Nasu | |
---|---|
Eastern Yi | |
Native to | China |
Ethnicity | Nasu (Yi) |
Native speakers | 1.0 million (2007) [1] |
Pollard script, Yi script | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously: ywq – Nasu (Wulu) ygp – Gepo (Köpu) yig – Wusa Nasu ywu – Wumeng Nasu |
Glottolog | wudi1238 Wuding-Luquan Yi = Wulu gepo1234 Gepo nesu1235 Nesu = Wusa–Wumeng |
The Nasu language, also known as the Eastern Yi language or Naisu, Luquan Yi, Wuding Yi, Guizhou Yi, Weining Yi, Guangxi Yi or Longlin Yi, is a Loloish language spoken by the Yi people of China. Nasu and Wusa are two of six Yi languages recognized by the Government of China. There are also some speakers in Vietnam. Unlike most written Yi languages, Nasu uses the Pollard script. A distinct form of the Yi script was traditionally used for Wusa, though few can still read it.
The Nasu language is also known as the Black Yi language, but this name is no longer used.
According to the Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer (2002), [2] Yi autonyms include Nasu 哪苏, [3] Tusu 兔苏, [4] Lagou 腊勾, [5] Guo 果, [6] and so forth.
Most of Yi people of the Luquan area do not have the autonym Luoluo and Nasu (transliterated into Chinese as 纳苏) means "black", hence the Black Yi (黑彝 Hei Yi), [7] though Black Yi is an aristocratic caste distinction among the Yi People, and Black Yi Script (Heiyiwen) was a Latin script for Yi introduced by missionaries. [8]
Chen, et al. (1985:108) recognizes 3 major varieties of Eastern Yi (i.e., Nasu) that are spoken in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, namely Dianqian 滇黔 (Yunnan-Guizhou), Pan 盘县 (Pan County of Guizhou), and Diandongbei 滇东北 (Northeastern Yunnan). [9] Autonyms include no55su55 (alternatively nɤ55su13), na33su33pʰo55 (including na33so33pʰo55, nɤ55su33pʰu55, and ni55su33pʰu55), nɒ55pʰo55, and ko33pʰo55.
In his description of the Yi script (not the spoken language), Huáng Jiànmíng (1993) holds that the Nasu variety of the Yi script is used by the groups speaking languages of the Nasu language cluster of Northern Yi in south-eastern Sìchuān, eastern Yúnnán, Gùizhōu, as well as in Guǎngxī. [10] He distinguishes two sub-groups. Nasu proper used in Wuding, Luquan, and the suburbs of Kunming, and Wusa used in Guizhou and the bordering areas of Eastern Yunnan.
David Bradley (1997) distinguishes three main dialects of Nasu:
Lama (2012) determined that Nasu (Western) is more closely related to Gepo than it is to the others:
Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal | Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ȵ | ɳ | ŋ | ||
Stop | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | ||
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | |||
voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | |||
prenasal/asp. | ᵐbʱ | ⁿdʱ | ᶯɖʱ | ᵑɡʱ | |||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ɕ | t͡ʂ | |||
aspirated | t͡sʰ | t͡ɕʰ | t͡ʂʰ | ||||
voiced | d͡z | d͡ʑ | d͡ʐ | ||||
prenasal/asp. | ⁿd͡zʱ | ⁿd͡ʑʱ | ᶯd͡ʐʱ | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ɕ | ʂ | x | h |
voiced | v | z | ʑ | ʐ | ɣ | ||
lateral | ɬ | ||||||
Lateral | l | ||||||
There is distinction between tight-throat vowels and lax-throat (plain) vowels.
Front | Central | Back | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrd. | tight | unrd. | tight | unrd. | rnd. | tight | ||
Close | i | i | ɯ | u | ||||
Mid | e | e | ə˞ | ə˞ | ɤ | o , õ | ɤ | o |
Open-mid | ɔ | |||||||
Open | a | a |
3 tones occur as follows:
Name | Pitch | Symbol |
---|---|---|
High | 55 | ˦ |
Mid | 33 | ˧ |
Low (falling) | 21 | ˨˩ |
The Yi scripts are two scripts used to write the Yi languages; Classical Yi, and the later Yi syllabary. The script is historically known in Chinese as Cuan Wen or Wei Shu and various other names (夷字、倮語、倮倮文、畢摩文), among them "tadpole writing" (蝌蚪文).
Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County is an autonomous county, under the jurisdiction of Kunming, Yunnan, China, bordering Sichuan province to the north. As of the 2020 census the population was 378,881.
Luoping County is located in Qujing City, in eastern Yunnan province, China, bordering Guizhou province to the east and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to the southeast.
Wuding County is under the administration of the Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, in the north-central part of Yunnan province, China, bordering Sichuan province to the north. Wuding's county seat is located only 5 km from the seat of Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County. It is a centre for titanium production.
The Nasu people, are an ethnic group in the People's Republic of China. They are a subgroup of the Yi people and are mainly distinguished by their use of the Nasu language, one of five main branches of the Yi languages.
The Northern Loloish languages, also known as Northern Ngwi, are a branch of the Loloish languages that includes the literary standard of the Yi people. In Lama's (2012) classification, it is called Nisoid (Nisu–Lope), which forms the Nisoish branch together with the Axi-Puoid languages.
The Nisoish or Yi languages, which contains both the Northern Loloish and Southeastern Loloish branches, are a branch of the Loloish languages proposed by Lama (2012). Northern Loloish and Southeastern Loloish were established by Bradley (1997), while the Nisoish group combining Bradley's two branches was proposed by Ziwo Lama (2012). Lama (2012) refers to Northern Loloish as Nisoid or Nisu–Lope, and Southeastern Loloish as Axi–Puoid.
Nisu is a language cluster spoken by half a million Yi people of China. It is one of six Yi languages recognized by the government of China. The Yi script was traditionally used, though few can still read it. According to Lama (2012), Nisu (Nishu) autonyms include, , and.
Lolopo is a Loloish language spoken by half a million Yi people of China. Chinese speakers call it Central Yi, as the name Lolopo does not exist in Chinese. It is one of the six Yi languages recognized by the government of China.
Sani is one of the Loloish languages spoken by the Yi people of China. It is one of six Yi languages recognized by the Chinese government, under the name Southeastern Yi. Sani is spoken in Shilin, Luliang, Luxi, Shizong, Yiliang, Malong, Luquan, and Mile counties by about 120,000 speakers.
Axi is one of the Loloish languages spoken by the Yi people of China. The Axi are one of the main linguistic sub-branches of Yi, and the Axi tiaoyue is a dance of the Axi speaking Yi people accompanied by the sanhu.
Azhe is one of the Loloish languages spoken by the Yi people of China.
Tai Ya, also known as Tai Cung, Tai Chung and Dai Ya, is a Southwestern Tai language of southern China. It has one dialect, Tai Hongjin ; Red Tai.
Gepo is a Loloish language of Yunnan, China spoken by 100,000 people. The speakers' autonym is, while the "-po" of "Gepo" means 'people'. It is spoken in 6 villages of Fumin County, eastern Luquan County, and other adjacent counties to the northeast.
The Lisoish languages are a branch of the Loloish languages proposed by Ziwo Lama (2012) that includes Lisu and several of the Yi languages. David Bradley (1997) considers Lisoish languages to be part of the Central Loloish branch.
The Southeastern Loloish languages, also known as Southeastern Ngwi, are a branch of the Loloish languages. In Lama's (2012) classification, it is called Axi-Puoid, which forms the Nisoish branch together with the Nisoid (Nisu–Lope) languages.
Sanie is a Loloish language of Yunnan, China. It is similar to Samataw. There were 17,320 ethnic Sanie in 1998, but only about 8,000 spoke the Sanie language fluently. The Sanie are also known as the White Yi (白彝).
Aluo is a Loloish language spoken by the Yi people of China. It is also known by its Nasu name.
The Qixingmin are an officially unrecognized ethnic group of western Guizhou province, China. They are officially classified as Bai by the Chinese government. The Qixingmin speak a Yi (Loloish) language known as Luoji. The Guizhou Province Ethnic Gazeteer (2002:692) reports that, in 1982, there were about 700 speakers among the more easterly Qixingmin.
Taloid is a cluster of languages in the Lisoish branch of Lolo–Burmese.