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The Karen or Karenic languages are tonal languages spoken by some seven million Karen people. They are of unclear affiliation within the Sino-Tibetan languages. The Karen languages are written using the Burmese script. The three main branches are Sgaw, Pwo and Pa'o. Karenni and Kayan are related to the Sgaw branch. They are unusual among the Sino-Tibetan languages in having a subject–verb–object word order; other than Karen, Bai and the Chinese languages, Sino-Tibetan languages have a subject–object–verb order. This is likely due to influence from neighboring Mon and Tai languages.
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Phunoi (Sinsali) is a Loloish language of northern Laos. Dialects are divergent and may be distinct languages; these are Black Khoany, White Khoany, Mung, Hwethom, Khaskhong. Bradley cites six languages within Phunoi.
Lahta, or Zayein, is a Karenic language of Burma.
Chepya is a Southern Loloish language of northern Laos.
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Paza is a Loloish language of northern Laos. Paza speakers consist of 2,100 people distributed in 8 villages of Ban Phusang Mai, Muang Samphan, Phongsaly, and 1 village in Oudomxay. It is documented as "Phusang" in Kato (2008), which has a brief word list of the language collected from Phusangkao village, Samphan District.
Phongsaly Province, also spelled Phôngsali, is a province of Laos in the extreme north of the country. The capital of the province is the city of Phôngsali. Phongsaly is between Yunnan (China), and Điện Biên Province in Vietnam. Its culture has thus been historically heavily influenced by China.
Khir is a Loloish language of northern Laos.
Phongku is a Loloish language of Phongsaly Province, northern Laos. David Bradley (2007) lists as the autonym.
Laoseng is a Loloish language of northern Laos. David Bradley (2007) lists law21 sɛŋ21 as the autonym.
Phongset is a Loloish language of Phongsaly Province, northern Laos.
Laopan is a Loloish language of northern Laos. It is spoken in Bun Tay District, Phongsaly Province, Laos, including in Phaophumuang village.
Theen is an Austroasiatic language of Laos, belonging to the branch of Khmuic languages. It is only spoken by about 200 people living in two villages. They are also known as Kha Sam Liam among their Lao neighbours.
Tadahiko Shintani is a Japanese linguist and Professor Emeritus of the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, specializing in the phonology of New Caledonian languages and Southeast Asian languages.
The Bisoid (Phunoi) languages belong to the Southern Loloish (Hanoish) branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Most Bisoid languages are spoken in Phongsaly Province, northern Laos, with smaller numbers of speakers living in China (Yunnan), Vietnam, Myanmar, and northern Thailand.
Wanyä is a Loloish language of northern Laos. It is spoken in Ipoeching village, Bun Tay District, Phongsaly Province.
References
- 1 2 Hsiu, Andrew. 2016. The classification of Cosao: a Lolo-Burmese language of China and Laos . Presented at the 22nd Himalayan Languages Symposium, Guwahati, India.
- ↑ Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages.
- Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington (archived)
- Kingsadā, Thō̜ngphet, and Tadahiko Shintani. 1999 Basic Vocabularies of the Languages Spoken in Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- Shintani, Tadahiko, Ryuichi Kosaka, and Takashi Kato. 2001. Linguistic Survey of Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- Kato, Takashi. 2008. Linguistic Survey of Tibeto-Burman languages in Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).