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Galician nationalism is a form of nationalism found mostly in Galicia, which asserts that Galicians are a nation and that promotes the cultural unity of Galicians. The political movement referred to as modern Galician nationalism was born at the beginning of the twentieth century from the idea of Galicianism.
Historians, geographers and ethnologists recognize the existence of a Galician ethnic group, forming a singular unit in a specific territory. [1] [ failed verification ] However, this is a wide conceptualization that in political terms allows many possible variants. Inside Galician nationalism two main ideological currents can be found:
Both autonomists and "independentists" have points in common, such as the defence and promotion of Galician culture and language, with some defending reintegrationism with Northern Portugal and language. Both also argue for the official and unequivocal recognition of Galicia as a nation and the defense of Galician speakers outside administrative Galician territory, in Galician-speaking areas of the Spanish regions of Asturias and Castile and León ( Galicia irredenta ).
It is often considered that the ideological framework of contemporary Galician nationalism was set in Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao's key work Sempre em Galiza (lit. "Always in Galicia"), published in 1944.
Galician nationalist candidates received 19% of the vote in the elections of 2005 and 16% in 2009.
From 2005 to 2009 Galicia was ruled by a coalition government between the Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG-PSOE) and the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG). Unlike in other Spanish autonomous communities the conservative and pro-Spanish People's Party of Galicia (PPdeG) includes Galicianism as one of its ideological principles. [2] Even the Spanish Socialist Party has a quite strong regional flavour in Galicia. [3] [4] This issue somehow explains electoral behaviour in Galicia and why nationalist parties have a reduced representation when compared to Catalonia and the Basque Country, as voters in Galicia may choose to go for Spanish parties promoting Galicianism depending on the circumstances. Spanish parties in Catalonia and the Basque Country do not have such a strong regional identity, but the Socialist Party in Catalonia has recently incorporated nationalist elements in its political discourse.
A possible explanation for this political behaviour in pro-Spanish parties is that Galician identity is so embedded in Galicians that any political party willing to participate in elections must at least show some degree of interest in the promotion of Galicianism, but how it is done may vary greatly.
The Galician Nationalist Bloc is itself a coalition of parties, which endorse independence, but not all individual members and parallel organizations within it support that idea. [5] At present, BNG claims for sovereignty and independence, both political and economic. Other nationalist parties stand for outright independence, and until recently they only had representatives in local councils and not in the Galician Parliament. In the 2012 election the newly formed Galician Left Alternative, which includes pro-independence groups, overtook the BNG in Parliament, winning 9 seats.
The present Galician Statute of Autonomy (1981) defines Galicia as a nationality. The Galician Government is currently drafting a new Statute of Autonomy where Galicia will most probably be defined as a nation (with declaratory but not legal value). [6]
The Galician Nationalist Bloc is a political party from Galicia, formed with the merger of a series of left-wing Galician nationalist parties. It is self-defined as a "patriotic front".
Alfonso Daniel Manuel Rodríguez Castelao, commonly known as Castelao, was a Galician politician, writer, painter and doctor. He is one of the fathers of Galician nationalism, promoting Galician identity and culture, and was one of the main names behind the cultural movement Xeración Nós. He was also one of the founders and president of the Galicianist Party and had a great influence on the renovating group of Galician art known as Os renovadores. Castelao is considered to be the most important figure in Galician culture of the 20th century.
Galician Revolutionary Students was a leftwing nationalist students organization in Galicia, Spain. ERGA functioned as the students wing of the Galician People's Union (UPG). ERGA was founded in 1972. ERGA published a monthly, Lume. ERGA was the first mass organization of nationalism after the Spanish Civil War, got a broad presence in the universities and high schools of Galiza and formed future UPG leaders and militants.
The Galician People's Union is a Galician nationalist and communist political party, and is one of the registered political parties of Spain. The party publishes the magazine Terra e Tempo, and the secretary general is Néstor Rego.
Galicianism is a regionalist political movement in Galicia.
Xosé Manuel Hixinio Beiras Torrado is a Galician politician, economist, writer and intellectual. He is professor of Structural Economy at the Faculty of Economic Sciences of the University of Santiago de Compostela. He is a former member of the National Council of the Galician Nationalist Bloc, he is currently the leader of Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood, an independentist political party. He formerly had representation in the Galician parliament.
The Partido Galeguista was a Galician nationalist party founded in December 1931. It achieved notoriety during the time of the Spanish Second Republic. The PG grouped a number of historical Galician intellectuals, and was fundamental in the elaboration of the Galician Statute of Autonomy.
Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood is a political party in Galicia. Formed in 2012, under the guidance of historical leader Xosé Manuel Beiras, Anova was formed by Encontro Irmandiño, the FPG, Movemento pola Base, the Galician Workers Front and independent militants. Anova defines itself as a Galician nationalist, socialist, feminist, Galician independentist, ecologist, internationalist organization. Its internal organization is run by assemblies.
Galiza Ceibe-OLN was an independentist and socialist political party in Galicia, Spain. Galiza Ceibe was founded on 1980 by the Galician Party of the Proletariat as a political and electoral front, originally to present a list in Vigo and in other galician municipalities under the name Agrupación Electoral Galicia Ceibe in the 1979 local elections.
The Assembly of the United People (APU) was a Galician political organization, with an independentist, socialist and feminist ideology. It was formed in 1989 from a split of the first Galician People's Front, and disappeared with its self-dissolution in 1995.
The National Inter-Union of the Galician Workers was a Galician union with an anticapiltalist, leftist and Galician nationalist ideology, direct heir of the Intersindical Nacional Galega (ING), and precursor of Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG).
Isca! is the name of a Galician youth organization that promotes Galician independence, combined with anti-capitalist and feminist ideology. They are linked to the Galician Movement for Socialism, a socialist and pro-independence party that forms part of the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG).
The Galician Movement for Socialism is a Galician communist, pro-independence and feminist organization. The MGS was born in March 2009, although its origins go back to the summer of 2006. The MGS works inside the Galician Nationalist Bloc and the Confederación Intersindical Galega.
The Galician Socialist Party was a socialist and Galician nationalist political party active in Galicia.
Commitment to Galicia is a Galician political party with a Galician nationalist, progressive ideology.
The Galician Nationalist Party–Galicianist Party is a Galician nationalist and liberal political party, coming from a split of the Galician Coalition. The PNG–PG had 132 members in 2002. Xosé Mosquera Casero is its secretary general, after the VIII Congress in September 2011.
Encontro Irmandiño is a political organization that is part of Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood in Galicia, Spain. It used to be an internal current in the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG). EI was founded in 2007 and has an ideology based in Galician nationalism, direct democracy, anticapitalism, feminism and alter-globalization.
The Galician independence movement or the Galician separatist movement is a political movement which supports the independence of Galicia and the other Galician-speaking territories outside the Autonomous Community of Galicia, including As Portelas, O Bierzo, and the Eo-Navian lands from Spain, and possibly the North Region from Portugal due to its cultural and historical connection with Gallaecia.
The Galician Youth Union is the youth wing of the Galician People's Union. It was created in August 1977.
Galician Socialist Space is a Galician political party integrated in Máis Galiza and Compromiso por Galicia.
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