The literature of Singapore comprises a collection of literary works by Singaporeans. It is written chiefly in the country's four official languages: English, Malay, Standard Mandarin and Tamil.
While Singaporean literary works may be considered as also belonging to the literature of their specific languages, the literature of Singapore is viewed as a distinct body of literature portraying various aspects of Singapore society and forms a significant part of the culture of Singapore. Literature in all four official languages has been translated and showcased in publications such as the literary journal Singa[citation needed], which was published in the 1980s and 1990s with editors including Edwin Thumboo and Koh Buck Song, as well as in multilingual anthologies such as Rhythms: A Singaporean Millennial Anthology Of Poetry (2000), in which the poems were all translated three times each into the three languages. A number of Singaporean writers such as Tan Swie Hian and Kuo Pao Kun have contributed work in more than one language. However, such cross-linguistic fertilisation is becoming increasingly rare and it is now increasingly thought that Singapore has four sub-literatures instead of one[citation needed].
Business Times (Singapore) has written that writers in Singapore can also be "highly experimental", and quoting the poet, Cyril Wong, literature in the country "doesn't necessarily mean writing that's on the page. It can be writing that is performed or even writing that is translated into video or images or photographs...including writings that are less tangible. Writings that are expressed through other mediums."[1] Singaporean literature has even begun to make its mark on the international stage, with Sonny Liew's graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye winning three Eisner Awards and the Pingprisen for Best International Comic in 2017.[2]
Literature in English
Poetry
Singaporean literature in English started with the Straits-born Chinese community in the colonial era; it is unclear which was the first work of literature in English published in Singapore, but there is evidence of Singapore literature published as early as the 1830s. The first notable Singaporean work of poetry in English is possibly Teo Poh Leng's F.M.S.R. This modernist poem was published in 1937 in London under the pseudonym of Francis P. Ng.[3] This was followed by Wang Gungwu's Pulse in 1950.
With the independence of Singapore in 1965, a new wave of Singapore writing emerged, led by Edwin Thumboo, Arthur Yap, Robert Yeo, Goh Poh Seng, Lee Tzu Pheng, Chandran Nair and Kirpal Singh[citation needed]. It is telling that many critical essays on Singapore literature name Thumboo's generation, rightly or wrongly, as the first generation of Singapore writers. Poetry is the predominant mode of expression; it has a small but respectable following since independence, and most published works of Singapore writing in English have been in poetry.
There were varying levels of activity in succeeding decades, with poets in the late 1980s and early 1990s including Simon Tay, Leong Liew Geok, Koh Buck Song, Angeline Yap, Heng Siok Tian and Ho Poh Fun. In the late 1990s, poetry in English in Singapore found a new momentum with a whole new generation of poets born around or after 1965 now actively writing and publishing, not only in Singapore but also internationally. Since the late-1990s, local small presses such as firstfruits, Ethos Books and Math Paper Press have been actively promoting the works of this new wave of poets. Some of the more notable include Boey Kim Cheng, Yong Shu Hoong, Alvin Pang, Cyril Wong, Felix Cheong, Toh Hsien Min, Grace Chia, Topaz Winters, Pooja Nansi and Alfian bin Sa'at (also a playwright). The poetry of this younger generation is often politically aware, transnational and cosmopolitan, yet frequently presents their intensely focused, self-questioning and highly individualised perspectives of Singaporean life, society and culture. Some poets have been labelled confessional for their personalised writing, often dealing with intimate issues such as sexuality.
Verse anthologies have collected and captured various aspects of life in Singapore, from the 1970s onwards, including a few anthologies under the ASEAN series for the literature of Southeast Asia. For example, the coffeetable book Singapore: Places, Poems, Paintings (1993, edited by Koh Buck Song) featured poems, paintings and reminiscences about 30 significant places ranging from Chinatown to Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, and had an exhibition at the National Museum along with paintings from the book. From Boys To Men: A Literary Anthology Of National Service In Singapore (2002, edited by Koh Buck Song and Umej Bhatia) examined the meaning of military duty. Reflecting On The Merlion (2009, edited by Edwin Thumboo and Yeow Kai Chai) brought together about 40 poems about the national tourism symbol. The most authoritative anthology to date is, arguably, Writing Singapore: An Historical Anthology Of Singapore Literature (2009) edited by Angelia Poon, Philip Holden and Shirley Geok-lin Lim, and published by NUS Press.
