List of active separatist movements in Europe

Supporters of Catalan independence in Barcelona in October 2019

Scottish independence supporters in Glasgow. Scotland held an independence referendum on 18 September 2014

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession, ^{[1] [2] [3]} though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority. ^[4]

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

1. They are active movements with active members.
2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

• De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
• Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
• Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
  • De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
  • Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
  • Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
  • Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
  • Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
  • Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).

Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.

Albania

Main article: Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order

In 2024, Edi Rama, the Prime Minister of Albania, announced plans to create an independent European microstate enclaved within Tirana to serve as a headquarters for the Bektashi Order with Baba Mondi as the head of state. The proposed state, called the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order, would require approval from the Parliament of Albania and an amendment to the Constitution of Albania to declare independence. ^[5]

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

• People: Talysh people
  • Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan ^[6] or independence. ^[7]
    • Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
    • Government in exile: Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic ^[8]

Belgium

Communities:

   Flemish Community

  Flemish and French Community

   French Community

   German-speaking Community

Main article: Partition of Belgium

Autonomist movements

Flanders

• People: Flemish
  • Autonomous area: Flanders ^[9]
    • Movements: Flemish Movement

Wallonia

• People: Walloons
  • Autonomous area: Wallonia ^[10]
    • Movements: Walloon Movement

East Belgium

• People: German-speaking Community of Belgium
  • Proposed Autonomous Area: Eupen-Malmedy
    • Political Parties: ProDG ^[11]

Brussels-Capital Region ^{[12] [13]}

• Ethnic group: Flemish and Walloons
  • Proposed: making Brussels-Capital Region its own region
  • Political party: DéFI

Secessionist movements

Further information: Partition of Belgium

Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)

Main articles: Flemish Movement and Greater Netherlands

• People: Flemish
  • Proposed state: Flanders, or unification with the Netherlands ^{[14] [15] [16]}
    • Political parties: New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, Vlaams Belang and Flemish-Socialist Movement
    • Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen  [ nl ], Taal Aktie Komitee and Voorpost ^{[ better source needed ]}

Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)

Main articles: Walloon Movement and Rattachism

• People: Walloons
  • Proposed state: Unification with France ^{[17] [18] [14]}
    • Political parties: Walloon Rally, Rassemblement Wallonie France

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Main article: Partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Secessionist movements

Republika Srpska

Main article: Proposed secession of Republika Srpska

• People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Proposed: independence or unification with   Serbia ^{[19] [20]}
    • Political organisation: National Assembly of Republika Srpska (Government of Republika Srpska)
    • Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party ^[21]

Autonomist movements

Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia

Main article: Croat entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina

• People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Proposed state: Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina ^[22]
    • Political organisation: Croatian National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina ^[23]
    • Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990, Croatian Christian Democratic Union

Croatia

The Istria County in Croatia.

Autonomist movements

Istria County ^[24]

Main article: Istrian identity

• People: Istrians (Croats, Istrian Italians, Istro-Romanians, and Istriot-speakers)
  • Proposed: Autonomy for Istria within Croatia ^[25]
    • Political party: Istrian Democratic Assembly (factions, not officially) ^{[26] [27]}

Dalmatia

Dalmatia ^[28]

• Ethnic group: Croats of Dalmatia
  • Proposed: autonomy for Dalmatia
    • Political Party: Dalmatian Action (2021)

Cyprus

The northern areas of the island of Cyprus administered by Turkish Cypriots

Main article: Cyprus dispute

See also: Turkish invasion of Cyprus

The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus

• People: Turkish Cypriots
  • De facto state: Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)
    • Proposed state: federation with Cyprus, ^[29] unification with Turkey ^[30] or recognition of Northern Cyprus ^[31]
    • Government: Government of Northern Cyprus
    • Armed forces: Security Forces Command

Czechia

Moravia

• Proposition: Greater autonomy for Moravia
  • People: Moravians
  • Political party: Moravané, ^{[32] [33] [34]} Moravian Land Movement

Liberec Region

• Proposition: autonomy for Liberec Region
  • People: Czechs
  • Political party: Mayors for the Liberec Region ^[35]

Denmark

Faroe Islands

For movements in Greenland, see List of active separatist movements in North America

Faroe Islands

Main article: Faroese independence movement

• People: Faroese
  • Proposed state: Faroe Islands ^{[36] [33]} or autonomy ^[37]
    • Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party

Bornholm

• People: Danes of Bornholm
  • Proposed state: Bornholm or autonomy.
    • Advocacy groups: Bornholmer Party

Finland

Åland

Åland

• People: Åland Swedes
  • Proposed state: Åland ^[38]
    • Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)

France

See also: List of active separatist movements in North America § France, List of active separatist movements in South America § France, List of active separatist movements in Africa § France, and List of active separatist movements in Oceania § France

Secessionist movements

Location of the Basque Country

French Basque Country/ Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Main articles: Basque nationalism and Basque Country independence

• People: Basque
  • Proposed state: unification with the Basque Country and Navarre – Euskal Herria ^{[39] [40] [41]} as an independent state or autonomy. ^[42]
    • Political parties: Euskal Herria Bai, Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
    • Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
    • Youth advocacy groups: Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
    • Militant organisations: Irrintzi

Etat Pied-Noir

• Ethnic group: Pieds-Noirs
• Political party: Etat Pied-Noir ^{[43] [44] [45] [46]}
• Status: Active (Established in 2016)
• Proposed state: The federation of the two shores ^

Location of Brittany

Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and Loire-Atlantique

Main articles: Breton nationalism and Reunification of Brittany

• People: Bretons
  • Proposed state or autonomous region: Brittany ^[47]
    • Advocacy groups: Celtic League ^[48]
    • Political parties: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh, Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann, Brittany Movement and Progress, Young Bretons Movement
    • Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)

Location of Corsica

Corsica

Main articles: Corsican nationalism and corsican autonomy

See also: Italian irredentism in Corsica

• People: Corsicans
  • Proposed state or autonomous region: Corsica ^{[49] [47]}
    • Political party: Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
    • Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica

The Dutch-language Taalgebied (Sprachraum), including northern French Flanders

French Flanders

Main article: Flemish nationalism

• People: Flemings
  • Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and Audomarois and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the Netherlands (separatist) or Belgium (autonomist) ^{[50] [51]}
    • Political party: Flemish movement

Location of Provence

Provence

• People: Provençals (Occitans)
  • Proposed state: Provence or autonomy
    • Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença ^[52]
    • Political party: Prouvènço Nacioun ^[53]

Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales

• People: Catalans
  • Proposed state: reunification with Catalonia, with the Catalan Countries or autonomy (including separation from the region of Occitania)
    • Political parties: Esquerra Republicana–Catalunya del Nord, ^[54] Oui au Pays Catalan (autonomist), ^[55] Popular Unity Candidacy, Catalan Unity ^[56]
    • Advocacy organisations: Catalunya Nord per la independència, ^[57] Òmnium Catalunya Nord ^[58]
    • Youth organisations: Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana (Catalunya Nord) ^[59] , Arran

Savoy

• Proposed state: Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese, the old Province of Bobbio, Oneglia and Dolceacqua ^[60] "into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model." ^[61]
• Political parties: État de Savoie, Piemonte Stato ^[61]
• Advocacy groups: Gioventura Piemontèisa ^{[62] [60]}

Autonomist movements

Alsace

Main article: Alsace independence movement

• People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
  • Proposed autonomous area: Alsace ^{[63] [64] [65]}
    • Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Alsatian Alternative, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen  [ fr ], Unser Land (EFA member)

Normandy

Location of Normandy

• People: Normans
  • Proposed autonomous area: Normandy
    • Political party: Mouvement Normand ^{[66] [67] [68]}

Savoy

• People: Savoyans
  • Proposed autonomous area: Savoy ^{[69] [70] [71]}
    • Political party: Movement Règion Savouè (EFA member)

Occitania

• People: Occitans
  • Proposed autonomous area: Occitania
    • Political parties: Partit Occitan ^[72] (EFA member), Occitan Nationalist Party, ^[73] Bastir Occitània ^[74] , Assemblada Occitana, ^{[75] [76]} Libertat

Location of Franché-Comte

Franche Comté

Further information (in French): Nationalisme franc-comtois  ^{[ fr ]}

• Proposed autonomous area: Franche Comté ^{[77] [78]}
  • Political party: Mouvement Franche-Comté  [ fr ], Yes Franche-Comté
    • militant organization: Franche-Comtât Abada!

Alpes-Maritimes ^[79]

Further information (in French): Nationalisme niçois  ^{[ Fr ]}

• Proposed: reestablishment of the County of Nice
  • Political party: Ligue pour la restauration des libertés niçoises, ^[80] Parti niçois

Picardy ^{[ citation needed ]}

• Proposed autonomous area: Picardy ^{[ citation needed ]}
  • Political party: Picardie Debout! ^{[ citation needed ]}

Lorraine

Further information (in French): Lotharingisme  ^{[ Fr ]}

• Ethnic group: Lorrainians
  • Proposed: autonomy for Lorraine
  • Political party: Parti Lorrain ^[81]

Georgia

Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.

