Ismahayana Landak Kingdom كراجأن اسماحيانا لندق Kerajaan Ismahayana Landak | |||||||
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1292–1962 | |||||||
Flag in 1881 | |||||||
Status | Vassal state | ||||||
Capital | Ningrat Batur (1292–1472) Mungguk Ayu (1472–1703) Bandong (1703–1768) Ngabang (1768–1962) | ||||||
Common languages | Malay (official) Various Dayak languages | ||||||
Religion | Hinduism (until 1472) Sunni Islam (1472–present) | ||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||
History | |||||||
• Established | 1292 | ||||||
• Becoming a vassal of the Tanjungpura-Matan | 1600–1698 | ||||||
• Vassal of the Banten Sultanate | 1698–1778 | ||||||
• Protectorate of VOC | 1778–1790 | ||||||
• Vassal of the Kingdom of the Netherlands | 1818–1949 | ||||||
• Autonomy under Indonesia | 1950–1962 | ||||||
• Autonomy was abolished | 1962 | ||||||
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Today part of | ![]() |
Ismahayana Landak Kingdom, or simply known as Landak Kingdom, is a kingdom currently located in Landak Regency, West Kalimantan, in the island of Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Ismahayana Landak Palace has a relatively long historical chronicle, although written sources that prove the history of this kingdom can be said to be very limited. Similarly, the source of the folk tales that emerged in Ngabang, West Kalimantan, where this kingdom is located.
However, archaeological evidence in the form of royal palace buildings (keraton) and royal attributes can still be seen today and also the book Indoek Lontar Keradjaan Landak written by Gusti Soeloeng Lelanang (19th king) in 1942, In fact, it is sufficient to prove the long journey of this kingdom, which is broadly divided into two phases, namely the Hindu phase and the Islamic phase, which began in 1275.
Historians believe, based on local stories, that the founder of the Landak Kingdom was a noble from the Singasari Kingdom. The nobleman's real name is unknown. [1] The group led by this nobleman were probably members of the troops sent by Kertanegara on the expedition of Pamalayu which did not return to Java, when the turmoil of the change of Singasari into Majapahit occurred, which then diverted the destination towards Tanjungpura. He then landed in Ketapang, then followed the Kapuas River to the Landak River and landed in Kuala Mandor. [2]
In another version, this group stopped temporarily in Padang Tikar before following the Tenganap River and landing in Sekilap (now known as Secepat). [3] This place later became known as Anggrat Bator or Ningrat Batur. According to local stories, he then gained the trust and followers of the local people by distributing salt. [2] Then he founded the Landak kingdom in the area and took the title "Ratu Sang Nata Pulang Pali" and became the founder of the Ismahayana dynasty. [2] [3]
The period of this kingdom's reign is divided into four periods of two phases, namely:
The territory of the Landak Kingdom roughly covered the entire present-day Landak Regency, West Kalimantan. In the first three periods, geographically the area controlled by this kingdom included the area along the Landak River and the small rivers that were branches of it. This river, which is a tributary of the Kapuas River, is approximately 390 km long. In its later development, the scope of Landak's territory is expanding to include inland areas. If imagine the current conditions, the boundaries of the Landak Kingdom are approximately similar to the Landak Regency which borders directly with Sanggau Regency to the east, Mempawah Regency on the west side, Bengkayang Regency on the north, and the south by Ketapang Regency.
It is suspected that the main reason the ancestors of the Landak Kingdom chose the banks of the Landak River as a place to settle was because along this river has extraordinary natural wealth potential, namely diamond and gold. [4] Usman (2007) said that the largest diamond ever found and owned by the Landak Kingdom was called the "Palladium Intan Kubi" (intan ubi) weighing 367 carats. After the discovery, the diamond was named the "Intan Danau Raja". This diamond was discovered when Raden Nata Tua Pangeran Sanca Nata Kusuma Tua (1714–1764) reigned as the 19th king of Landak in Bandong. Furthermore, as a kingdom, Landak does not close itself off from the outside world. This kingdom was actually active in establishing relations with other kingdoms around West Kalimantan. The relationships that were built were kinship relationships, such as with the Sambas Sultanate, Mempawah Kingdom, Sanggau Kingdom, Matan Kingdom, and Tayan Kingdom. [5]
The lineage of the rulers of the Landak Kingdom is divided into four periods of rule and two religious phases, Hinduism and Islam. The four periods referred to are based on the existence of the Landak Royal Palace, which is recorded as having occupied four different locations.