando Jr, John Paul Rupert, and Jacques Oscar Celerino. She finished her AB and MA for Creative Writing at the Silliman University, a school noted for training writers in the Philippines, and also a doctorate in Language and Literature from the De La Salle University.
Filipino women writers have played important roles within Philippine literature, with Philippine women having created enduring works of fiction and non-fiction across the genres. Writing in English, Spanish, Filipino and other local languages and native dialects, female writers from the Philippine archipelago utilized literature, in contrast with the oral tradition of the past, as the living voices of their personal experiences, thoughts, consciousness, concepts of themselves, society, politics, Philippine and world history. They employed the "power of the pen" and the printed word in order to shatter the so-called "Great Grand Silence of the Centuries" of Filipino female members, participants, and contributors to the progress and development of the Philippine Republic, and consequently the rest of the world. Filipino women authors have "put pen to paper" to present, express, and describe their own image and culture to the world, as they see themselves.
José Garvida Flores was an Ilocano poet and playwright, from Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines.
Nick Carbó is a Filipino-American writer from Legazpi, Albay, Philippines. Carbó writes poetry, essays, and edits magazines and anthologies. He is primarily known for his book of poetry titled Secret Asian Man (2000) Tia Chucha Press which won the Asian American Writers Workshop's Readers Choice Award. He also won the 2005 Calatagan Award from the Philippine American Writers & Artists for his book Andalusian Dawn (2004) Cherry Grove Collections. His most noted award is the 1999 Gregory Millard/New York City Department of Cultural Affairs New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship.
Leon Pichay was a writer and poet from the Philippines. Pichay was one of the most active Ilocano writers of his time. He wrote short stories, plays, novels, essays and more than 400 poems. He was known as the 'King of Ilocano Poets' during the 1950s.
Lilia Quindoza Santiago was a writer and academic in the Philippines. She was named Makata ng Taon, "Poet of the Year," in 1989, and wrote the prize-winning novel Ang Kaulayaw ng Agila. Her academic work focused on languages of the Philippines as well as gender and sexuality studies, and her scholarly publications included the seminal 2002 anthology Sa Ngalan ng Ina : 100 Years of Philippine Feminist Poetry, 1889-1989.
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