Umbugarla | |
---|---|
Mbukarla | |
Native to | Australia |
Region | Northern Territory |
Extinct | c. 1990s, with the death of Butcher Knight |
Darwin
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | umr |
Glottolog | umbu1235 |
AIATSIS [1] | N43 |
ELP | Umbugarla |
![]() historic distribution of Umbugarla |
Umbugarla or Mbukarla is a possible Australian language isolate once spoken by three people in Arnhem Land, northern Australia as of 1981, and is now extinct.
Umbugarla was once considered a language isolate (together with Ngurmbur as a dialect), but Mark Harvey has made a case for it being part of a family of Darwin Region languages. [2]
Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labial | Velar | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
Plosive | b | ɡ | ɟ | d | ɖ |
Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n | ɳ |
Lateral | ʎ | l | ɭ | ||
Rhotic | ɽ | ||||
Approximant | w | j | ɹ |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i iː | u uː |
Mid | ɛ | ɔ |
Low | a aː |
Phoneme | Allophones |
---|---|
/a/ | [ ä ], [ äː ], [ æ ], [ ɛ ], [ ə ], [ ɒ ], [ o ] |
/ɛ/ | [ ɛ ], [ ɛː ] |
/i/ | [ i ], [ iː ], [ ɨ ], [ ʉ ], [ ə ], [ eː ] |
/u/ | [ u ], [ uː ], [ o ], [ oː ], [ ʉ ], [ ə ] |
/uː/ | [ uː ], [ oː ] |