Children
Children's literature in Singapore has gained momentum in recent years due to increased interest in the genre generated by the First Time Writers and Illustrators Initiative which discovered acclaimed writers such as Adeline Foo (The Diary of Amos Lee), Jin Pyn (The Elephant and the Tree), Don Bosco (Thor the Greatest), Hidayah Amin (The Mango Tree), Edmund Lim (Where's Grandma) and Emily Lim (Prince Bear and Pauper Bear), Jessie Wee, one of the pioneers of children's literature, rereleased her popular Mooty Mouse series with Marshall Cavendish in 2009. David Seow is another pioneer in the genre; his Sam, Sebbie & Di-Di-Di series was first published by Educational Publishing House in 1998 and was republished by Epigram Books as the Sam, Sebbie & Di-Di-Di and Xandy series in 2013. According to the National Library Board, other prominent and prolific children's authors include Patricia Maria Tan, Chia Hearn Chek, Ho MinFong and Bessie Chua.
Drama
Drama in English found expression in Goh Poh Seng, who was also a notable poet and novelist, in Robert Yeo, author of six plays, and in Kuo Pao Kun, who also wrote in Chinese, sometimes translating his works into English. The late Kuo was a vital force in the local theatre renaissance in the 1980s and 1990s. He was the artistic director of The Substation for many years. Some of his plays, like The Coffin is Too Big for the Hole (1984) and Lao Jiu (1990), have been now considered classics. Stella Kon gained international fame with her now-famous play Emily of Emerald Hill. About an ageing Peranakan matriarch, it has been produced in Scotland, Malaysia and Australia. The sole character has been played by men as well as women. More recent plays have tended to revolve mostly around social issues, especially causes such as gay rights. A few plays by writers such as Tan Tarn How have ventured successfully into the realm of political satire, but their audiences and critical reception remain limited.
Fiction
Fiction writing in English did not start in earnest until after independence. Short stories flourished as a literary form, the novel arrived much later. Goh Poh Seng remains a pioneer in writing novels well before many of the later generation, with titles like If We Dream Too Long (1972) – widely recognised as the first true Singaporean novel – and A Dance of Moths (1995).
Beginning as a short story writer, Penang-born Catherine Lim has been Singapore's most widely read author, thanks partly to her first two books of short stories, Little Ironies: Stories of Singapore (1978) and Or Else, The Lightning God and Other Stories (1980). These two books were incorporated as texts for the GCE 'O' Levels. Lim's themes of Asian male chauvinistic gender-dominance mark her as a distant cousin to Asian-American writers such as Amy Tan. She has also been writing novels, such as The Bondmaid (1998) and Following the Wrong God Home (2001), and publishing them to an international audience since the late 1990s.
Han May is the pseudonym of Joan Hon who is better known for her non-fiction books. Her science-fiction romance Star Sapphire (1985) won a High Commendation Award from the Book Development Council of Singapore in 1986, the same year when she was also awarded a Commendation prize for her better-known book Relatively Speaking on her family and childhood memories.
Rex Shelley hails from an earlier colonial generation, although he began publishing only in the early 1990s. A Eurasian, his first novel The Shrimp People (1991) examines the regional Eurasian community and their experience in Singapore. The book won a National Book Prize. His three other novels, People of the Pear Tree (1993), Island in the Centre (1995) and River of Roses (1998) all examine similar themes of the Eurasian community in the Southeast Asia region. He has won the S.E.A. Write Award in 2007.
Haresh Sharma is a playwright who has written more than fifty plays that have been staged all over the world, including Singapore, Melbourne, Glasgow, Birmingham, Cairo and London.[4] In May 2010, his highly acclaimed play Those Who Can't, Teach was published in book form by the independent publisher Epigram Books.
Su-Chen Christine Lim's works consider varied themes surrounding issues of gender, immigration and orthodoxy. In 1993, her novel, Fistful of Colours, was awarded the first Singapore Literature Prize. Her other novels take up the relationship between the Malays and Chinese immigrants in colonial Malaya, and the issue of land (A Bit of Earth).