Main article: Russo-Georgian War

Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia

Main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict

• People: Abkhazians
  • De facto state: Abkhazia ^[82] (recognized by 5 UN members)
  • Proposition: Recognition of Abkhazia as an independent state.
    • Political organisation: Government of Abkhazia
    • Militant organisation: Abkhazian Armed Forces

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict

• People: Ossetians
  • De facto state: South Ossetia ^[83] (recognized by 5 UN members)
  • Proposition: Recognition of South Ossetia as an independent state or unification with Russia ^{[84] [85] [86] [87]}
    • Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
    • Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia

Javakheti

• Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
  • Proposed: Autonomy for the region Javakhk (Javakheti)
  • Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance ^{[88] [89] [90]}

Germany

Bavaria

Saxony

Bavaria

Main article: Bavarian nationalism

• People: Bavarians, Franconians, Swabians
  • Proposed state or autonomous area: Free State of Bavaria
    • Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member) ^{[91] [92] [93]}

Saxony

• People: Upper Saxons, Saxons
• Proposed state or autonomous area: Saxony
  • Political party: Free Saxony ^{[94] [95] [96]}

Lusatia

Lusatia

• People: Sorbs
  • Proposed state or autonomous area: Lusatia
    • Political party: Lusatian Alliance ^{[97] [98] [99]}
    • Non-governmental organization: Domowina

East Frisia

• Proposed autonomous area: East Frisia
  • Ethnic group: Frisians
  • Political party: Die Friesen ^{[100] [101] [102]}

Franconia

• Proposed autonomous region: Franconia ^[103]
  • Political party: Party for Franconia ^[104]

Italy

Further information: Italian unification

Friuli

Friuli-Venezia Giulia region

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Main article: Friulian Front

• People: Friulians
  • Proposed state: Friuli
    • Political parties:
      • Secessionist parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan, ^[105] Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front, ^[106]
      • Autonomist parties: Pact for Autonomy ^[106]

Lombardy

Lombardy

Main article: Lombard nationalism

• Proposed state: Republic of Lombardy or autonomy.
  • Political parties (autonomist): Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda ^[107]
  • Political parties (secessionist): Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda ^{[108] [109]}

Northern Italy

Proposed nation of Padania, light blue includes the regions of Tuscany, Umbria and Marche

Northern Italy

Main article: Padanian nationalism

• Proposed state: Padania ^[110]
  • Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North ^{[111] [112]}
  • Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly), ^[111] Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union

Southern Italy

Southern Italy

• Proposed state: Mezzogiorno, ^{[113] [114]} Meridione, Magna Graecia, or Due Sicilie ^{[115] [116]}
  • Political parties (autonomist): ^[117] We the South, Great South, Movement for Autonomy ^[118] Autonomy South, Force of the South and I the South,
  • Political parties (secessionist): Lega Sud Ausonia ^[119]

Sicily

Sicily

Main article: Sicilian nationalism

• People: Sicilians
  • Proposed state: Sicily ^{[120] [110]}
    • Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians Movement for Autonomy ^[118]
    • Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians ^{[121] [122]}
    • Advocacy groups: Sicilian National Front, ^[123] Sicilia Nazione, ^[124] Sicilian National Liberation Movement. ^[125]

South Tyrol

South Tyrol

Main article: South Tyrolean secessionist movement

• Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for South Tyrol or unification with Tyrol in Austria ^{[126] [127]}
  • Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen (independence), South Tyrolean Freedom (unification)

Savoy

• Proposed state: Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese, the old Province of Bobbio, Oneglia and Dolceacqua ^[60] "into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model." ^[61]
• Political parties: État de Savoie, Piemonte Stato ^[61]
• Advocacy groups: Gioventura Piemontèisa ^{[62] [60]}

Tuscany

Tuscany

• Ethnic group: Tuscans
  • Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for Tuscany
  • Political party: Tuscan Autonomist Movement, Toscano Stato ^{[128] [129] [130]}

Veneto

Veneto

Main article: Venetian nationalism

• Proposed state: Republic of Venice or autonomy ^{[131] [132] [133]}
  • Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, Veneto for Autonomy ^[134]
  • Political parties (secessionist): Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left
  • youth organization: Independentist Youth
  • National Liberation Movement (Self-determination): Venetian National Liberation Movement

Free Territory of Trieste, which legally ceased to exist in 1977 after the Treaty of Osimo

Trieste

• Proposed state: Free Territory of Trieste
  • Advocacy group: Movement for the Independence of the Free Territory of Trieste ^{[135] [136] [137]}

Aosta Valley

Aosta Valley

• Proposition: Greater autonomy for Aosta
  • Political party: Valdostan Union ^{[138] [139] [140]}

Sardinia

Sardinia

• Ethnic group: Sardinian people
  • Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for Sardinia. ^{[141] [142]}
  • Advocacy groups: Canton Marittimo ^[143]
  • Political parties: Sardinian Action Party

Romagna (shown in green) in the Emilia-Romagna region

Romagna

Romagna

• Ethnic group: Romagnol people ^[144]
  • Proposal: divide of Romagna from Emilia-Romagna
  • Political party: Movement for the Autonomy of Romagna, Lega Romagna

Trentino ^[145]

• Ethnic group: Ladins
  • Proposed: creation of a Province of Ladinia

Liguria ^[146]

• Ethnic group: Ligurian people
  • Proposed state: Liguria

Lithuania

Samogitia

• Ethnic group: Samogitians
  • Proposed autonomous region: Samogitia ^[147]
    • Political party: Samogitian Party,Dawn of Nemunas

Malta

Gozo

• People: Gozitans
  • Proposed autonomous area: Gozo ^[148]
    • Political organisation: People's Party (Malta) ^[149]

Moldova

Transnistria

Breakaway state

Transnistria

Main article: Transnistria War

• People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
  • De facto state: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
    • Proposed state: Transnistria ^[150] or unification with Russia ^[150]
      • Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
        • Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria

Gagauzia

• People: Gagauz people
  • Proposed State: Gagauz Republic
    • Political organisation: Peoples of Union of Gagauzia ^{[151] [152]}

Montenegro

Sandzak

• Ethnic group: Bosniak
  • Proposed: Greater Autonomy
    • Political party: Free Sandzak ^{[153] [154] [155] [156]}

Netherlands

Location of Friesland

See also: List of active separatist movements in North America § Netherlands

Frisia

• People: Frisians, West Frisians
  • Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for West Frisia
    • Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member) (Greater autonomy), ^{[157] [158]} Groep fan Auwerk

North Macedonia

Ilirida

• Ethnic group: Albanians
  • Proposed: autonomy for Ilirida
  • Advocacy group: Ilirida movement ^[159]

Poland

   Upper Silesia – Ruch Autonomii Śląska and Other silesian movements

   Kashubia - Kashubian Association

   Masuria – Ruch Autonomii Mazur

   Greater Poland – Konfederacja Wielkopolan

Silesia

• People: Silesians
  • Proposed autonomous area: Silesia
    • Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement, ^[160] First Self-Governance League, Silesian Regional Party, Silesians Together

Kashubia and Pomerania

• People: Kashubians
  • Proposed autonomous area: Pomerania ^{[161] [162]}
    • Political party: Kashubian Association (Cultural Autonomy) ^[163]

Masuria

• People: Poles, Masurians
  • Proposed autonomous area: Masuria ^[164]
    • Political Party: Ruch Autonomii Mazur

Greater Poland

• People: Poles in Greater Poland Voivodeship
  • Proposed autonomous area: Greater Poland ^[165]
    • Political party: Konfederacja Wielkopolan

Portugal

Azores ^[166]

• ethnic group: Azoreans
  • proposed state: Azores
    • militant organization: Azores Liberation Front ^[167]

Romania

Transylvania and Banat ^[168]

Location of Transylvania (left) and Banat (right)

• People: Romanians, Hungarians, Transylvanian Saxons
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat ^[169]
    • Political party: Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party ^[170]
    • Advocacy organisations: Liga Pro Europa, ^[171] Provincia, ^[171] Autonomy for Transylvania ^[172] Székely-Hungarian National Guard, ^{[173] [174] [175]} Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată), ^{[176] [177]} League of Banat (Liga Bănățeană) ^{[178] [179]}

Székely Land

The historical Székely seats on the map of present-day Romania

Main article: Székely autonomy movement

• People: Székelys
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Székely Land or unification with Hungary
    • Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993. ^[180] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy. ^[181] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Székely autonomy in Székely Land. ^[182] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium. ^[183]
    • Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council ^[184]

Partium

• People: Hungarians
  • Proposed autonomous area: Partium or unification with Hungary
    • Advocacy organisations: Hungarian National Council of Transylvania ^[185]

Russia

Main articles: Separatism in Russia and Proposed federal subjects of Russia

See also: Separatism in Russia and List of active separatist movements in Asia § Russia

Secessionist movements:
Adygea and Karachay-Cherkessia ^[186]

See also: Circassian nationalism

• People: Circassians
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Circassia
    • Advocacy groups: International Circassian Association (Adygea), (former member of the UNPO), Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus, Free Nations League

Arkhangelsk Oblast

Arkhangelsk Oblast ^[187]

Bashkortostan

Bashkortostan

• People: Bashkirs
  • Proposed state: Bashkortostan ^[188]
  • Militant organisation: Committee of Bashkir Resistance, ^[189] Bashkir Company ^[190]
    • Advocacy groups: Bashkort movement, Bashkir National-Political Center, ^[191] Free Nations League

