Indonesian migrant workers

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Indonesian Migrant Worker
Pekerja Migran Indonesia
Tenaga Kerja Indonesia
Total population
4.5 million (2014)
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 107,085
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 68,874
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 38,104
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong 30,208
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 25,601
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 15,276
Languages
Indonesian (national)
Indonesian languages, Arabic, English
Religion
Islam (majority), Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Indonesians (Overseas Indonesians)

Indonesian migrant workers (Indonesian : Pekerja Migran Indonesia, PMI, formerly known as Tenaga Kerja Indonesia, TKI) are Indonesian citizens who work in countries outside of Indonesia.

Contents

Indonesia's population is the world's fourth-largest, and due to a shortage of domestic jobs, many Indonesians seek employment overseas. These migrant workers are mostly low-skilled and work in the domestic sector. They are prone to exploitation, extortion, physical and sexual abuses and human trafficking. [1] Several cases of abuse have been reploted, some of which been picked up by international media. [2]

It is estimated that around 4.5 million Indonesians work abroad. Roughly 70 percent are women, most of whom are employed in domestic sector (as maid or domestic helpers) or in the manufacturing sector. Migrant Indonesian men mostly work on plantations, in the construction or transportation industries or in the service sector. Most Indonesian migrants are in their prime work years, between 18 and 35 years old. However, cases of underage workers attaining employment with the aid of falsified documents have been reported. [3]

Since 1969, the government of Indonesia has administered the recruitment of migrant labor. [4] The public program has attracted criticism, with opponents claiming it unduly elevates the rights of private recruitment agents over those of the migrant workers they recruit.

Statistics

Currently Malaysia employs the largest numbers of Indonesian migrant workers, followed by Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, and Singapore. It is important to note that these are official numbers, the actual numbers might be far larger contributed by unrecorded illegal entry of Indonesian workers into foreign countries.

Employer countries

Source:BNP2TKI [5] [6]

Country2011201220132014*
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 134,120134,023150,236107,085
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 78,86581,07183,54468,874
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 137,83540,65545,39438,104
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong 50,30145,47841,76930,208
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 47,78641,55634,65525,601
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 39,91735,57144,50515,276
Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 7,3068,83610,71915,035
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 11,39213,59315,3749,623
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 10,80413,14611,2699,298
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 13,74915,35315,0217,839
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 16,61620,38016,2376,872
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 4,3796,3285,3844,535
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 2,5083,2933,0422,093
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 2,7232,5182,5341,530
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 1,0161,2091,5181,155
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 3,4083,6913,7461,075
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 1,0721,9672,055812
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji 556970848809
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 805
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 1,4841,7461,417754
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 4789821,017734
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 5927981,176664
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 1,1131,0351,041597
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 2996971,168518
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 5269451,012441
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 1,2721,388905460
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 481

Job sector

Employment type2011201220132014*
Domestic Worker267,231164,981168,318113,952
Plantation Worker39,62236,47847,59840,146
Operator40,84740,34746,79932,819
Care Taker48,49251,47445,75140,581
Construction Worker5,62511,14115,5806,779
General Worker8,3648,48813,8347,338
Deck Hand4,50912,28311,2498,904
Worker (Man)33,39817,0309,2492,041
Able Body Seaman4,7777,7968,7194,017
Housekeepers14,64316,0068,3014,759
Operator Production11,9135,8566,244
Labour17,09819,4935,8544,270
Fisherman4,3715,2135,5593,988
Driver09744,7466,945
Production Operator3,7455,1634,664na
Gardener2,0182,5803,8312,658
Worker1,1952,1313,7936,300
Agricultural Labour6,8143,2013,604na
Waiter4,7334,1443,1531,635
Engineer2,3392,9393,115na

See also

Notes

  1. Maksum, Ali; Surwandono (2017). "Suffer to Survive: The Indonesian Illegal Workers Experiences in Malaysia and Japan". Journal of Social Research & Policy. 8 (1): 101–123. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  2. Urbina, Ian (12 Sep 2019). "Ship of horrors: life and death on the lawless high seas". The Guardian.
  3. "Profil" (in Indonesian). Migrant Care. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
  4. Palmer, Wayne (2016-08-25). Indonesia's Overseas Labour Migration Programme, 1969-2010. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004325487. ISBN   9789004325487.
  5. "25 Negara Terbesar Penempatan Tenaga Kerja Luar Negeri Indonesia Tahun 2011-2013" (PDF) (in Indonesian). BNP2TKI. p. 7. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
  6. "25 Negara Terbesar Penempatan Tenaga Kerja Luar Negeri Indonesia Tahun 2014 (1 Januari s.d 31 Oktober 2014)" (PDF) (in Indonesian). BNP2TKI. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2014-11-26.