Gopal Baratham, a neurosurgeon, started as a short story writer and later wrote politically charged works like A Candle or the Sun (1991) and Sayang (1991), which courted some controversy when they were first published.
Jean Tay is an economist-turned-playwright. Her play Everything but the Brain won the Best Original Script at The Straits Times' Life! Theatre Awards in 2006. Two of her plays, Everything but the Brain and Boom, were published in book form by the Singapore-based independent publisher Epigram Books.
Augustine Goh Sin Tub who began his writing career writing in Malay, burst on the literary scene after his retirement with more than a dozen books of short stories, most of which were founded on his own personal history, thus making them part fiction and part non-fiction. Works like One Singapore and its two sequels One Singapore 2 and One Singapore 3 have found fans among the different strata of Singapore society and well acclaimed by all.
Around this time, younger writers emerged. Claire Tham and Ovidia Yu wrote short stories, while playwright Stella Kon put forth her lesser-known science-fiction novel, Eston (1995). Of the younger generation, Philip Jeyaretnam has shown promise but has not published a new novel since Abraham's Promise (1995). His first two books, First Loves (1987) and Raffles Place Ragtime (1988), were best-sellers in Singapore.
Kelvin Tan, a musician and playwright, has been sporadically in sight, publishing the works All Broken Up and Dancing (1992) and the Nethe(r);R (2001). Colin Cheong can perhaps lay claim to being one of Singapore's most prolific contemporary authors, releasing three novels, one novella, two short story collections, and dozens of non-fictional works thus far. He won the Singapore Literature Prize in 1996 for his travel diary-like novel Tangerine. Daren Shiau's Heartland (1999) traces an eighteen-year-old's rites of passage from junior college through to enlistment and thereafter. The novel has been selected to be a set text at secondary school level.
A newer wave of playwrights have emerged included Faith Ng, Joel Tan, Lucas Ho, Nabilah Said, Helmi Yusof and Nur Sabrina Dzulkifli.[5][6]
Sonny Liew, a comic artist/illustrator, won three Eisner Awards in 2017 for Best Writer/Artist, Best U.S. Edition of International Material - Asia, and Best Publication Design, for his graphic novel "The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye", which also won the Singapore Literature Prize in 2016. "The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye".[2]
The late 2010s saw a trend of young Singaporean female novelists bringing out novels with international publishing houses based in London and New York. These novelists include Sharlene Teo, Kirstin Chen, Balli Kaur Jaswal, Clarissa Goenawan, Rachel Heng, Thea Lim, Amanda Lee Koe, and Jing-Jing Lee.[7]
List of Singaporean writers
The following is a non-exhaustive list of notable Singaporean writers:
The Perfect World of Miwako Sumida - Clarissa Goenawan (2020)
Selected anthologies
Singapore: Places, Poems, Paintings - Koh, Buck Song (editor, 1993). Art & Artist Speak, Singapore. ISBN981-00-4559-X.
No Other City: The Ethos Anthology of Urban Poetry - Alvin Pang and Aaron Lee (editors, 2000). Ethos Books, Singapore. ISBN981-04-2276-8
From Boys To Men: A Literary Anthology Of National Service In Singapore - Koh, Buck Song and Bhatia, Umej (editors, 2002). Landmark Books, Singapore. ISBN981-3065-67-2.
Rhythms: A Singaporean Millennial Anthology Of Poetry - Singh, Kirpal et al. (editors, 2000). National Arts Council, Singapore. ISBN9971-88-763-0.
Reflecting On The Merlion: An Anthology Of Poems - Thumboo, Edwin & Yeow, Kai Chai (editors, 2009). National Arts Council, Singapore. ISBN978-981-08-4300-7.
Writing Singapore: An Historical Anthology Of Singapore Literature - Poon, Angelia; Holden, Philip & Lim, Shirley Geok-lin (editors, 2009). National University of Singapore Press, Singapore. ISBN978-9971-69-486-9. ISBN978-9971-69-458-6.
Tumasik: Contemporary Writing from Singapore - Pang, Alvin (editor, 2010). Autumn Hill Books, USA. ISBN978-098-43-0362-5.