Chechnya

• People: Chechens
  • Proposed state: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile)
  • Government in exile: Ichkerian government in exile (Proposed to be recognized by UN member: Ukraine)
    • Militant organisation: Chechen separatists, Ajnad al-Kavkaz, Chechen volunteers in Ukraine, Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion, Ichkerian Special Purpose Battalion, Khamzat Gelayev Detachment
    • Advocacy group: Adat People's Movement, Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus

Dagestan

• People: Dagestanis
  • Proposed state: Dagestan
    • Militant organization: Imam Shamil Dagestan Battalion
    • Advocacy group: Dagestani National Center, ^[192] Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus

Ingushetia

• People: Ingush
  • Proposed state: Ingushetia
    • Militant organisation: Ingush Liberation Army
    • Advocacy group: Ingush Independence Committee, Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus

Kaliningrad Oblast ^[193]

• People: Russian
  • Proposed state: Baltic Republic/Königsberg
    • Advocacy groups: Kaliningrad Public Movement, Respublika Movement ^[194] Free Nations League

Kalmykia

Republic of Kalmykia

• People: Kalmyks
  • Proposed state: Kalmykia with possible unification with Astrakhan Oblast ^[195]
    • Advocacy group: Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress

Republic of Karelia

Republic of Karelia ^[196]

• People: Karelians, Vepsians, Russians, Finns, Pomors
  • Proposed state: Karelia
    • Militant organisation: Karelian Group
    • Advocacy groups: Karelian National Movement

Krasnodar Krai

Krasnodar Krai ^[187]

• People: Cossacks ^[197]
  • Proposed state: Kuban
    • Advocacy groups: Members of the Free Nations League ^[198]

Leningrad Oblast

Leningrad Oblast ^[199]

• People: Russians, Izhorians, Ingrians, Votes
  • Proposed state: Ingria or Republic of St. Petersburg ^[200]
    • Advocacy groups: Free Ingria, Ingria Without Borders ^[201]

Mari El ^{[202] [203]}

• People: Mari
  • Proposed federal subject or state: Mari El
    • Advocacy groups: Free Idel-Ural

Mordovia ^[203]

• People: Erzyas
  • Proposed state: Erzyan Mastor ^[204]
    • Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural, Erzyan Mastor
• People: Mokshas
  • Proposed state: Mokshan state
    • Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural, Moksha Committee, ^[205] Free Nations League

North Caucasian Federal District

• People: Peoples of the Caucasus
  • Proposed state: Confederation of the Northern Caucasus, United Caucasia
    • Advocacy groups: Chechen government in exile ^[206]

Sápmi

• People: Sámi people
• Proposed State or Autonomous Area: Sápmi
• Advocacy groups: Kola Sámi Assembly
• Political Parties: Kola Sámi Association

Tatarstan ^[199]

• People: Tatars
  • Proposed state: Tatarstan
  • Government in exile: Tatarstan government in exile ^[207]
    • Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
      • Advocacy groups: Ittifaq Party, Free Idel-ural, All-Tatar Public Center, Free Nations League

Rostov Oblast

Rostov Oblast

• People: Cossacks
  • Proposed state: Cossackia, Don Cossack Host
    • Advocacy groups: Members of the Free Nations League ^[198]

Udmurtia ^[203]

• People: Udmurts
  • Proposed state: Udmurtia
    • Advocacy groups: Free Idel-Ural

Volga Federal District

• People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Russians, Tatars, Udmurts
  • Proposed state: Idel-Ural Republic
    • Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural ^[208]

Kumykia ^[209]

• Ethnic group: Kumyks
  • Proposed: autonomy for the Kumyks in Dagestan

Astrakhan Oblast ^[210]

• Ethnic group: Nogai people
  • Proposed: independence or unification with Kalmykia
  • Advocacy group: Free Nogai El

Komi ^[211]

• Ethnic group: Komi people
  • Proposed: independence for Komi

Kursk Oblast ^[212]

• Ethnic group: Russians
  • Proposed: independence for Kursk Oblast

Smolensk Oblast ^[213]

• Ethnic group: Russians
  • Proposed: independence for Smolensk Oblast
  • Advocacy group: Smolensk Republican Center

Pskov Oblast ^[214]

• Ethnic group: Russians
  • Proposed: independence for Pskov Oblast

Severia ^[215]

• Ethnic group: Russians
  • Proposed: independence for Severia
  • Advocacy group: Seversky Region Movement

Chuvashia ^[216]

• Ethnic group: Chuvash people
  • Proposed: independence for Chuvashia
  • Advocacy group: Irĕklĕ Chăvash En

Russian-occupied Ukraine

Main article: Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied Ukraine

Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol

• People: Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites, Urums, pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine
  • De jure subdivisions within Ukraine: Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Sevastopol
  • Proposed: Crimean Tatar independence or autonomy ^[217] within unitary Ukraine ^[218]
    • Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, Yellow Ribbon
    • Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine

Donetsk People's Republic, Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)

• People: Ukrainians, Pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine
  • De jure entities within Ukraine: Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast
    • Proposed: reunification with Ukraine ^[219]
    • Advocacy organisations: Yellow Ribbon
    • Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine, S.R.O.K

Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast, ^{[220] [221] [222]}

• People: Ukrainians, pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine, Crimean Tatars (Kherson Oblast)
  • De jure subdivisions within Ukraine: Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Kherson Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast
    • Proposed: reunification with Ukraine ^[223]
    • Advocacy organisations: Yellow Ribbon
    • Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine, Berdiansk Partisan Army, S.R.O.K

Serbia

Kosovo (marked in red)

Province of Vojvodina (marked in red)

Secessionist movements

  Kosovo

Main article: International recognition of Kosovo

• People: Albanians in Kosovo
  • De facto state: Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 52% of UN member states)
    • Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
    • Movement: Albanian nationalism in Kosovo

Autonomist movements

Vojvodina

Main article: Vojvodina Autonomist Movement

• Proposal: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia
  • Political parties: League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina ^{[224] [225] [226] [227]}

Main article: Hungarian Regional Autonomy

• People: Hungarians in Serbia
  • Proposal: territorial autonomy for Hungarians in the northern part of Vojvodina ^[228]
    • Political parties: Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, Hungarian Civic Alliance

Sandžak

• People: Bosniaks in Serbia
  • Proposal: territorial autonomy for Bosniaks in Sandžak
    • Political parties: Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Justice and Reconciliation Party ^[229]

Preševo Valley

• People: Albanians in Serbia
  • Proposal: territorial autonomy for Albanians in the Preševo Valley ^[230]
    • Political parties: Party for Democratic Action, Albanian Coalition of Preševo Valley ^[231]

Slovakia

Linguistic makeup of Slovakia, according to Census 2011

Autonomist movements

Southern Slovakia:

• People: Hungarians
  • Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence, ^[232] or unification with Hungary
    • Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community, ^[233] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy. ^[234]

Spain

Further information: National and regional identity in Spain

See also: List of active separatist movements in Africa § Spain

Regions in Spain with autonomist or separatist movements

proposed extent of the Catalan country

Secessionist movements

Basque Country (autonomous community) and Navarre

Main articles: Basque nationalism and Basque independence

• People: Basques
  • Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria ^[39]
    • Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), Alternatiba
    • Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
    • Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika] (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak

Catalonia ^[235]

Main articles: Catalan nationalism; Catalan independence; Catalan independence referendum, 2017; and Catalan declaration of independence

• People: Catalans
  • Proposal state: Catalan Republic – Catalan Countries (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
    • Political parties (pro-independence): Republican Left of Catalonia (33/135), Together for Catalonia, (32/135) supported by Left Movement, Popular Unity Candidacy (9/135) supported by Endavant and Poble Lliure
    • Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú (8/135)
    • Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Negres Tempestes
    • Trade unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical, Intersindical Alternativa de Catalunya
    • Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Jovent Republicà, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Joventut Comunista de Catalunya

Galicia ^[236]

Main articles: Galicianism, Galician nationalism, and Galician independence

• People: Galicians
  • Proposed state: Galiza (possibly containing Galicia irredenta territories in Asturias and Castille and León)
    • Political party: Galician Nationalist Bloc (sovereigntist, EFA member), Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood (independentist, includes the Galician Popular Front), Compromiso por Galicia (centrist federalist), Terra Galega (Centrist autonomist), Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party), Abrente–Galician Democratic Left, Acción Galega, Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood, Assembleia da Mocidade Independentista
    • Unions: Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG) and Central Unitaria de Traballadores (CUT)
    • Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, Xeira, BRIGA and Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza (students)
    • Militant organisation: Resistência Galega

Valencia

Main articles: Valencianism, Valencian nationalism, and Catalan nationalism

• People: Valencians – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
  • Proposed state: Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries
    • Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
    • political party (Pro Catalan): Popular Unity Candidacy
    • Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend Pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain. ^{[237] [238]}
    • Youth advocacy groups: Arran
    • Student movement: AGIR

Aragon ^[239]

• ethnic group: Aragonese people
  • Proposed state: Aragon
    • political parties (regionalist and Nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista, Puyalón de Cuchas, Aragonese Party, Estado Aragonés
    • political parties (separatist): Puyalón de Cuchas, A Enrestida  [ es ], Aragonese Workers' Union  [ es ]
    • coalition: Bloque Independentista de Cuchas  [ es ]
    • movement: Independentismo aragonés  [ es ]

Balearic Islands ^[240]

