Banyuwangi Madurese is a Madurese dialect spoken in Banyuwangi Regency, East Java, Indonesia. This is especially used in the western and northern parts which border other Madurese-speaking regencies, such as Situbondo, Bondowoso, and Jember,[2] as well as in outlying areas to the east. In several districts in Banyuwangi, the use of Madurese is the majority,[3] but it does not exceed the use of Osing and Mataraman Javanese, which have a wider scope.[4] Madurese language users in Banyuwangi also share a speaking area with Osing speakers, forming a bilingual areas.[5] Based on dialectological studies, the Banyuwangi Madurese is said to differ from the Situbondo Madurese or Probolinggo Madurese. This is primarily due to regional differences.[6]
Banyuwangi, which is geographically located in the eastern part of Java, is known as the largest regency on Java. To the west it borders directly with Jember, to the north it borders with Bondowoso and Situbondo, all of these regencies speak Madurese. Meanwhile, to the south it borders the sea with the Indian Ocean and the Bali Strait to the east. Banyuwangi also has areas with various types of land such as beaches, rivers, and mountains. This strategic location makes different languages assimilate to form a good diversity of regional languages in a pluralistic society. Banyuwangi society is very diverse, the Osing people is the native population of Banyuwangi and is the descendant of the Blambangan population. Apart from that, in Banyuwangi society there are also Madurese people, this is why there is a variety of Madurese language which is also used in Banyuwangi.[7]
History
The process of how Madurese language came to be used in Banyuwangi began in the 19th century or even before that, when there was a migration of MataramJavanese and Madurese peoples to the eastern salient of Java, including Banyuwangi, which at that time was part of the kingdom of Blambangan. Madurese speakers in Banyuwangi are mostly immigrants from the island of Madura and some of them come from several regencies in the eastern part of Java which at that time were already inhabited by Madurese, such as Situbondo, Bondowoso, Jember, Probolinggo, Pasuruan, and Lumajang. Geographically, the Madurese in Banyuwangi live in coastal areas and make a living as fishermen, also in plantation areas near the hills. As in Muncar, the majority of the population works as fishermen,[3] while in Glenmore they are former plantation workers there.[8]
Map of language distribution in Java and Madura in 1881 by K.F. Holle, Madurese language is in the easternmost part, including the Banyuwangi Madurese which is seen on the map as being dominant in the western and northern parts of Banyuwangi.
In the 19th century to the early 20th century, several policies were implemented by the Dutch colonial government. One of them is the Agrarischewet or Agrarian Law which contributed to the increasing number of industries, both in the agricultural and plantation sectors. This law became the starting point for economic liberalization in the Dutch East Indies and marked the end of the forced cultivation system that had been in effect since 1830 under the administration of Governor Van Den Bosch. The enactment of the Agrarian Law of 1870 also Java's openness to private enterprise was encouraged. Plantations and agriculture, once controlled by the Dutch government, gradually began to shift to private hands.[9] There is one private plantation which was the origin of the large number of Madurese migrants in Banyuwangi, namely Glenmore, like many areas in Indonesia, Glenmore developed during the Dutch colonial era. Glenmore Estate, owned by Scotsman Ross Taylor, developed under the influence of colonial policies that sought to maximize capital accumulation from the plantation sector. The Agrarian Policy of 1870 opened up opportunities for European private companies to controls large areas of land in East Java, including Glenmore. The workforce there consists largely of local laborers and contract workers from outside the region, such as Madura and Central Java.[10]
Since the opening of private plantations in Banyuwangi, they have continued to bring in workers from various regions, especially Madura. Gradually, this immigrant community did not just inhabit the area within the plantation, but expanding to the outskirts of the plantation to form new residential communities. Especially in the southern part of the plantation, a settlement was first formed which was opened by mbah (term for an elder) Yasin, a Madurese elder. The arrival of Madurese people to Glenmore has several periods, the first period was inseparable from offers from the Dutch and plantation owners. The first wave of their arrival coincided with the opening of plantations, including the Glenmore plantation.[11]
In the records of the control of the Sumenep Palace, the first The migration of Madurese people to the north coast of Java began in 1857, with numbers reaching 20,000 to 40,000 people by the early 1900s. They occupied coastal cities known as the Horseshoe area. This initial period of migration was then followed by subsequent waves of immigrants entering plantation areas, especially those that had just been opened. Immigrants from the Madura region who entered Glenmore are estimated to have occurred from 1910 to 1920 in line with the operation of the Glenmore plantation. The opportunity to find a better livelihood makes them interested in working on plantations. This condition makes the plantation one of the centers of the migrant community from Madura. Like the early period, immigrants from other regions, the arrival of workers from Madura was followed by relatives, siblings, and even neighbors in their homeland. However, the latest period that came in the early 1920s did not involve all of them working on plantations. They choose to work in other sectors such as barbers, food vendors, porters around land trading places.[12]
