Makassar | |
---|---|
Geographic distribution | Indonesia (Sulawesi) |
Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
Subdivisions | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | maka1310 |
![]() Map showing the distribution of the South Sulawesi languages in Sulawesi and Kalimantan. Languages within Makassar languages group, varying between number 6 to 10. | |
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The Makassar languages are a group of languages spoken in the southern part of South Sulawesi province, Indonesia, and make up one of the branches of the South Sulawesi subgroup in the Austronesian language family. [1] [2] The most prominent member of this group is Makassarese, with over two million speakers in the city of Makassar and neighboring areas.
The status of the Makassar languages other than Makassarese as distinct languages is not universally accepted. In older classifications, [3] but also in recent studies by local linguists, [4] they are considered to be dialects of the Makassarese language.
A characteristic feature of the Makassar languages is the occurrence of echo vowels with stems ending in final /r/, /l/ or /s/. E.g. /botol/ 'bottle' is realized as bótolo in Selayar and Coastal Konjo, and as bótoloʔ in Makassarese and Highland Konjo (the latter regularly adds a glottal stop to the echo vowel). This echo vowel is dropped if a suffix is added, but retained if followed by an enclitic. [5]
Makassarese | Selayar | |
---|---|---|
base | /rantas/ rántasaʔ 'dirty' | /lambus/ lámbusu 'straight' |
with suffix | /rantas/ + /-aŋ/ rantás-aŋ 'dirtier' | /lambus/ + /-aŋ/ lambús-aŋ 'straighter' |
with enclitic | /rantas/ + /=aʔ/ rántasak=aʔ 'I am dirty' | /lambus/ + /=a/ lámbusu=a 'I am straight' |
Konjo (both Coastal and Highland Konjo), Bentong, Selayar and the Labbakkang dialect of Makassarese have j/ɟ/ and /h/ where Makassarese (Maros, Goa, Takalar, Jeneponto) has y/j/ and /w/. In some words, Coastal/Highland Konjo and Selayar have h corresponding to zero in Makassarese, e.g. Konjo/Selayar bahine ('female'), uhuʔ ('hair') vs. Makassarese baine, uʔ.
Makassarese | Coastal Konjo | Selayar | |
---|---|---|---|
pig | bawi | bahi | bahi |
time | wattu | hattu | hattu |
many, much | lowe, [i] [ii] (jai) | lohe | lohe |
rat, mouse | balawo [i] | balaho | balaho |
wait | tayang | tajang | tajang |
wood | kayu | kaju | kaju |
look, find | boya | hoja | boja |
to make | bayu, [ii] (pareʼ) | haju | (buaʼ) |
In Konjo languages, some initial b appears as /h/.
Makassarese | Coastal Konjo | Selayar | |
---|---|---|---|
to look, find | boya | hoja | boja |
hot | bambang | hambang | bambang |
Makassarese | Coastal Konjo | Selayar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gowa (Standard) | Jeneponto | Bantaeng | |||
to make | appareʼ | aʼbayu | anghaju | aʼbuaʼ | |
to sit | ammempo | accidong | accidong | attolong | |
hungry | cipuruʼ | paʼre | paʼre | paʼre | |
rice field | tana | galung | galung | galung | |
many, much | jai | loe | lohe | lohe | |
why | angngapa | angngura | angngura | angngura | |
friend | agang | urang | urang | urang | |
with | siagang | surang | siurang | siurang | surang |
water | jeʼneʼ | ere | ere | jeʼneʼ | |
egg | bayao | bajao | tannoro | ||
dog | kongkong | asu | asu | asu | |
cat | miong | cammiʼ | cammiʼ, meong | meong | |
leaf | lekoʼ | raung | raung | taha | |
black | leʼleng | bolong | etang | ||
white | keboʼ | pute | pute | ||
eight | sagantuju | karua | karua | ||
nine | salapang | salapang | kaʼassa | ||
vegetable | gangang | utang | gangang | ||
house | ballaʼ | ballaʼ, bola | sapo |
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Makassarese, sometimes called Makasar, Makassar, or Macassar, is a language of the Makassarese people, spoken in South Sulawesi province of Indonesia. It is a member of the South Sulawesi group of the Austronesian language family, and thus closely related to, among others, Buginese, also known as Bugis. The areas where Makassarese is spoken include the Gowa, Sinjai, Maros, Takalar, Jeneponto, Bantaeng, Pangkajene and Islands, Bulukumba, and Selayar Islands Regencies, and Makassar. Within the Austronesian language family, Makassarese is part of the South Sulawesi language group, although its vocabulary is considered divergent compared to its closest relatives. In 2000, Makassarese had approximately 2.1 million native speakers.
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