Underlying representation

In phonology and morphophonology, an underlying representation (UR) or underlying form (UF) is a hypothesized, abstract representation of a morpheme or word stored in the lexicon and used as the input to phonological analysis. ^{[1] [2]} The output of phonological analysis is commonly described as a surface representation (SR), which reflects the effects of phonological processes and may differ systematically from an underlying form. ^{[2] [3]} Underlying representations are used to express generalizations about alternations, including cases where a single morpheme has different surface pronunciations in different environments or within a paradigm. ^{[3] [2]}

Background

Role in analysis

Analyses that posit underlying representations typically separate information that is treated as lexically stored from information that is treated as predictable by the phonology. In many cases, a UR is similar to a phonemic transcription, but some approaches represent morphemes more abstractly (for example as feature-based representations, or with underspecification of predictable properties). ^{[3] [2]} Different frameworks use different mechanisms to relate underlying and surface forms (for example, ordered rules in rule-based approaches or ranked constraints in constraint-based approaches), but the term underlying representation generally refers to the lexical input to the phonological component in such analyses. ^{[3] [2]}

Evidence and inference

Underlying representations are not directly observable and are inferred from systematic patterns in surface forms. Common types of evidence include alternations across related forms (e.g., within inflectional paradigms), the distribution of segments and features across contexts, and cases of neutralization where an underlying contrast is not maintained in a particular environment but reappears elsewhere. ^{[3] [2]}

Notation

A common convention is to use slashes for more abstract or lexical-level representations (including URs) and square brackets for phonetic detail, though conventions vary across authors and traditions. ^{[2] [3]} Some traditions also use other delimiters (for example, vertical bars) to distinguish different levels of abstraction in analysis. ^{[2] [3]}

Examples

Allophony

In many varieties of American English, the phoneme /t/ may be realized as an unreleased stop [t̚] word-finally (wet[wɛt̚]) but as an alveolar tap [ɾ] in contexts such as between vowels when the following syllable is unstressed (wetter[ˈwɛɾɚ]). Textbook analyses often treat these as surface realizations derived from an underlying /t/, for example in the related forms /wɛt/ and /wɛt+ɚ/ (where the tap results from a context-dependent phonological process). ^{[4] [2]}

English plural suffix

English plural formation shows systematic alternations that are often analyzed with a single underlying plural morpheme (frequently transcribed /-z/) plus regular phonological processes (such as voicing assimilation or vowel insertion) that determine its surface realization in context. ^{[4] [2]}

Stem	UR (stem + PL)	Surface form
cat	/kæt+z/	[kæts]
dog	/dɔɡ+z/	[dɔɡz]
bus	/bʌs+z/	[bʌsɪz]

Introductory descriptions also commonly present the surface outcomes as three contextually selected allomorphs ([-s], [-z], [-ɪz]). ^{[2] [3]}

Neutralization

Underlying representations are often invoked in cases of neutralization, where a contrast is not realized in some environment but is preserved elsewhere. For example, in languages with final devoicing, a word-final obstruent may surface voiceless while related forms show a voiced consonant; analyses may posit a voiced consonant in the UR and derive the voiceless surface form in the neutralizing context. ^{[3] [2]}

Tone sandhi

Underlying representations are also used in the analysis of tonal alternations. A well-known case is Standard Chinese (Mandarin) third-tone sandhi, where a third tone changes its surface realization before another third tone; analyses commonly treat this as a context-dependent mapping from an underlying tonal specification to a different surface output. ^[5]

See also

• Allomorphy
• Allophone
• Morphophonology
• Phonological rule
• Underspecification
• Sandhi

References

1. Crystal, David (2008). "underlying (adj.)". A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (6th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN   9781405152969.
2. Gussenhoven, Carlos; Jacobs, Haike (2013). "Underlying and surface representations". Understanding Phonology (Revised ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN   9781444149623.
3. Kenstowicz, Michael (1994). Phonology in Generative Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN   9781557864260.
4. O'Grady, William; Archibald, John (2005). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (5th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 92. ISBN   9780312419363.
5. Duanmu, San (2007). The Phonology of Standard Chinese (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780199215782.