The Epigram Books Collection of Best New Singaporean Short Stories: Volume One - Lundberg, Jason Erik (editor, 2013). Epigram Books, Singapore. ISBN978-981-07-6234-6.
"Get Lucky: An Anthology of Philippine and Singapore Writings" - Contreras-Cabrera, Manuelita, Bravo-Dutt, Migs & Valles, Eric Tinsay (editors, 2015). Ethos Books, Singapore. ISBN978-981-09-7247-9.
"UNION: 15 Years of Drunken Boat, 50 Years of Writing From Singapore" -Alvin Pang and Ravi Shankar (editors, 2015). Ethos Books, Singapore. ISBN978-981-09-6489-4.
"Sg Poems 2015-2016" - Valles, Eric Tinsay, Chung, Ian, Tan Chee Lay, Chow Teck Seng, Ow Yeong Wai Kit, Azhar Ibrahim & K. Kanagalatha (editors, 2016). Ethos Books, Singapore. ISBN978-981-11-1022-1.
"Anima Methodi" - Kon, Desmond & Valles, Eric Tinsay (editors, 2018). Squircle Line Press, Singapore. ISBN978-981-11-8457-4.
"The Nature of Poetry" - Thumboo, Edwin & Valles, Eric Tinsay[8] (editors, 2019). National Parks Board, Singapore. ISBN978-981-14-1288-2.
"Get Luckier: An Anthology of Philippine and Singapore Writings II" - Bravo-Dutt, Migs, Betita de Guzman, Claire, Lee, Aaron and Valles, Eric Tinsay (editors, 2022). Poetry Festival Singapore, Singapore. ISBN978-981-18-4934-3.
Malay
Dewi Alam Dan Burung Senja (collection of poems) - Noor SI (1986)
Jangan Tak Ada (collection of poems) - Muhammad Ariff Ahmad (1990)
Bunga Makna (collection of poems) - Ahmad Md Tahir (1990)
Diari Bonda (Mother's Diary) - Rohani Din (1997)
Anugerah Buat Syamsiah (An Award for Syamsiah) - Rohani Din (2001)
Bila Rama-Rama Patah Sayapnya (When The Butterfly Snaps Its Wings) - Mohamed Latiff Mohamed (2007)
Suasana Senja (Evening Environment) - Masuri SN (2001)
Petikan Rasa (Abstracts of Feelings) - Abdul Ghani Hamid (2007)
Perjalananku (My Journey) - Mohamed Latiff Mohamed & A. Samat Ali (2008)
Diari Hitam (Black Diary) - Mohamed Pitchay Gani Bin Mohamed Abdul Aziz(2008)
Aku Bukan Penyair (I Am Not A Poet) - Abdul Ghani Hamid (2008)
Kota Siluman (Siluman City) - Mohamed Pitchay Gani and Muhd Irwan Jamal (2008)
Mail Mau Kahwin (Mail Wishes To Get Married) - Muhammad Ariff Ahmad (2008)
Ayah Tidak Sayang Padaku Lagi (My Dad Does Not Love Me Anymore) - Rasiah Halil (2007)
Mencari Pelangi Malam (Finding The Night Rainbow) - Ahmad Awang (2002)
Menyongsong Pelangi (Chasing The Rainbow) - Pitchay Gani Bin Mohamed Abdul Aziz(2005)
Tuhan Masih Sayang (God Still Loves) - A. Wahab Hamzah (2002)
Bisik (Anthology of Malay Drama) - Teater Ekamatra (2003)
Tiga Visi (Anthology of Malay Drama) - Perkumpulan Seni (1990)
Puisi Luka dan Puisi Duka (Poems of Hurt and Sadness) - Suratman Markasan (2004)
Bicararasa (Speeches of Feel) - Sarifah Yatiman (2004)
Nota (Notes) - Abdul Ghani Hamid (1987)
Ziarah Rindu (Visits of Reminisce) - Mohamed Latiff Mohamed (2004)
Dari Dua Benua (From Two Ends) - Sulaiman Jeem and Muhd. Salihin Sulaiman (1999)
XXL - Anak Muda Julung Berkeris (XXL - Young Man With a Kris) - Juffri Supa'at (1999)
Yang Bilang - Rafaat Haji Hamzah (2007)(poem)
RESAN: Antologi Puisi & Cerpen Sayembara Noktah Putih 2008 (RESAN: Anthology of Poetry and Short Stories of White Down Writing Festival 2008) - Mohamed Pitchay Gani Bin Mohamed Abdul Aziz and Muhammad Jailani Abu Talib (2008)
Kasih Bunga Merah - Yazid Hussein (editor)(2008)(poem)
The Merlion is the official mascot of Singapore. It is depicted as a mythical creature with the head of a lion and the body of a fish. Being of prominent symbolic nature to Singapore and Singaporeans in general, it is widely used to represent both the city state and its people in sports teams, advertising, branding, tourism and as a national personification.
