Old Tatar

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Old Tatar
Volga Turki
Region Volga region, Ural region, Turkistan
Ethnicity Bulgars, Tatars
Eraused from Middle Ages until the early 20th century
developed into Tatar and Bashkir
Turkic
Early form
Arabic script
Language codes
ISO 639-3
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The Old Tatar language was a literary language used by some ethnic groups of the Idel-Ural region (Tatars and Bashkirs) from the Middle Ages until the early 20th century.

Contents

Old Tatar is a member of the Kipchak (or Northwestern) group of Turkic languages, although it was derived from the ancient Bulgar language. The first poem, considered to be written by Qul Ghali in Volga Turki dates back to the period of Volga Bulgaria. It included many Persian and Arabic loans.

In its written form, the language was spelled uniformly among different ethnic groups, speaking different Turkic languages of the Kipchak sub-group. The pronunciation differed from one people to another, approximating to the spoken language, making the written form universal for different languages.

The language formerly used the Arabic script and its later updated alphabets of İske imlâ and Yaña imlâ. Old Tatar language was a language of Idel-Ural poetry and literature. With the Ottoman Turkish, Azeri, Cuman, [1] Khaqani Turkic [2] and Chagatai, they were the only Turkic literary languages used in the Middle Ages. It was actively used in publishing until 1905, when the first Tatar and Bashkir newspapers begun to be published in modern Tatar and Bashkir language.

Alphabet

NameIsolatedFinalMedialInitialModern Cyrillic Bashkir alphabet Modern Latin Bashkir alphabet IPA Notes
1әлеп (әлиф) мәддә
əlip (əlif) məddə
آـاآаa ɑ
2әлеп (әлиф)
əlip (əlif)
ااә, э, ы, иə, i, ı, e æ , ɪ̆ , ɤ̆ , e
3бей
biy
بـبـبـبـбb b
4пей
piy
پـپـپـپـпp p
5тей
tiy
تـتـتـتـтt t Before front towels
6сей
siy
ثـثـثـثـс, ҫs, ś s , θ Only in borrowings from Arabic, and in Bashkir words in 19th century modification
7жем
jim
جـجـجـجـж, йj, y ʒ , j
8сем
sim
چـچـچـچـш, сş, s ɕ , s
9хей
xiy
حـحـحـحـхx χ Only in borrowings from Arabic
10хый
xıy
خـخـخـخـхx χ
11дал
dal
دـددдd d
12зал
zal
ذـذذз, ҙz, ź z , ð Only in Arabic loanwords, and in Bashkir words in 19th century modification
13рей
riy
رـررрr ɾ
14зей
ziy
زـززзz z
15жей
jiy
ژـژژжj ʒ Only in Persian, French and Russian borrowings
16сен
sin
سـسـسـسـс, ҫs, ś s , θ Before front vowels
17шен
şin
شـشـشـشـшş ʃ
18сад
sad
صـصـصـصـс, ҫs, θ s Before back vowels
19дад, зад
dad, zad
ضـضـضـضـд, зd, z d , z Only in borrowings from Arabic
20та
ta
طـطـطـطـтt t Before back vowels
21за
za
ظـظـظـظـз, ҙz, ð z , ð Only in borrowings from Arabic
22ғәйн
ğəyn
عـعـعـعـғğ ʁ Only in borrowings from Arabic
23ғайн
ğayn
غـغـغـغـғğ ʁ
24фей
fiy
فـفـفـفـфf ɸ
25ҡаф
qaf
قـقـقـقـҡq q
26каф
kaf
ك/ کـك/ ـکـكـكـкk k
27гаф
gaf
گـگـگـگـгg g
28һаңғырау каф
hañğıraw kaf
ڭ/ نکـڭ/ ـنکـڭـ/ ـنکـңñ ŋ Initial form was never used due to phonetic reasons
29ләм
ləm
لـلـلـلـлl l
30мим
mim
مـمـمـمـмm m
31нон
nun
نـنـنـنـнn n
32һей
hiy
هـه/ ـہـهـ/ ـہـهـһ, әh, æ h , æ
33вау
waw
وـووв, у, о, ө, үw, o, u, ü, ö w / o , ʊ̆ / ʏ̆ , ɵ , u Alternative Cyrillic transcription: ў, у, о
34вей
viy
ۋـۋۋвv β Only in borrowings from European languages
35ей
yiy
یـی/ ـےـیـیـй, и, э, ыy, e, i, ı j , e , ɪ̆ , ɤ̆

References

  1. "Memorials – written monuments of Turkic languages". unesco.kz. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  2. Outstanding examples of the Uighur Middle Age literature are Yusuf Balasaghuni Qutatqu Bilik (Wisdom Of Royal Glory) (1069–70) and Mahmut Kashgari Divan-i Lugat-it Türk (Dictionary of Turkic Dialects) (1072)

Bibliography

See also