• ethnic group: Catalan people
  • proposed: Independence for the Balearic Islands or unification with the other Catalan countries
    • political parties: Balearic Anticolonialist Group, Esquerra Republicana de les Illes Balears  [ es ]
    • political party (pro Catalan): Popular Unity Candidacy
    • political parties (regionalist): People's Party of the Balearic Islands

Andalusia ^[241]

Main article: Andalusian nationalism

• ethnic group: Andalusian people
  • proposed state: Andalusia
    • political parties (regionalist): Adelante Andalucía (2021)
    • political party (separatist): Andalusian Nation
    • political party (self governing): Unitarian Candidacy of Workers

Asturias ^[242]

• ethnic group: Asturians
  • proposed state: Asturias
    • political party (autonomist): Asturias Forum
    • political party (nationalist): Asturian Left, Compromisu por Asturies, Conceyu Abiertu, Partíu Asturianista, Unidá, Bloc for Asturias, Conceyu Abiertu
    • political party (regionalist): Asturian Renewal Union
    • political party (separatist): Andecha Astur

Autonomist movements

Cartagena

• Proposed: extended autonomy for Cartagena within Region of Murcia
  • Political party: Movimiento Ciudadano de Cartagena

León

• People: Leonese
  • Proposed autonomous area: Leonese region
    • Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL
    • Youth movements: RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa ^[243]

Province of Granada ^[244]

• proposed: Breaking the Province of Granada from Andalusia as a separate autonomous community
  • political party: Juntos por Granada ^[245]

El Bierzo ^{[246] [247]}

• Proposed: making El Bierzo into its own province
  • Political party: Coalition for El Bierzo

Campo de Gibraltar ^[248]

• Proposed: autonomy for Campo de Gibraltar

Sweden

Scania

• People: Swedes
  • Proposed State: Scania
  • Political Party: Scania Party

Switzerland

Main article: Languages of Switzerland

The seven Jura districts in Switzerland

The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map

Autonomist movements

Jura region

See also: Jura separatism

• People: Jurassien (French-speaking)
  • Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the Canton of Jura
    • Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement), ^[249] Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement) ^[250]

Ticino ^{[251] [252]}

• Ethnic group: Swiss Italians
  • Proposed: extended autonomy for Ticino
    • Political party: Ticino League

Ukraine

Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine

Share of ethnic Russians in Ukraine

Main articles: Russo-Ukrainian War and 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol

Main article: Political status of Crimea

• People: Russians in Ukraine, Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites, Urums
  • Proposed: Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol independence or autonomy ^[217] within unitary Ukraine, or unification with Russia (pro-Russian ethnic Russians) ^[218]
    • Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, State Council of Crimea, Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol

Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast

• People: Russians in Ukraine
  • De facto entity: Donetsk People's Republic, Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)
    • Political organisations: People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic, People's Council of the Luhansk People's Republic
    • paramilitary organisation: Russian people's militias in Ukraine

Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast ^[253]

• People: Russians in Ukraine
  • De facto states:
    Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast,
    Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast
    Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast
    • Proposed: unification with Russia ^[254]
    • Political organisations: Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, Derzhava, Opposition Bloc (partially)
    • Military organisation: Russian Ground Forces

Main articles: Regionalism in Ukraine and Rusyns § Autonomist and separatist movement

Carpathian Ruthenia ^{[255] [256] [257] [258]}

• People: Russians in Ukraine, Hungarians in Ukraine, Rusyns ^[259]
  • Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary Ukraine or unification with Hungary ^{[260] [261]}
  • Political organisations: "Subcarpathian republican party", "Derzhava", "World Congress of Rusyns ^[262] ", "Opposition Bloc" (partially), "Russkiy dom", "Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement" "Russkiy Mir Foundation", "Association of Zakarpattia democrats", and other pro-Russian organizations. ^{[263] [264] [265] [266] [267] [268]} "Rusyn separatist movement" led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor (now Archbishop of Uzhorod, in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)) ^{[269] [270] [271] [272]}

United Kingdom

Main articles: Separatism in the United Kingdom, Federalism in the United Kingdom, Countries of the United Kingdom, and Potential breakup of the United Kingdom

See also: Devolution in the United Kingdom and List of active separatist movements in Africa § United Kingdom

Countries of the United Kingdom

Map of current local administrative units in the United Kingdom

Major movements

England

Main article: English independence

See also: English nationalism, English independence, and Devolved English parliament

• People: English
  • Proposed state or autonomous region: England
    • Political parties: English Democrats, ^[273] English Constitution Party ^{[274] [275]}
    • Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament

Northern Ireland

See also: Irish nationalism, Irish republicanism, United Ireland, Ulster Independence Movement, The Troubles, and Dissident Irish Republican campaign

• People: Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists)
  • Proposed state: Re-unification with Ireland or independence ^{[276] [277]}
    • Political parties: Sinn Féin, ^[278] Fianna Fáil, Éirígí, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Aontú, ^{[279] [280]} People Before Profit, Communist Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Republican Network for Unity, Socialist Workers Network, Workers' Party of Ireland
    • Militant organisations: RIRA, CIRA ^[281]

Scotland

See also: Scottish nationalism, Scottish independence, Scottish independence referendum 2014, Proposed second Scottish independence referendum, and Devolution in Scotland

• People: Scots
  • Proposed state or autonomous region: Scotland
    • Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), ^[282] Scottish Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, Alba, Red Party of Scotland,Scotland's Independence Referendum Party, Independence for Scotland Party, Scottish Libertarian Party, parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)
    • Advocacy groups: Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Labour for Independence, Siol nan Gaidheal

Wales

See also: Welsh nationalism and Welsh independence

• People: Welsh
  • Proposed state or autonomous region: Wales
    • Political parties: Gwlad, Plaid Cymru, Propel, Plaid Glyndŵr, Wales Green Party, Independent Alliance for Reform
    • Advocacy groups: YesCymru

Minor movements

Cornwall ^[283]

See also: Cornish nationalism, Cornish devolution, Constitutional status of Cornwall, and Cornish Assembly

Cornwall

• People: Cornish
  • Proposed state or autonomous region: Cornwall (including the Isles of Scilly)
    • Advocacy groups: Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament
    • Political parties: Mebyon Kernow, Cornish Nationalist Party, Green Party of England and Wales, ^[284] Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats ^{[285] [286]}
      Communist Party of Britain (Autonomy) ^[287]

Northern England ^[288]

See also: Devolution to the North of England and North–South divide in the United Kingdom

Northern England

• People: Northerners
  • Proposed state: Northumbria or greater autonomy within the United Kingdom.
    • Advocacy group: Campaign for the North (Devo-Max) ^{[289] [290]}
    • Political parties: Northern Independence Party ^{[291] [292] [293]}

London ^[294]

Main article: London independence

• People: Londoners
  • Proposed state: London
    • Political party: Londonpendence Party ^{[295] [296] [297] [298]}

Autonomist movements

Canvey Island

• People: Canvey Islanders
  • Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
    • Political Parties: Canvey Island Independent Party ^{[299] [300] [301]}

Shetland

• People: People of Shetland
  • Proposed autonomous area: Shetland
    • Advocacy group: Wir Shetland
    • Political Parties: Shetland Movement, Orkney and Shetland Movement, Scottish Green Party ^[302]

Wessex ^[303]

• People: People of Wessex
  • Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
    • Political party: Wessex Regionalists
    • Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention ^{[304] [305] [306] [307]}

Orkney Islands

• People: Orkney islanders
  • Proposed: Autonomy within the United Kingdom ^[308] or self governance under Norway ^{[309] [310]}
    • Advocacy group: Orkney Council
    • Political Parties: Orkney and Shetland Movement

Yorkshire

• People: Yorkshire folk
  • Proposed autonomous area: Yorkshire
    • Political Party: Yorkshire Party

Separatist movements of dependent territories

Gibraltar

• Ethnic group: Gibraltarians
  • Proposed state: Gibraltar
    • Political party: Liberal Party of Gibraltar, ^{[311] [312]} Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party ^{[313] [314]}

Isle of Man ^[315]

Main article: Manx nationalism

The Kingdom of the Isles about the year 1100

Isle of Man

• Ethnic group: Manx people
  • Proposed state: Isle of Man
    • Political party: Mec Vannin

See also

• Europe portal
• Politics portal

• Lists of active separatist movements
• List of historical separatist movements
• Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
• List of micro-regional organizations
• List of states with limited recognition
• Independence referendum