Aaron Lee Soon Yong is a Singaporean prize-winning poet who writes in English. He was born in Malaysia but received his education in Singapore and became a Singaporean in 1996.
Shirley Geok-lin Lim is an American writer of poetry, fiction, and criticism. She was both the first woman and the first Asian person to be awarded Commonwealth Poetry Prize for her first poetry collection, Crossing The Peninsula, which she published in 1980. In 1997, she received the American Book Award for her memoir, Among the White Moon Faces.
Edwin Nadason Thumboo B.B.M. is a Singaporean poet and academic who is regarded as one of the pioneers of English literature in Singapore.
The Singapore Literature Prize is a biennial award in Singapore to recognise outstanding published works by Singaporean authors in any of the four official languages: Chinese, English, Malay and Tamil. The competition is organised by the National Book Development Council of Singapore (NBDCS) with the support of the National Arts Council and the National Library Board.
Koh Buck Song is a Singaporean writer, poet, and country brand adviser. He is the author and editor of more than 40 books, including nine books of poetry and haiga art. He works as a writer, editor and consultant in branding, communications strategy and corporate social responsibility in Singapore. He has held several exhibitions as a Singaporean pioneer of haiga art, developed from a 16th-century Japanese art form combining ink sketches with haiku poems.
Daren Shiau, BBM, PBM, is a Singaporean novelist, poet, conservationist, and lawyer in private practice qualified in Singapore, England and Wales. He is an author of five books.
Chandran Nair was a Singaporean poet and a director and mediator of UNESCO in Paris.
Goh Poh Seng was a Singaporean dramatist, novelist, doctor and poet, was born in Kuala Lumpur, British Malaya in 1936. He was educated at Victoria Institution in Kuala Lumpur, received his medical degree from University College Dublin, and practised medicine in Singapore for twenty-five years.
Sng Boh Khim was a Singaporean poet, particularly notable in the 1970s. He was also the secretary of former Singaporean President Wee Kim Wee.
Boey Kim Cheng is a Singaporean Australian poet.
Rex Anthony Shelley was a Singaporean author. A graduate of the University of Malaya in Malaysia and Cambridge trained in engineering and economics, Shelley managed his own business and also worked as member of the Public Service Commission (PSC) for over 30 years. For his service, he was conferred the Bintang Bakti Masyarakat by the Government of Singapore in 1978, and an additional Bar the next year.
Muhammad Jailani Abu Talib is a poet and writer.
Gwee Li Sui is a poet, a graphic artist, a literary critic, and a translator from Singapore.
Epigram Books is an independent publishing company in Singapore. It publishes works of Singapore-based writers, poets and playwrights.
The Singapore Short Film Awards is an annual event which promotes and recognises excellence in short films in Singapore. It began in 2010 and was jointly organised by The Substation and Objectifs, presented by The Substation's Moving Images. Created by filmmaker Chai Yee Wei, former Programme Manager of The Substation's Moving Images Low Beng Kheng and current Co-Founder of Objectifs Yuni Hadi, the Singapore Short Film Awards highlights quality work done annually in the short film genre in Singapore - by seeking out new talent, reflecting current standards of the short film genre and to bring together both the veterans and the young talents as a community to create a space for networking and sharing.
Khoo Sook Yuen was a Singaporean poet. He penned more than a thousand poems and is historically considered an important figure in Chinese language poetry.
Nallammah "Nalla" Ruth Tan was a Singaporean physician, women's rights advocate and writer. She is known for her early advocacy of sex education and public health education in Singapore. She was also known for her poetry and short story writing.
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