| Umbugarla | |
|---|---|
| Mbukarla | |
| Native to | Australia |
| Region | Northern Territory |
| Extinct | ca. 2000; with the death of Butcher Knight |
Darwin
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | umr |
| Glottolog | umbu1235 |
| AIATSIS [1] | N43 |
| ELP | Umbugarla |
 historic distribution of Umbugarla | |
Umbugarla or Mbukarla is a possible Australian language isolate once spoken by three people in Arnhem Land, northern Australia as of 1981, and is now extinct.
| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Velar | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
| Plosive | b | ɡ | ɟ | d | ɖ |
| Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n | ɳ |
| Lateral | ʎ | l | ɭ | ||
| Rhotic | ɽ | ||||
| Approximant | w | j | ɹ | ||
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | u uː |
| Mid | ɛ | ɔ |
| Low | a aː | |
| Phoneme | Allophones |
|---|---|
| /a/ | [ ä ], [ äː ], [ æ ], [ ɛ ], [ ə ], [ ɒ ], [ o ] |
| /ɛ/ | [ ɛ ], [ ɛː ] |
| /i/ | [ i ], [ iː ], [ ɨ ], [ ʉ ], [ ə ], [ eː ] |
| /u/ | [ u ], [ uː ], [ o ], [ oː ], [ ʉ ], [ ə ] |
| /uː/ | [ uː ], [ oː ] |
Umbugarla was once considered a language isolate (together with Ngurmbur as a dialect), but Mark Harvey has made a case for it being part of a family of Darwin Region languages. [3]
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