Usage
The kinship between the Banyuwangi Madurese and the Madurese language in its area of origin (island of Madura) shows differences, although they are not significant. This is due to the influence of Banyuwangi's geographical location which is far from their land of origin. Apart from that, the Banyuwangi Madurese tends to be rougher, especially because the residential areas are located on the coast, such as in Muncar district, where people tend to be louder when communicating. The Madurese language used tends to use low-level coarse language, enja'-iya, in the language level.[13] This difference is because the Banyuwangi Madurese is in a remote Madurese speech area, and directly borders other languages such as Osing, Mataraman Javanese, Arekan Javanese, and Balinese.[7]
Madurese speakers do not only use their language when communicating with other Madurese ethnic groups, but also when communicating with other ethnic groups, especially Javanese. The refined language of engghi-bhunten is also used, but is very rarely used, only used in certain activities such as related to worship, as well as formal and non-formal activities attended by elders.[13] The Banyuwangi Madurese is also used in various forms of art by its speakers, such as in Madurese songs and choirs,[14] also the mamaca ('reciting poetry') tradition, especially Serat Mi'raj which is read every month of Rajab.[15] The Banyuwangi Madurese also absorbs vocabulary from other languages, especially Indonesian language, which is the common language of communication there, as in the word degengan 'trading', comes from the word dagangan in Indonesian, also reduplication such as roma-roma 'houses' from the word rumah-rumah, also new lexical obtained resulting from Indonesian loanwords, such as the words roma sake, 'hospital' from the Indonesian word rumah sakit.[16]
Distribution
Madurese Banyuwangi is mainly used in border areas, its position is as the dominant language on the border.[2] Madurese speakers are the majority in several districts, such as Glenmore, Kalibaru, Kalipuro, Wongsorejo, and Muncar, the latter being a Madurese enclave, surrounded by Osing and Mataraman Javanese speakers.[1] Apart from that, there are also Madurese speakers in other districts in Banyuwangi, such as in Tamansari village in Licin district, especially in Ampelgading hamlet, due to its geographic isolation at the foot of the mountain, is also closer to the Madurese-speaking settlements in Bondowoso. Meanwhile, other villages in Licin are predominantly Osing-speaking.[2] Another district where there are Madurese-speaking people, but they are not the majority in Songgon district.[17] This is known because of the mamaca tradition, a typical Madurese tradition.[18] In the town of Banyuwangi, its use is more flexible and difficult to predict, the area is known as a gathering place for ethnic groups in the Indonesian archipelago to blend together. Madurese language, which is still widely used, also has quite an influence on the languages of other ethnic minorities, such as in Kampung Mandar (lit.'Mandarese Village'), where people of Mandarese descent from Sulawesi speak Mandarese and Malay, but slowly Madurese language began to influence and even replace Mandarese language.[19]
In Muncar, a Madurese language enclave in Banyuwangi, the population is divided into several ethnic groups, the Madurese constitutes almost 72.3%, the Javanese (incl. Osing) comprises 26.4%, and 1.2% consists of other ethnic groups including the Bugis, Makasarese, and Chinese. The Madurese speakers are mainly found in the villages of Tembokrejo and Kedungrejo, where they have lived and multiplied since the Dutch colonial era and have never returned to their original villages.[16] The presence of Madurese speakers in Glenmore district is mainly due to the history of private plantations there which attracted many workers from the island of Madura, especially from 1910 to 1920. Most of them did not return to their homeland, but formed Madurese ethnic settlements.[12] In Papring, a area (lingkungan) in Kalipuro district, Madurese and Osing languages are used together, especially due to inter-ethnic marriages.[5] This phenomenon is known as the local term tubruk bahasa, which means 'colliding languages' or 'mixing languages'.[20]
Dialects
Based on research based on diachronic dialectology theory, by revealing the number of variants, the kinship of each variant, and the geographical distribution of the Banyuwangi Madurese, three varieties or dialects were found, namely the Kalipuro–Wongsorejo, Glenmore–Kalibaru, and Muncar. The latter is the most different variety compared to the others, especially because it is a language enclave surrounded by speakers of Osing and Mataraman Javanese.[21]
Vocabulary
As mentioned earlier, Banyuwangi Madurese has many similarities in vocabulary with Probolinggo Madurese and Situbondo Madurese, here is a comparison.[22]
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