References

1. "Separatism", Free Dictionary
2. Merriam; Webster, "Separatism", Dictionary
3. "Separatism", The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, Encyclopedia, 2008
4. Harris, Jerry (2009). The Nation in the Global Era Conflict and Transformation. Brill. p. 320. ISBN   978-90-04-17690-4.
5. Higgens, Andrew (21 September 2024). "Albania Is Planning a New Muslim State Inside Its Capital". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
6. "UNPO: Talysh". unpo.org. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
7. "Azerbaijan authorities must release Talysh activists | Amnesty International". 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
8. Regering in ballingschap ondersteunt strijd in Azerbeidzjan. // Vluchtelingen Dag krant. — Netherlands, 20.06.2019. — P. 4.
9. Times, The Brussels. "Bart De Wever wants more autonomy in Flanders". www.brusselstimes.com.
10. Times, The Brussels. "Walloons are for greater autonomy, but against separation". www.brusselstimes.com.
11. Dandoy, R.; Schakel, A. (19 November 2013). Regional and National Elections in Western Europe: Territoriality of the Vote in Thirteen Countries. Springer. ISBN   978-1-137-02544-9.
12. "Rendre un avenir à Bruxelles".
13. "Is Brussel klaar voor "een België met vier gewesten"?".
14. Times, The Brussels. "Nearly 40% of Flemish would vote for independence". www.brusselstimes.com.
15. Times, The Brussels. "Reunify Flanders and the Netherlands, argues Bart De Wever". www.brusselstimes.com. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
16. Tom van Grieken over het herenigen van De Nederlanden, 24 October 2019, retrieved 15 June 2023
17. "What if Wallonia became French in 2024?". Le Monde.fr. 10 May 2022.
18. Kwast, Ricus van der (18 May 2023). "Le Wallon peut-il être heureux sans identité propre?". Slate.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
19. Srna (11 August 2015). "Anketa: Više od polovine ispitanika za samostalnost RS, vole Dodika, a vjeruju crkvi". Nezavisne novine (in Serbian). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
20. Service, RFE/RL's Balkan. "Dodik Says He Wants Bosnian Serb Entity To 'Unite' With Serbia". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
21. Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia. Diane. 2004. p. 122. ISBN   978-1-4289-1020-1.
22. Zdeb, Aleksandra (2016). "The Need to Have Something 'Of Their Own': Croat Parallel Institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Swiss Political Science Review . 22 (4): 545–564. doi: 10.1111/spsr.12231 .
23. Rose, Eleanor (30 January 2017). "Bosniaks Slap Down Calls for Bosnian Croat Entity". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
24. "Istarska autonomija i zagrebački 'histerični centralizam'".
25. Šoštarić, Tomislav. "Istarska autonomija i zagrebački 'histerični centralizam'". balkans.aljazeera.net.
26. Boban Valečić, Iva (27 October 2017). "Autonomija Istre kakvu zaziva Jakovčić je neustavna". Večernji list (in Croatian).
27. "IDS-ov zastupnik Emil Daus: AUTONOMIJA ISTRE RIJEŠILA BI VEĆINU PROBLEMA NAŠIH GRAĐANA!". Glas Istre (in Croatian). 23 September 2019.
28. "Nino Aviani o oživljavanju Dalmatinske akcije: Mi smo autonomaši! Samo nas neuke budaletine zovu orjunašima". 28 March 2022.
29. "Ankara slams Turkish Cypriot leader for remarks, Akıncı backs his words - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. 10 February 2020.
30. "Türkiye halkına göre Kıbrıs sorunun çözümü: "KKTC'nin Türkiye'ye bağlanması"". Kıbrıs Postası. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
31. "Erdogan visits Northern Cyprus, calls for two-state solution for island". Reuters. 15 November 2020.
32. "In Moravia, Bohemians are warned to Czech their privilege". euronews. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
33. Henley, Jon; Sheehy, Finbarr; Swann, Glenn; Fenn, Chris (27 October 2017). "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
34. "From the Czech Republic to 'Czechia': Shaping Modern Identity | European Futures". www.europeanfutures.ed.ac.uk. 26 April 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
35. "Starostové pro Liberecký kraj (official website)".
36. "The Faroe Islands: Independence dreams, globalist separatism and the Europeanization of postcolonial home rule".
37. Sorens, Jason (13 February 2012). Secessionism: Identity, Interest, and Strategy. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN   978-0-7735-8751-9.
38. Gråsten, Hanna (12 June 2018). "Ahvenanmaan itsenäisyyttä ajavan puolueen johtaja: Suomesta tulossa yhä enemmän yksikielinen: 'Pienillä askelilla ruotsi suljetaan pois'". Iltalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 19 October 2019.
39. Zubiaga, M. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Nation-building and institutions, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN   978-84-8438-421-2.
40. Mateos, T. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Citizenship and culture, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN   978-84-8438-422-9.
41. Antiguedad, I. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Territory and socioeconomics, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN   978-84-8438-423-6.
42. Haute, Emilie van; Close, Caroline (12 February 2019). Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-351-24549-4.
43. "Pourquoi un État Pied Noir - Fédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied NoirFédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied Noir | La Paix pour seul combat Albert Camus". 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
44. "Et voici le gouvernement pied-noir en exil". L'Express (in French). 2 February 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
45. "France : Le Chef de l'Etat Pied-Noir écrit au Président de la République française". www.infosplusgabon.com. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
46. "Les Territoires - Fédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied NoirFédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied Noir". 11 July 2021. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
47. Henley, Jon; Sheehy, Finbarr; Swann, Glenn; Fenn, Chris (27 October 2017). "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". TheGuardian.com .
48. "Current Campaigns". Celtic League. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
49. "Territoriales : les résultats définitifs du second tour". France 3 Corse ViaStella (in French). 13 December 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
50. Sabéran, Haydée (7 July 2008). "Le collège change de nom, le principal est menacé par les extrémistes flamands". Libération.
51. "Société : Alors que la Catalogne s'embrase, la Flandre française s'interroge sur elle-même - Flandre Presse". 8 May 2020. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
52. "Indépendance de la Catalogne: que sait-on sur le Front de libération nationale de Provence?". Nice-Matin (in French). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
53. mars 2022, Provenco 26 (3 December 2020). "Prouvènço Nacioun ou le rêve d'une Provence autonome". Buzzles (in French). Retrieved 17 June 2023.
54. "Catalunya del Nord". locals.esquerra.cat. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
55. "El nou partit 'Oui au Pays Catalan' opta pel regionalisme i la renúncia a la llengua catalana". VilaWeb (in Catalan). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
56. ""In Northern Catalonia, we have nothing to gain from this macro-region"".
57. "Catalunya Nord per la independència". Assemblea Nacional Catalana (in Catalan). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
58. "Catalunya Nord". Òmnium Cultural (in Catalan). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
59. "Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana". joventrepublica.cat. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
60. "PIEMONTE-SAVOIA, STATO INDIPENDENTE NELL'EUROPA CRISTIANA – Gioventura Piemontèisa". 3 October 2022. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
61. "Ieri a Torino indipendentisti italiani e francesi han manifestato per un moderno stato di Savoia – Corsica Oggi" (in Italian). 12 September 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
62. Leonardo (18 September 2014). "Piemonte indipendente, anche noi vogliamo decidere democraticamente". Miglioverde (in Italian). Retrieved 21 December 2023.
63. "Alsace poll: 68% demand 'independence' from Grand Est, seek to regain separate region". Nationalia (in Catalan). 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
64. "Alsace fights back: a French David vs. Goliath story". openDemocracy. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
65. "Fighting for Brittany: autonomy in a centralised state". openDemocracy. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
66. "Grande Normandie : pour Didier Patte, président du Mouvement Normand, " tout commence maintenant "". www.lecourriercauchois.fr. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
67. "Didier Patte, fondateur du Mouvement normand, s'en est allé". www.breizh-info.com (in French). 6 February 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
68. "Cross flags in Normandy (France)". www.fotw.info. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
69. "UNPO: Savoy". unpo.org. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
70. "UNPO: Savoy's Long-Ignored Struggle for Self-Determination Finally Makes the Headlines, But at What Cost?". unpo.org. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
71. "UNPO: Brittany and Savoy: French Minority Groups Claim Rights at 9th OHCHR Forum on Minority Issues". unpo.org. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
72. Zappi, Timothée (20 May 2022). "Législatives dans les Landes : le Partit occitan investit trois candidats" (in French). ISSN   1760-6454 . Retrieved 17 June 2023.
73. The Occitan Nation Party held its biannual National Council on November 6 and 7, 2010 in Montauban. https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2010/11/09/944114-montauban-parti-de-la-nation-occitane-apres-le-conseil-national.html
74. Bastir Occitania presents its candidates for the legislative elections. https://www.lejournaltoulousain.fr/occitanie/politique-occitanie/bastir-occitanie-candidats-elections-legislatives-169027/
75. Vaiani, Mauro (2 April 2023). "Assemblada Occitana Valadas". Autonomie e Ambiente (in Italian). Retrieved 17 June 2023.
76. cuneocronaca. "Assemblada Occitana Valades: "L'orgoglio per la nostra terra con le bandiere dai balconi"- Cuneocronaca.it". www.cuneocronaca.it (in Italian). Retrieved 17 June 2023.
