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Bicoli State (Indonesian: Kenegerian Bicoli) is a statehood centered in Bicoli Village, East Halmahera Regency today. Bicoli is a state that is no less important in local history. In 1817, Bicoli had emerged as a fairly important trading port in the region. They were once under the rule of the Sultanate of Tidore, before finally falling into the hands of the Dutch, through their trading company, the VOC.[2]
Map showing Halmahera and the surrounding small islands, Bicoli is to the eastern part of Halmahera (the largest island), just south of Buli Bay.
Since ancient times, Bicoli has had contact with the outside world. In 1817, Bicoli emerged as a trading port. According to Leirissa (1996), it is said that to the east of Halmahera there is a state called Bitjolie (Bicoli), the safest coastal state for anchoring, so it is called the main port in the eastern part of Halmahera.[3] This was confirmed three years later, in the 1820s, the Dutch East Indies government placed a representative in Bicoli to manage the nutmeg trade. However, this trading activity was relatively short-lived, because the Dutch East Indies' rule did not last long.[4]
Apart from the Maba village which was considered important by the VOC, because it was the center of the Maba district. According to documents from the 17th century, there were also various other important states, such as Bitjolie (Bicoli), Panga, Gotowasi, Waianli, Ingli, Boeli (Buli), Samofo, Watjie (Waci), Lolobata, Luipi, Ses, and Seun. In addition, in his statement, a Maba ruler mentioned that there were 23 settlements, including Kutjame (Kucame), Geet, Binhinjan, Seise, Ose (Woso), Watjie (Waci), Gotowasi, Wailo, Terbil, Air, Kapitan Laut, Air Sangaji, Gaw, Seli, Wasile, Waisarli, Mabunglang, Akelamo, Bitjolie (Bicoli), Waya, Belolo, Air Masing, Tolowaisali, and Geruwe.[5] These settlement records show that in the second half of the 19th century there were only four villages with 13 settlements left, the largest of which was around Bitjolie (Bicoli).[6]
Bicoli and the eastern part of Halmahera in general have long historical ties with the Tidore Sultanate. Interaction between eastern part of Halmahera and Tidore Sultanate increased after the death of Sultan Nuku. Starting from Sultan Zainal Abidin (Kaicili Zainal Abidin), Nuku's half-brother made part of the Maba village the center of his power to seize the Tidore throne from the grip of Dutch power in 1806.
Entering a period of unrest between the Dutch and Tidore, Sultan Zainal Abidin most likely arrived in Maba and settled in Woso since February 1808, after being picked up by several bobato with Captain Grieve using the British ship, Lord Minto, to Gebe Island. In a footnote, by Captain Herder, leader of the military expedition in Maba between January and May 1808, that on 23 February, Sangaji Lakone from Woso departed for Gebe Island with an English ship to pick up 25 kora-kora and two British fishing boats. At the same time, Zainal Abidin who was previously in Misool was also invited.[7] Initially, Zainal Abidin was in Woso to trade and defend himself from Dutch attacks.
It is not known exactly when Woso was made the center of power by Zainal Abidin. It is said that the event most likely occurred in early January 1808.[8] Woso, since the beginning of 1808 when Captain Grieve appeared, Zainal Abidin obliged the Woso State in the Maba district to implement a monopoly by the kingdom on spices in eastern part of Halmahera. In fact, the Dutch also conducted an expedition to Maba in the first half of 1808. However, Woso continued to trade with Captain Grieve through Port of Bicoli.
Around the middle of 1808, the Woso was in a very important position. Woso is located quite high in the hills near Bicoli. It is said that at that time, the Ternate and the Dutch began to attack Zainal Abidin, because of the series of attacks, so that a fort system was built to defend and strengthen the Woso State from enemy attacks. The attack itself was led by Lieutenant Herder. The traditional fort defense system was built in the form of a straight wall with a shooting distance of chest height (1.0 m), Made of coral and coated with a glue made from baked seashells. Not only in the mountains, in the north there are also three similar forts, and another fort towards the sea.[9]
A defense system in the form of a fort was built to withstand attacks by Ternate troops reinforced by Dutch troops. Captain Herder, who was the leader of the battle, attacked Woso four times without success and finally the troops he led were forced to retreat.[10] Likewise, with the second expedition in 1808 with troops led by Captain Heyes who was in Maba for several months, was also forced to withdraw in October because his troops refused to continue the war.
The defense in the Woso and Bicoli in late 1808 suffered setbacks due to a smallpox epidemic that resulted in many deaths. Not only that, a food crisis also occurred, due to reduced rice and corn yields because during the war the local population no longer took care of their gardens. However, conditions later returned to normal. A fourth expedition, sent in March 1809, failed to defeat Woso. The expedition subsequently failed and was withdrawn in June, as the troops it led reasoned that the Woso state was too strong.
In 1822 to 1942, the Dutch placed their officials at the assistant resident level (afdeeling) and built military posts (gecommitteerde) in Bicoli with the working areas of Maba, Patani, and Weda (Gamrange). The first Dutch military officer to serve at the Dutch military post in Bicoli was Cambier, while the last military officer to serve in Bicoli until 1942 was Laurens. In 1942, the Japan took over the military post.[11]
Government
As a vassal state of Tidore, during the reign of bobato, by S. Karim, a Tidore nobleman, on Friday, 1 March 1938, records the composition of the major parties or government structures (bobato) in eastern and central parts of Halmahera during the reign of the Tidore Sultanate, it is said that there were six sangaji, namely Sangaji Maba, Sangaji Patani, Sangaji Weda, Sangaji Bicoli, Sangaji Samola, and Sangaji Kacepi (Gebe).
The structure of Bobato Bicoli, consists as sangaji, kapita lao (sea captain) led by Kapita Wayamli, kapita darat led by Kapita Ingli–Bicoli, there are also positions called hukum, kade/kadim, and sowohi. Apart from the structure at the state level, there is also a structure at the village level (soa/gimalaha), namely the famanyira, as the leader of the soa/gimalaha, and there is imam, modim, and khotibi as a functional official in religious affairs of Islam (bobato akhirat).
There is the Kadato Tiga Negeri which is an alliance grouping six sangaji (states) based on ethnogeography into three major parties. So the grouping of six sangaji into three ethnic groups in the past was called Gamrange (three states), where every two sangaji ally into one force, for example Sangaji Maba kul–kul Sangaji Bicoli (Sangaji Maba with Sangaji Bicoli). This grouping is based on the previous fact that in central and eastern Halmahera there were originally three native governments, namely Mobon (Maba), Poton (Patani), and Were (Weda). These three kingdoms became part of the Tidore Sultanate, probably in the early 17th century. Bicoli was previously united with Maba.[11]
The Sangaji Bicoli areas covers five administrative villages today, but is still one unified customary area. These villages include Bicoli, Kasuba, Momole, Sil, and Sowoli. The Bicoli region also formerly included the Sakam village on the border of Central Halmahera and East Halmahera.[1]
List of rulers
Samaun Seba as the sangaji of Bicoli State who is in power at this time.
The following is a list of Bicoli rulers, but the list is incomplete due to the limited and difficult data to find.
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