| Papora-Hoanya | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Taiwan |
| Ethnicity | Papora, Hoanya |
| Extinct | (date missing) |
Austronesian
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ppu |
| Glottolog | papo1239 |
 (orange) The Papora-Hoanya, Babuza, and Thao languages | |
The Sinicized Papora and Hoanya dialects constituted a Formosan language of Taiwan. They were spoken across the middle western side of the island, around Lishui, Chingshui, Shalu, and inland to Taichung. [1]
Papora is also spelled Papola, Bupuran, Vupuran; another name is Hinapavosa.
The Austronesian languages are a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan. There are also a number of speakers in continental Asia. They are spoken by about 386 million people. This makes it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages include Malay, Javanese, and Tagalog (Filipino). According to some estimates, the family contains 1,257 languages, which is the second most of any language family.
Taichung, officially Taichung City, is a special municipality located in central Taiwan. Taichung has a population of approximately 2.82 million people and is Taiwan's second most populous city. It serves as the core of the Taichung–Changhua metropolitan area, which is the second largest metropolitan area in Taiwan. The current city was formed when Taichung County merged with the original provincial Taichung City to form the special municipality on 25 December 2010. It is classified as a "Gamma" level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.
Qingshui District, also spelled as Chingshui District, is a coastal suburban district in western Taichung City, Taiwan.
The Papora are a Taiwanese indigenous people. They lived primarily in the area around Taichung and the Taiwanese western coastal littoral. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Dutch East India Company traded with the Papora and provide records of life among them. Not much is known about the history of the people of Papora, as records were destroyed in a mass genocide by 18th century Portuguese traders.
Babuza is a Formosan language of the Babuza and Taokas, indigenous peoples of Taiwan. It is related to or perhaps descended from Favorlang, attested from the 17th century.
Haplogroup O-K18 also known as O-F2320 and Haplogroup O1b1, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-K18 is a descendant branch of Haplogroup O-P31. Based on its disjunct distribution, O-K18 can be further divided into south subclade O1b1a1-PK4 and north subclade O1b1a2-PAGE59. O-PAGE59 is widely distributed in East Asia, whereas O-PK4 is more frequent in South China and Southeast Asia. O-PK4 is best known for the high frequency of its O-M95 subclade among populations of Southeast Asia and among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia.
Papora may refer to:
Dadu District is a suburban district in southwestern Taichung, Taiwan. The eponymous Dadu River flows nearby.
The Kingdom of Middag was a supra-tribal alliance located in the central-western plains of Taiwan in the 17th century. This polity was established by the Taiwanese aboriginal peoples of Papora, Babuza, Pazeh, and Hoanya. It ruled as many as 27 villages, occupying the western part of present-day Taichung county and the northern part of modern Changhua county. Having survived the rule of European colonists and the Kingdom of Tungning, the aboriginal peoples who previously comprised Middag were eventually subjugated to the rule of the Qing Empire in the 18th century.
Shalu District is a suburban district in central Taichung City, Taiwan.
Longjing District is a coastal suburban district in western Taichung, Taiwan.
Sino-Austronesian or Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian is a proposed language family suggested by Laurent Sagart in 1990. Using reconstructions of Old Chinese, Sagart argued that the Austronesian languages are related to the Sinitic languages phonologically, lexically and morphologically. Sagart later accepted the Sino-Tibetan languages as a valid group and extended his proposal to include the rest of Sino-Tibetan. He also placed the Tai–Kadai languages within the Austronesian family as a sister branch of Malayo-Polynesian. The proposal is controversial, but still being debated.
Favorlang is an extinct Formosan language closely related to Babuza.
Paporaji, also called Pampapur, a temple site in Madhya Pradesh, India, 5 km east of Tikamgarh. The site is a center for the Jain religion. This is an atishaya kshetra, with 108 shrines.
Bandhaji is a historic Jain tirtha about 35 km from Tikamgarh.
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