77. "60 % des Francs-Comtois souhaitent que la Franche-Comté se sépare de la Bourgogne (sondage Opinion Way) • macommune.info". www.macommune.info.
78. "RÉGIONALES : Le Mouvement Franche-Comté demande aux Républicains et au Rassemblement National de mettre dans leurs programmes un référendum de sécession avec la Bourgogne - info-chalon.com - Toute l'info sur le Grand Chalon et en Saône-et-Loire". Info-Chalon.com.
79. Boulanger, Philippe (2022). L'identité « nissarte » et le nationalisme niçois au début du XXIe siècle : la résurgence d'un mouvement revendicatif, mais éclaté. pp. 121–133. doi:10.1515/9782763755182-009. ISBN   978-2-7637-5518-2.
80. "Ligue pour la Restauration des Libertés Niçoises - site officiel - blog de la LRLN".
81. "Le Nationalisme Lorrain - Separatism in Lorraine" (PDF).
82. "Abkhazia profile". BBC News. 13 January 2020.
83. "South Ossetia profile". BBC News. 21 April 2016.
84. "Georgia's South Ossetia plans to take steps to join Russia". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
85. Узел, Кавказский. "Gagloev: not right time for referendum on joining Russia". Caucasian Knot. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
86. Fuller, Liz (30 May 2016). "South Ossetia Postpones Referendum On Accession To Russian Federation". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
87. "President: South Ossetia plans to hold referendum on becoming part of Russia before August". TASS. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
88. Aghalaryan, Kristine (April 2011). "Javakhk – Autonomy Is the Only Solution". Hetq Online. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
89. "Civil Georgia | Russia Claims Ethnic Armenians Demand Autonomy in Samtskhe-Javakheti". civil.ge. 13 July 2021.
90. Peuch, Jean-Christophe (9 April 2008). "Georgia: Javakheti Armenians' Call For Autonomy Has Tbilisi On Guard (Part 1)". www.rferl.org.
91. Satzung der Bayernpartei , 30. October 2011, from: bayernpartei.de, 28 August 2018
92. "Bundesländervergleich: Jeder dritte Bayer für Unabhängigkeit von Deutschland | YouGov". yougov.de (in German). Retrieved 18 June 2023.
93. "News Article". css.ethz.ch. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
94. Hewson, Jens Kastner, Jack (12 December 2024). "Why Does Eastern Germany Love Putin So Much?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
95. haitblog (2 March 2022). ""Free Saxons" – A new far right (protest) party on the rise?". Denken ohne Geländer (in German). doi:10.58079/pf1a . Retrieved 19 June 2023.
96. Lasch, Hendrik. "Unter dem Königswappen für den »Säxit«". nd-aktuell.de (in German). Retrieved 19 June 2023.
97. ""We want to have a self-determined, democratically legitimated Sorbian Parliament"". 26 June 2023.
98. "Sorben und Wenden. Eine Minderheit gründet ein Parlament in der Lausitz". chrismon.evangelisch.de (in German). Retrieved 19 June 2023.
99. "Brandenburg: Sorben wählen ein eigenes Parlament". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). ISSN   1865-2263 . Retrieved 19 June 2023.
100. "The European Free Alliance gives green light to EU internal enlargement". Nationalia (in Catalan). 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
101. Joseph. "The Languages of Separatists in Europe: Part 1" . Retrieved 19 June 2023.
102. "Wha's Like Us: The independence movements of the Netherlands & Poland". The National. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
103. Przybilla, Olaf (17 May 2010). "Vorbild Schottland". Süddeutsche.de (in German). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
104. "Eine neue Partei fordert mehr Autonomie für die Region Franken. Auch wenn das Hunderte von Jahren dauern könnte". 17 May 2010.
105. "Dopo il Veneto prova anche il Friuli Il "referendum" degli indipendentisti". Corriere della Sera. 27 July 2014.
106. "I movimenti per l'autonomia e per l'indipendenza in FVG - Bora.La". 17 April 2013.
107. "Two Italian regions vote overwhelmingly for greater autonomy". CNN. 21 October 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
108. "Cos'è pro Lombardia". pro Lombardia Indipendenza.
109. "Dal Pirellone alla Laguna: indipendentismo lombardo-veneto | The Fielder". 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
110. Balduzzi, Gianni (10 November 2014). "Sondaggi politici Demos, indipendenza regioni: quanti gli italiani favorevoli". Termometro Politico (in Italian). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
111. Maslova, Elena. "Analytics". Valdai Club. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
112. "Milano, si è costituito ufficialmente "Grande Nord"". Affaritaliani.it (in Italian). 22 June 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
113. "Southern Italy flag (unofficial)". www.crwflags.com.
114. Paolo, Michele (5 February 2021). "Ask An Italian: Secessionist Movements In Italy". Italics Magazine. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
115. "Οι κάτοικοι της Νότιας Ιταλίας θέλουν να (ξανα)γίνουν Μεγάλη Ελλάδα!". 14 July 2023.
116. "Το ανυπότακτο "χωριό" στο Facebook που ονειρεύεται την ένωση Ιταλίας και Ελλάδας". 22 July 2023.
117. "Great south to merge with Forza Italia. Freedom, justice and a better Italy". Archived from the original on 13 December 2013.
118. "Parties and Elections in Europe". www.parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
119. Strill.it (21 October 2019). "Regionali, il coordinatore di Lega Sud Ausonia Calabria lavora alla lista". strill.it (in Italian). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
120. Henley, Jon; Sheehy, Finbarr; Swann, Glenn; Fenn, Chris (27 October 2017). "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
121. "Siciliani Liberi" (in Italian). Siciliani Liberi. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
122. ""Siciliani liberi", nasce nuovo movimento indipendentista". Giornale di Sicilia (in Italian). 4 January 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
123. "Fronte Nazionale Siciliano" (in Italian). Retrieved 25 February 2017– via Facebook.^{[ non-primary source needed ]}
124. "Sicilia Nazione" (in Italian). Sicilia Nazione. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
125. "Vlaskamp van Loo Attorneys". msln.org. Archived from the original on 9 February 2005.
126. "South Tyrol: from secessionist to European dreams". openDemocracy.
127. "South Tyrol heading to unofficial independence referendum in autumn". Nationalia (in Catalan). 7 August 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
128. Testi, Gabrielle (15 December 2019). "Tuscany joins the train of differentiated autonomy". Swiss Federalism. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
129. "Nasce il Partito Indipendentista Toscano". www.quinewsvaldelsa.it (in Italian). Retrieved 8 July 2023.
130. "Toscana, gli indipendentisti che vogliono dire "addio" all'Italia (e votano M5S)". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 25 May 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
131. James Masters; Valentina Di Donato (21 October 2017). "Two Italian regions vote overwhelmingly for greater autonomy". CNN. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
132. "Italian forces arrest Veneto separatists over alleged plot to attack Venice". The Guardian. Associated Press. 2 April 2014. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 July 2023.
133. Pol, R. (2 April 2014). "Indipendentisti, blitz all'alba: 24 arresti Sequestrato 'tanko', in manette Rocchetta". Corriere del Veneto (in Italian). Retrieved 9 July 2023.
134. "CRV - "Maurizio Conte presenta la nuova denominazione del gruppo consiliare" - Press Release - Veneto". ANSA.it (in Italian). 28 July 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
135. "The Italian city that wants a divorce". BBC News. 31 October 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
136. Burton, Tara Isabella (1 August 2016). "The Free State of Trieste". Slate. ISSN   1091-2339 . Retrieved 10 July 2023.
137. "Shout-out for Trieste: James Joyce's Italian home". Independent.ie. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
138. "Uv appeals Aosta Valley people to defend autonomy from "continued agression" by the Italian state". Nationalia . 2 December 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
139. "Consultazioni governo- il calendario. Ecco cosa diranno i partiti al Colle. mattarella "portavoce esigenze dei cittadini"". fattoquotidiano . 3 April 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
140. "Union valdotaine, riunione autonomisti è "sfida del future"". ansa . 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
141. "Will Scottish Independence Create a Bandwagon Effect?". 17 September 2014.
142. Santonastaso, Timothy (7 October 2021). "Sardinian Nationalism Looks To Catalonia". Italics Magazine. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
143. Davies, Lizzy (23 March 2014). "Italy's separatist spirit takes new shape as Sardinians push to become Swiss". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 15 July 2023.
144. ""Sì alla Regione Romagna, No al bluff del Provincione"". RiminiToday.
145. "Ladini trentini, vogliamo più autonomia e una provincia della Ladinia".
146. "L'onorevole Gianni Alemanno lancia il Movimento Indipendenza in Liguria".
147. "Żmudzki niedźwiedź się budzi » Kresy - wiadomości, wydarzenia, aktualności, newsy". 23 January 2009.
148. "The Flag of rebellion is raised in Gozo - The Malta Independent". www.independent.com.mt. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
149. "Il-Partit Popolari jipproponi lill-Għawdxin referendum dwar is-sħubija fl-UE". TVMnews.mt. 6 March 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
150. "EXPLAINER: The Moldovan separatist republic of Transnistria". 8 March 2022.
151. "Pro-Russia Populists Attempt to Capture Gagauzia". www.wilsoncenter.org. 26 April 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
152. Chapple, Amos (24 March 2023). "In Moldova's Pro-Russian Gagauzia Region, Old Loyalties Die Hard". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
153. "АМЕРИЧКА ОФАНЗИВА: Санџак – ново Косово за Србију". ИСКРА. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
154. "Ако Србија призна лажну државу, следи Западна омча Београду: Шта се крије иза пројекта "држава Санџак" - Србија данас". www.sd.rs (in Serbian (Cyrillic script)). 26 May 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
155. "СРБИЈА ПОНОВО НА УДАРУ АМЕРИКЕ! Почиње отцепљење Санџака". www.intermagazin.rs. 28 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
156. Vojvodine, Javna medijska ustanova JMU Radio-televizija. "Драгаш: Угљанин заговара сепаратизам". JMU Radio-televizija Vojvodine (in Serbian (Latin script)). Retrieved 11 September 2024.
157. "FNP program for the Provincial Elections 2007". Frisian National Party. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
