Tehuelche language

Last updated
Tehuelche
Patagón
aonekko ʾaʾien
Native to Argentina
Region Santa Cruz
Ethnicity Tehuelche
Extinct 2019, with the death of Dora Manchado [1]
Revival few learners (2012) [2]
Chonan
  • Chon proper
    • Continental Chon
      • Tehuelche
Language codes
ISO 639-3 teh
Glottolog tehu1242
ELP Tehuelche
Patagonian lang.png
Map with approximate distributions of languages in Patagonia at the time of the Spanish conquest. Source: W. Adelaar (2004): The Andean Languages, Cambridge University Press.
Pueblos indigenas de la Patagonia Austral.svg
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Tehuelche (Aoniken, Inaquen, Gunua-Kena, Gununa-Kena) was one of the Chonan languages of Patagonia. Its speakers were nomadic hunters who occupied territory in present-day Chile, north of Tierra del Fuego and south of the Mapuche people. It is also known as Aonikenk or Aonekko 'a'ien.

Contents

The decline of the language started with the Mapuche invasion in the north, that was then followed by the occupation of Patagonia by the Argentine and Chilean states and state-facilitated genocide. Tehuelche were considerably influenced by other languages and cultures, in particular Mapudungun (the language of the Mapuche). This allowed the transference of morpho-syntactical elements into Tehuelche. [3] During the 19th and 20th centuries, Spanish became the dominant language as Argentina and Chile gained independence, and Spanish-speaking settlers took possession of Patagonia. Because of these factors the language was dying out. In 1983/84 there were 29 speakers but by the year 2000 there were only 4 speakers left of Tehuelche, by 2012 only 2, and by 2019 the last speaker died. As of 2000 the Tehuelche ethnic group numbered 200. Today many members of the Tehuelche ethnic group have limited knowledge of the language and are doing their best to ensure language revival, as Tehuelche is still a very important symbol for the group of people who identify themselves as Tehuelche. [4] [5]

In spite of the death of Dora Manchado in 2019, the language has been documented (from her), recuperated and revitalized by various groups of Aonikenks, with the collaboration of a group of linguists and anthropologists, that have made various studies and academic works about this language. [5] [6]

Classification

Tehuelche belongs to the Chonan family together with Teushen, Selkʼnam (Ona) and Haush. The latter two languages, spoken by tribes in northeast and far northeast Tierra del Fuego, have different statuses of documentation and linguistic revitalization by their corresponding communities.

Dialects

Mason (1950) lists dialects as: [7]

History and demographics

The northern Tehuelche were conquered and later assimilated by the Mapuche during the Araucanization of Patagonia. Some 1.7 million Mapuche continue to live in Chile and southwest Argentina. Further south they traded peacefully with y Wladfa, the colony of Welsh settlers. Some Tehuelche learnt Welsh and left their children with the settlers for their education. A solid photographic record was made of this people. However, they were later nearly exterminated in the late 19th-century government-sponsored genocides of Patagonia. [8] Of some 5000 speakers in 1900, as of 2005 there were about 20 speakers left. Tehuelche language is now extinct as of 2019.

Phonology

Vowels

Tehuelche has 3 vocalic qualities which can be short or long. [9]

Front Central Back
Mid e eː o oː
Open a aː

Consonants

Tehuelche has 25 consonantal phonemes. Stops can be plain, glottalized or voiced. [10]

Labial Dental Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop plain p t tʃ k q ʔ
ejective p’ t’ tʃ’ k’ q’
voiced b d ɡ ɢ
Fricative s ʃ x χ
Approximant w l j
Trill r

Morphology

Pronoun

SingularDualPlural
1st personiaokwaoshwa
2nd personma:mkmamshma
3rd personta:tktatshta

Noun

Verb

References

  1. ↑ "Museums of the mind: Why we should preserve endangered languages · Global Voices". Nov 6, 2019. Retrieved Oct 12, 2020.
  2. ↑ "Did you know Tehuelche is critically endangered?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2025-03-14.
  3. ↑ Fernández 2006.
  4. ↑ "kketo sh m ´ekot - lengua tehuelche". kketo sh m ´ekot - lengua tehuelche (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2020-03-18.
  5. 1 2 "qadeshiakk". qadeshiakk (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-03-18.
  6. ↑ "kketo sh m ´ekot - lengua tehuelche". kketo sh m ´ekot - lengua tehuelche (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-02-17.
  7. ↑ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  8. ↑ Brenzinger, 2007. Language diversity endangered. Walter de Gruyter.
  9. ↑ Fernández 1998, pp. 87–88.
  10. ↑ Fernández 1998, pp. 88–89.
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