Radio in the Philippines

Philippine Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon speaking into a microphone from radio station KZRM at his first inauguration on November 15, 1935.

Radio broadcasting in the Philippines existed since the 1920s, and has a strong following. Estimates on the number or radio stations range from 1,200 to 1,500. ^[1]

Overview

Radio communications in the Philippines is regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC), which licenses broadcasters and regulates broadcasting. Over-the-air radio broadcasting in the Philippines mostly belongs to the AM and FM bands. The AM broadcast band in the Philippines is on 531-1602 kHz (530-1700 kHz during the American colonial era), and is predominantly used for news and public service broadcasting. The FM band is the most commonly used broadcast band, with most music radio stations in the Philippines broadcasting in that band. Shortwave broadcasting is primarily used for state-owned or religious broadcasts targeted overseas. Internet radio also exists, mostly carrying live digital feeds of over-the-air stations in addition to Internet-only stations. The Philippines has not adopted a standard for digital radio, but several stations especially in Mega Manila have adopted HD Radio technology to provide digital simulcasts of their analog feed. Most radio broadcasts come from commercial broadcasters, with some from religious, government-owned and non-profit broadcasters.

Call signs

All AM and FM stations in the Philippines are assigned unique four-letter call signs by the NTC. Call signs used for AM and FM broadcasters begin with DW, DX, DY and DZ, with DW mostly used on stations in Luzon, DX in Mindanao and DY in Visayas (as well as parts of Masbate and Palawan). During the American colonial era from 1920 to 1940, all Philippine stations were assigned call signs beginning with KZ; the present assignment was adopted post-independence with Philippine stations assigned the DU-DZ ITU prefix. Letters used on call signs are usually chosen to refer to the station's owner, location or slogan. While many AM stations still use their call signs as primary identification (e.g. DZBB, DWPM, DZRH, DWIZ), most others choose to use easily recognizable brands and slogans to identify themselves.

Formats

Radio format terminology used in the Philippines usually follows North American nomenclature. AM stations mostly broadcast in news, talk, public service, community radio and religious formats. FM stations predominantly broadcast music, usually in adult contemporary (AC), contemporary hit radio and rock formats.

One notable Philippine radio format is masa (mass-based) or "contemporary middle-of-the-road (MOR)", a variation of the soft AC format introduced in the late 1990s and is associated with national networks such as Love Radio and Yes FM by the MBC Media Group, iFM by Radio Mindanao Network and Star FM by Bombo Radyo Philippines; DWLS, the flagship FM radio station owned by GMA Network through its subsidiary RGMA Network, previously aired under The Giant WLS FM and later Campus Radio WLS FM banners with a mostly English-language Top 40 format, but switched to the masa format in a bid to appeal to a wider audience. Masa- or contemporary MOR-formatted stations mostly plays a mix of both Filipino (OPM) and foreign contemporary and classic adult contemporary music from the 1970s to present but have specialty programming at certain days and time periods, such as classic rock and 1980s music during weekday afternoon drive times, and oldies, classic hits and best-of by genre popular music on Sundays. Such stations usually have live talk, call-ins and drama programming, usually in Tagalog or regional languages, while some may have full-length newscasts and religious programming depending on the broadcaster.

History

Radio in the Philippines started in 1924 with the establishment of KZKZ (AM) in Manila, Philippines by Henry Herman Sr., owner of the Electrical Supply Company in Manila. Henry Herman was an American and a former soldier who came to the Philippines to fight in the Philippine–American War. ^[2] He stayed in the Philippines after he was discharged. ^[2]

This was not the first test however. Archives suggest that in 1922, an American woman named Mrs. Redgrave used a five-watt transmitter for a test broadcast from Nichols Field (now Villamor Airbase). ^{[3] [4]} This test is possibly the first radio broadcast in Asia. ^[4]

Henry Herman's station originally broadcast using a 5-watt transmitter. In 1924, it boosted its power to 100 watts. On October 4, 1924, Henry Herman transferred KZKZ's ownership to the Radio Corporation of the Philippines (RCP), which he himself organized. ^{[5] [4]} In 1926 the company began to work on constructing two of the largest radio stations in Asia with the idea of maintaining direct Manila-San Francisco service. ^[6] After Philippine independence, it changed its callsign to DWKZ, but changed in 1960 to DZCA. ^[7]

In 1929, RCP launched KZRC in Cebu broadcasting with a 100-watt transmitter, but was later sold to store owner Isaac Beck. It is now DYRC owned by the Manila Broadcasting Company. ^[4]

Early on, all radio programs were in English. ^[4] This was the American colonial era in the Philippines. Most shows resembled American shows, even copying sponsorship. ^[4]

Radio was unregulated until 1931 when the Radio Control Board was established under the Insular Government. ^[4]

Upon the declaration of martial law in 1972, the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos shut down and took over radio stations and other media organizations. Only media outlets owned by cronies were allowed to operate, such as Kanlaon Broadcasting System owned by Marcos crony Roberto Benedicto. Other media outlets were later allowed to operate under heavy censorship. ^[8] The emergence of alternative media outlets would eventually play a role in the downfall of the dictatorship during the 1986 People Power Revolution. ^{[9] [10]}

The current oldest continuously operating radio station is DZRB-AM. ^[11] Another old station would be DZRH, started as KZRH.

Broadcast code of the Philippines

The Philippine Broadcast Code was issued by the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP) in 2007, which sets standards of performance and ethical conduct for the broadcast of radio and television stations for KBP member broadcasters and organizations. ^[12]

Violence against journalists

See also: List of journalists killed in the Philippines

Acts of violence against radio commentators and other members of the media are monitored by human rights organizations and media watchdogs, such as the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility ^[13] and the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines. ^[14]

See also

• Television in the Philippines
• Mass media in the Philippines
• List of radio stations in the Philippines

References

1. "Philippines". Media Landscapes. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
2. Herman, Harry E. "My Father's Plight with the American Eagle, the 2014 book written by author Harry E. Herman, United States Army, Retired" . Retrieved 19 October 2015.
3. Enriquez, Elizabeth L. (2008). Appropriation of Colonial Broadcasting: A History of Early Radio in the Philippines, 1922-1946. UP Press. p. 38. ISBN   978-971-542-548-3 . Retrieved 12 January 2021.
4. "History of Philippine Radio". Radio Online Now. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
5. Enriquez, Elizabeth (2008). Appropriation of Colonial Broadcasting: A History of Early Radio in the Philippines, 1922-1946. Diliman, Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Press. p. 42. ISBN   978-971-542-548-3 . Retrieved 25 June 2018.
6. "National Affairs: Praise". 20 September 1926 – via content.time.com.
7. "Philippine Broadcast History". www.oldradio.com.
8. "Breaking the News: Silencing the Media Under Martial Law". Martial Law Museum. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
9. "Declaration of Martial Law". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
10. Mercado, Gabe (May 31, 2017). "A rebel radio station that defied Marcos' martial law". CNN. Archived from the original on May 31, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
11. "PBS-BBS History". Philippine Broadcasting Service. Government of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
12. "Programs & Projects". Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
13. "Press Freedom Watch". CMFR. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
14. "Broadcaster injured after assault outside radio station in Iloilo City —NUJP". GMA News Online. 2022-10-07. Retrieved 2022-10-21.