158. "Wha's Like Us: The independence movements of the Netherlands & Poland". The National. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
159. ""Ilirida" is resurrected: It will become a party that will fight for a second parliament and for the federalization of Macedonia".
160. Henley, Jon; Sheehy, Finbarr; Swann, Glenn; Fenn, Chris (27 October 2017). "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". the Guardian. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
161. "Kaszubski Ruch Narodowy | Kaszëbskô Jednota". Archived from the original on 5 February 2022.
162. "Is Poland a potential patchwork of national and regional identities?". Nationalia (in Catalan). 18 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
163. "Kim jesteśmy i jakie są nasze cele? – Kaszëbskô Jednota" (in Polish). Retrieved 28 January 2025.
164. "Ruch Autonomii Mazur. Czy czeka nas plaga separatyzmu w Polsce?". Rzeczpospolita.
165. "Konfederacja Wielkopolan - chcą autonomii gospodarczej regionu". kalisz naszemiasto. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
166. "Açores, a independência que nunca chegou". Notícias Magazine. 16 October 2016.
167. "FLA critica comemorações do 10 de junho". 7 August 2023.
168. "Calls to liberate Transylvania from Romania". Archived from the original on 13 October 2012.
169. "Calls to liberate Transylvania from Romania". Archived from the original on 13 October 2012.
170. ""Liga Transilvania-Banat a fuzionat cu PCD"". www.crisana.ro (in Romanian). 2004. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
171. "Cooperating regionalist and autonomy movements in Europe" (PDF). Central European University. 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
172. "Petiție pentru autonomia Transilvaniei, depusă la Prefectura Cluj" [Petition for the autonomy of Transylvania, Cluj filed Prefecture] (in Romanian). Romania libera. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
173. "Romania Confronts Transylvanian Separatism". United Church of God. July 1999.
174. "letter of protest from the command of the Székely-Hungarian National Guard". 17 May 2010.
175. "Székely - Hungarian National Guard".
176. "De ce "Liga Transilvania Democrată"" [Why "Transylvania Democratic League"] (in Romanian). Neuerweg. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
177. "Liga Transilvania Democrată a mai anunțat că se va implica și din punct de vedere logistic pentru a obține numărul necesar de semnături" [Transylvania Democratic League announced that it will involve and logistically to get the required number of signatures] (in Romanian). Nova TV. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
178. "Program" (in Romanian). Liga Banateana. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
179. "Bănățenii vor autonomie economică și administrativă: "Acest lucru nu înseamnă independența sau ruperea de România"" [Economic and administrative autonomy of Banat: "This does not mean independence or breaking of Romania"] (in Romanian). Adevărul. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
180. "Borbély az autonómiatervezet ről: ejnye, hogy megijedtünk!" [Barber's autonomy from the draft: ahem, that scared!] (in Romanian). kronika. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
181. "Jövő héten egyeztet az MPP és az RMDSZ az autonómia-tervezetről". transindex.ro. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
182. "Cultural autonomy and territorial federalism: two voting options for Hungarians in Transylvania". Nationalia. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
183. "Megalakult a Partiumi Autonómia Tanács" [The formation of the Partium Council Autonomy]. Kitekintő.hu (in Hungarian). Kitekinto. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
184. "Szekler National Council". Székely Land. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
185. "Nyílt pályázat a Partium jelképeinek megtervezésére" [Open tender for the design of the Partium symbols] (in Hungarian). Erdely. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
186. УЗНАРОДОВ, Д.И. (2019). "ЧЕРКЕССКИЙ ВОПРОС НА ЮГЕ РОССИИ: ЭТНОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ИТОГИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ" (PDF). Caucasology (3): 222–236. doi:10.31143/2542-212X-2019-3-222-239. S2CID   211390612.
187. Шатилов, Александр Борисович (2021). "НОВЫЙ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СЕПАРАТИЗМ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ (2014–2021 гг.)". Власть. 4: 22–26. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
188. Eltsov, Peter (3 August 2019). "The Best Way to Deal With Russia: Wait for It to Implode". Politico. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
189. Relations, Quinten JansenStudent at the Rijksuniversiteit studying International; Politics, Philosophy in (14 November 2022). "Bashkir Separatism Movement Fights Against Russia's War From Within". The Organization for World Peace. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
190. "В составе ВСУ появилось башкирское воинское подразделение". RFE/RL (in Russian). 2 December 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
191. "Башкорты и башкирцы". Регион.Эксперт (in Russian). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
192. "Prigozhin's Rebellion and the North Caucasus". Riddle Russia. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
193. Шатилов, Александр (2021). "НОВЫЙ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СЕПАРАТИЗМ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ (2014-2021 ГГ.)". Власть. 4: 22–26.
194. "БРП: история с продолжением". Регион.Эксперт (in Russian). Retrieved 14 April 2023.
195. "Калмыцкое государство, Ногайская республика или "Поволжский Евросоюз"?". Idel.Реалии (in Russian). 17 November 2022.
196. Излученко, Татьяна; Гергилев, Денис (2021). "СЕПАРАТИЗМ КАК РАЗНОВИДНОСТЬ ЭКСТРЕМИЗМА: СОЦИАЛЬНО ФИЛОСОФСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ" . Вестник Томского государственного университета (427): 30–37. doi:10.17223/15617793/472/4. S2CID   256656514.
197. Бредихин, А.В. (2016). "Казачий сепаратизм на юге России". Казачество: 36–44. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
198. Kond, Ragnar (8 April 2024). "Free Nations League holds first meeting in Estonia". Eesti Rahvusringhääling . Retrieved 10 September 2024.
199. Витковская, Татьяна; Назукина, Мария (2021). "ТРАЕКТОРИИ РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНАЛИЗМА В РОССИИ: ОПЫТ СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН". Мир России. Социология. Этнология. 30 (1): 68–81.
200. Kotsiubinsky, Daniel (2019). "Символика петербургского регионализма: попытка создания новых городских символов и причины её неудачи в 1990-2000-х гг". Публичная политика. 3 (1–2): 89–110.
201. ""Я обязательно выучу названия этих 34 государств" В Европейском парламенте прошел "Форум свободных народов России". Его участники хотят разделить страну на несколько десятков государств. Репортаж "Медузы"". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 14 April 2023.
202. Наталія (25 November 2022). "IV Форум свободных народов постРоссии проведут в шведском Хельсингборге — что известно". Freedom (in Russian). Retrieved 12 September 2024.
203. Иванов, Василий (2013). "Национал-сепаратизм в финно-угорских республиках РФ и зарубежный фактор" (PDF). ПРОБЛЕМЫ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ. 6 (21): 95–100.
204. "Эрзянь Мастор". Свободный Идель-Урал (in Russian). 2 May 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
205. "Комитет мокшан в эмиграции заявил о желании объединиться с Эрзянским национальным движением в борьбе за независимость". Idel.Реалии. 7 January 2023.
206. "В Комитете ингушской независимости заявили, что не имеют отношения к проекту "Горской республики", представленной Закаевым". Новости Ингушетии Фортанга орг (in Russian). 21 March 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
207. "THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF TATARSTAN - CNN iReport". 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
208. Goble, Paul (24 March 2018). "Free Idel-Ural Movement takes shape in Kyiv". Euromaidan Press. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
209. "Activist associates resumption of pickets with unresolved land problem in Dagestan".
210. "Калмыцкое государство, Ногайская республика или "Поволжский Евросоюз"?".
211. "The Komi Republic DESIRES INDEPENDENCE! Citizens against the war. They require separation from the Russian Federation".
212. "The Kursk People's Republic will be free from the Russian Federation".
213. "Russian official creates movement for independence of Smolensk Oblast".
214. "Активисты заявили о создании Псковского республиканского центра".
215. "Statement of the Representative Office of the Seversky Region Movement".
216. "Irĕklĕ Chăvash En – Free Chuvashia".
217. "Gelil Eserghep, președintele UDTTMR, despre situația tătarilor din Crimeea: "Nu ne dorim ca Peninsula Crimeea să devină a doua Transnistria"". ZIUA de Constanța (in Romanian). 28 February 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
218. "Crimean Tatar autonomy: Mejlis urges to introduce bills to Parliament". Ukrinform. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
219. "Im Widerstand in der besetzten Ukraine: "Für die Russen sind wir Terroristen"". www.kurier.at (in German). 30 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
220. "'It was scary': acts of resistance in Russian-occupied Kherson". www.theguardian.com. 19 April 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
221. "В окупованому Куп'янську люди вийшли на мітинг за Україну". www.pravda.com.ua (in Ukrainian). 1 March 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
222. "Ukraine war: Protests held in Russian occupied Ukrainian cities Kherson, Energodar and Berdyansk". inews. 20 March 2022.
223. ""Yellow Ribbon": non-violent civil resistance movement in Ukraine". www.sci.ngo. 1 September 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
224. "Нови Сад со сепаратистички натписи: "Плоштад на Република Војводина"". Сител Телевизија (in Macedonian). Retrieved 8 September 2024.
225. Васељенска (3 March 2023). "СКАНДАЛ СВИ СЕПАРАТИСТИ НА ЈЕДНОМ МЕСТУ: На протесту подршке "храбрим тужитељкама" промоција НЕЗАВИСНЕ Војводине (ФОТО)". Васељенска ТВ (in Serbian). Retrieved 8 September 2024.
226. "Драган Веселинов: Грађани Војводине би изгласали независност да је припреман референдум; Ко год је хтео србијанску шајкачу, нај*** је". Нова српска политичка мисао (in Serbian). Retrieved 8 September 2024.
227. "ДАЧИЋ: Чанак да се не игра, Војводина није Каталонија". ИСКРА. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
228. "Hungarian Minority in Serbia Seek Autonomy". Stratfor.
229. "Zukorlić: Autonomija Sandžaka sve izvesnija". Večernje novosti.
230. Бојовић, Александар. "Албански сепаратизам још тиња на југу Србије". Politika Online.
231. "СЕПАРАТИЗАМ: У Прешеву основана Заједница албанских општина (ЗАО), без Медвеђе". СРБски ФБРепортер. 12 September 2015.
232. "Berényi: A tömbnek területi, a szórványnak kulturális autonómiát". bumm.sk. 20 July 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
233. "Head of party for ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia says autonomy necessary for minority's survival". politics.hu. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
234. "A felvidéki önrendelkezés kilátásairól az autonómia albizottság ülésén". mkp.sk. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
235. "Catalan independence: Five years on from referendum, is there any hope for separatists?". October 2022.
236. "Galicia: Spain's forgotten stateless nation". openDemocracy.
237. Independència Valenciana (Valencian)
238. "Noticias - Valenciafreedom - La web que lucha contra la imposicion catalanista". valenciafreedom.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
239. "Wha's Like Us: The independence movements of Spain". 28 August 2017.
240. "Garriga (Vox): «El plan separatista de Cataluña ha llegado a Baleares". 16 May 2023.
241. "Vox pide que el Parlamento andaluz exprese su apoyo a la Guardia Civil frente a los "terroristas" del "separatismo"". 9 October 2019.
242. "Cinco vallas que identifican oficialidad con separatismo". www.lavozdeasturias.es. October 2019.
243. Llionesa, Ruchar Mocedá (18 April 2016). "Ruchar Mocedá Llionesa: Presentación RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa". Ruchar Mocedá Llionesa. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
244. "La mayoría de granadinos estarían a favor de dividir Andalucía en dos, según una encuesta". 10 January 2022.
245. "César Girón, ideólogo del 'Granadexit' y único candidato a la Junta que no se siente andaluz". 17 June 2022.
246. "El Bierzo: la comarca que anhela convertirse en provincia".
247. "CB wants Bierzo to be an electoral district".
248. "La solución para el Campo de Gibraltar: tener sus propias reglas fiscales".
249. "Mouvement autonomiste jurassien" [Jura autonomist movement] (in French). Maj.ch. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
250. "Groupe Bélier – Mouvement de lutte pour l'Unité du Jura" [Aries Group – Movement struggling for Jura Unity] (in French). Groupebelier.ch. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
251. "Regionalism and Euroscepticism".
252. "Regionalist Movements in Contemporary Switzerland: Ticino and Bernese Jura Cases".
253. Pro-Russian Protesters Declare 'People's Republic' In Kharkiv , retrieved 16 July 2022
254. "Russian senator hints at possible annexation of Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions". 20 May 2022.
255. "Ukraine Accuses Hungarian Advocacy Org of Separatism". Hungary Today. 19 July 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
256. "Ukrainian Statehood at Risk: The Kremlin's Secessionist Plans". www.wilsoncenter.org. 19 April 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
257. "Ukrainian News". Archived from the original on 29 October 2008.
258. "Foreign interference in the Zakarpattia region of Ukraine: The 2019 elections and beyond". New Eastern Europe - A bimonthly news magazine dedicated to Central and Eastern European affairs. 6 May 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
259. "Rusyn National Symbology" (PDF).
260. Higgins, Andrew (5 October 2018). "At War With Russia in East, Ukraine Has Worries in the West, Too". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 23 October 2022.
261. "Zakarpattia – together, but separated". OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
262. "Русины Закарпатья требуют признания своей национальности и автономии края через диалог - ТАСС". TACC. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
263. "Гибридная война: этнический фактор русинов Закарпатья. Аналитика ИС » Інтернет-видання Світловодськ". 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
264. "Дмитрий Сидор отказался давать показания СБУ и "наехал"на журналистов | УЖГОРОД - ОКНО В ЕВРОПУ - UA-REPORTER.COM". 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
265. "ПОЛІТИЧНЕ РУСИНСТВО І ЙОГО СПОНСОРИ НАДЗВИЧАЙНО ЦІКАВІ НЕ ТІЛЬКИ ДЛЯ ЗАКАРПАТТЯ | УЖГОРОД - ОКНО В ЕВРОПУ - UA-REPORTER.COM". 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
266. Гвать, Іван (3 March 2016). "Україна в лещатах російських спецслужб". Радіо Свобода. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
267. "The Rusyn Question in Ukraine: Sorting out Fact from Fiction" (PDF). 27 March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
268. "Political and Ethno-Cultural Aspects of the Rusyns' Problem" (PDF). 10 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
269. "Гибридная война: этнический фактор русинов Закарпатья. Аналитика ИС". Інтернет-видання Світловодськ.
270. "'Nobody here is asking to leave Ukraine': Minorities see Russian meddling". america.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
271. "A new deepened conflict in the heart of Europe? – TudományON" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 23 October 2022.
272. Mirovalev, Mansur (3 August 2020). "More Separatist Rumblings Cloud Ukraine's Future". WhoWhatWhy. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
273. "English Democrats seek independence for England". BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
274. "English independence group campaign for English parliament in York". 27 August 2022.
275. "Watch: English nationalists march through the city demanding a parliament in York". 27 August 2022.
276. "Neither British nor Irish rule: arguments for Northern Ireland independence in Unionist political thought". 13 December 2021.
277. "Northern Ireland and Scotland Are on a Long Road Out of the UK". The Washington Post .
278. Fenton, Siobhan (24 June 2016). "Northern Ireland's Deputy First Minister calls for poll on united Ireland after Brexit". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
279. "SDLP councillor quits to join Aontú". News Letter. 27 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
280. Kelly, Ben (11 February 2019). "The Irish parties reaching across the border towards a new era for nationalism". The Independent. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
281. Connla Young (26 January 2018). "Republican groups have no plans for ÓNH-style ceasefire". The Irish News. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
282. "Scottish government renews call for extra powers on tax and welfare". The Guardian. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
283. Leigh-Hewitson, Nadia. "Why Cornish independence could be no joke". dlv.prospect.gcpp.io.
284. "Green Party will support calls for a Cornish Assembly". The Cornish Guardian. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
285. Graeme Demianyk (10 March 2014). "Liberal Democrats vote for Cornish Assembly". The Western Morning News. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
286. "Spring Conference 2014". Liberal Democrats. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
287. "Communist Party of Britain - Website of the Communist Party of Britain" (PDF). 18 April 2025.
288. "Talking about Northern Independence with Luke Blayock".
289. "An all-party pressure group plans to re-create the ancient kingdom of Northumbria as a federal state in a new United Kingdom". The Lancashire magazine. 6 October 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
290. "Ex-MP pushes for northern parliament - Blackpool Gazette". 18 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
291. Niven, Alex (3 April 2021). "Is the Northern Independence party more serious than it looks?". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 12 July 2023.
292. "The curious case of the Northern Independence Party and the future of the British Left". The Courier Online. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
293. "An independent north? What an England severed in two might look like". The Independent. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
294. "The case for London's independence".
295. "'Londependence' May be a Dream, but More Autonomy for the City is Not". 28 June 2016.
296. "It's time for London to leave the UK". Independent.co.uk . 25 June 2016.
297. Hedges-Stocks, Zoah. "Londoners call for independence from UK - Politics - London 24". London 24. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016.
298. Hill, Dave (7 December 2022). "Independence for London? The case for, the case against - and the choice of national anthem". OnLondon. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
299. "Residents of Canvey Island in Essex plot 'Catalan-style' revolt from mainland". 17 October 2017.
300. "First Catalonia, next Canvey Island".
301. "Canvey Island wants independence from mainland Britain". The Independent . 16 October 2017.
302. "Shetland autonomy gets seal of approval from the greens". 30 October 2023.
303. "Wessex not accepted into Devolution Priority Programme".
304. "The Case for Wessex" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2006.
305. "Let's run our own affairs in Wessex". Western Daily Press. Europe Intelligence Wire. 23 February 2007.
306. "Autonomy for Wessex in UK". Western Daily Press. Europe Intelligence Wire. 26 March 2007.
307. "All hail Wessex region". Bristol Evening Post. Europe Intelligence Wire. 16 May 2003.
308. "First Brexit, now Orxit? Politicians on Scotland's Orkney Islands vote to explore more autonomy". Associated Press News . 4 July 2023.
309. "Orkney proposals to become territory of Norway". BBC News. 2 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
310. "Orkney steps up calls for more autonomy". BBC News. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
311. "The Liberal Party of Gibraltar". www.liberal.gi.
312. "The Liberal Party of Gibraltar".
313. "Advocate of Independence Wins in Gibraltar". The New York Times. 26 March 1988.
314. Hon. J. J. Bossano (1994). "The Decolonization of Gibraltar". Fordham International Law Journal. 18 (5).
315. "Wha's Like Us: The independence movements of England". 28 August 2017.

External links

• "Manifest" (PDF), Politiskaprogram[Political program], AX: Ålands framtid, 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2018, retrieved 21 June 2014.
• From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won't work
• Disintegration of Britain and Spain both possible