List of active separatist movements in Europe

Supporters of Catalan independence in Barcelona in October 2019

Scottish independence supporters in Glasgow. Scotland held an independence referendum on 18 September 2014

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession. ^{[1] [2] [3]}

Azerbaijan

Lezgistan

• Ethnic group: Lezgins
  • Proposed: Autonomy or outright independence for Lezgistan or unification with Dagestan
  • Political organisation: Sadval movement, Artsakh Republic ^[4]

Denmark

Faroe Islands

For movements in Greenland, see List of active separatist movements in North America

Faroe Islands

Main article: Faroese independence movement

• People: Faroese
  • Proposed state: Faroe Islands ^{[5] [6]} or autonomy ^[7]
    • Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party

Bornholm

• People: Danes of Bornholm
  • Proposed state: Bornholm or autonomy.
    • Advocacy groups: Bornholmer Party

France

See also: List of active separatist movements in North America § France, List of active separatist movements in South America § France, List of active separatist movements in Africa § France, and List of active separatist movements in Oceania § France

Secessionist movements

Location of the Basque Country

French Basque Country/ Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Main articles: Basque nationalism and Basque Country independence

• People: Basque
  • Proposed state: unification with the Basque Country and Navarre – Euskal Herria ^{[8] [9] [10]} as an independent state or autonomy. ^[11]
    • Political parties: Euskal Herria Bai, Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
    • Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
    • Youth advocacy groups: Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
    • Militant organisations: Irrintzi

Etat Pied-Noir

• Ethnic group: Pieds-Noirs
• Political party: Etat Pied-Noir ^{[12] [13] [14] [15]}
• Status: Active (Established in 2016)
• Proposed state: The federation of the two shores ^

Location of Brittany

Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and Loire-Atlantique

Main articles: Breton nationalism and Reunification of Brittany

• People: Bretons
  • Proposed state or autonomous region: Brittany ^[16]
    • Advocacy groups: Celtic League ^[17]
    • Political parties: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh, Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann, Brittany Movement and Progress, Young Bretons Movement
    • Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)

Location of Corsica

Corsica

Main articles: Corsican nationalism and corsican autonomy

See also: Italian irredentism in Corsica

• People: Corsicans
  • Proposed state or autonomous region: Corsica ^{[18] [16]}
    • Political party: Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
    • Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica

The Dutch-language Taalgebied (Sprachraum), including northern French Flanders

French Flanders

Main article: Flemish nationalism

• People: Flemings
  • Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and Audomarois and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the Netherlands (separatist) or Belgium (autonomist) ^{[19] [20]}
    • Political party: Flemish movement

Location of Provence

Provence

• People: Provençals (Occitans)
  • Proposed state: Provence or autonomy
    • Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença ^[21]
    • Political party: Prouvènço Nacioun ^[22]

Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales

• People: Catalans
  • Proposed state or autonomous region: reunification with Catalonia or the Catalan Countries as an independent state, or autonomy (which includes separation from the region of Occitania)
    • Political parties: Esquerra Republicana–Catalunya del Nord, ^[23] Oui au Pays Catalan (autonomist), ^[24] Popular Unity Candidacy, Catalan Unity ^[25]
    • Advocacy organisations: Catalunya Nord per la independència, ^[26] Òmnium Catalunya Nord ^[27]
    • Youth organisations: Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana (Catalunya Nord), ^[28] Arran

Savoy

• Proposed state: Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese, the old Province of Bobbio, Oneglia and Dolceacqua ^[29] "into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model." ^[30]
• Political parties: État de Savoie, Piemonte Stato ^[30]
• Advocacy groups: Gioventura Piemontèisa ^{[31] [29]}

Burgundy ^[32]

• Proposed: independence for Burgundy
  • Advocacy group: le Mouvement de Libération de la Bourgogne

Georgia

Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.

Main article: Russo-Georgian War

Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia

Main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict

• People: Abkhazians
  • De facto state: Abkhazia ^[33] (recognized by 5 UN members)
  • Proposition: Recognition of Abkhazia as an independent state.
    • Political organisation: Government of Abkhazia
    • Militant organisation: Abkhazian Armed Forces

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict

• People: Ossetians
  • De facto state: South Ossetia ^[34] (recognized by 5 UN members)
  • Proposition: Recognition of South Ossetia as an independent state or unification with Russia ^{[35] [36] [37] [38]} or unification with North Ossetia to form a united independent Ossetia
    • Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
    • Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia

Germany

Bavaria

Saxony

Saxony

• People: Upper Saxons
• Proposed state or autonomous area: Saxony
  • Political party: Free Saxony ^{[39] [40] [41]}

Lusatia

Lusatia

• People: Sorbs
  • Proposed state or autonomous area: Lusatia
    • Political party: Lusatian Alliance ^{[42] [43] [44]}
    • Non-governmental organization: Domowina, Foundation for the Sorbian People

East Frisia

• Proposed autonomous area: East Frisia
  • Ethnic group: Frisians
  • Political party: Die Friesen ^{[45] [46] [47]}

Italy

Further information: Italian unification

Friuli

Friuli-Venezia Giulia region

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Main article: Friulian Front

• People: Friulians
  • Proposed state: Friuli
    • Political parties:
      • Secessionist parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan, ^[48] Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front, ^[49]
      • Autonomist parties: Pact for Autonomy ^[49]

Lombardy

Lombardy

Main article: Lombard nationalism

• Proposed state: Republic of Lombardy or autonomy.
  • Political parties (autonomist): Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda ^[50]
  • Political parties (secessionist): Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda ^{[51] [52]}

Northern Italy

Proposed nation of Padania, light blue includes the regions of Tuscany, Umbria and Marche

Northern Italy

Main article: Padanian nationalism

• Proposed state: Padania ^[53]
  • Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North ^{[54] [55]}
  • Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly), ^[54] Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union

Southern Italy

Southern Italy

• Proposed state: Mezzogiorno, ^{[56] [57]} Meridione, Magna Graecia, or Due Sicilie ^{[58] [59]}
  • Political parties (autonomist): ^[60] We the South, Great South, Movement for Autonomy ^[61] Autonomy South, Force of the South and I the South,
  • Political parties (secessionist): Lega Sud Ausonia ^[62]

Sicily

Sicily

Main article: Sicilian nationalism

• People: Sicilians
  • Proposed state: Sicily ^{[63] [53]}
    • Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians, Movement for Autonomy ^[61]
    • Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians ^{[64] [65]}
    • Advocacy groups: Sicilian National Front, ^[66] Sicilia Nazione, ^[67] Sicilian National Liberation Movement. ^[68]

South Tyrol

South Tyrol

Main article: South Tyrolean secessionist movement

• Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for South Tyrol or unification with Tyrol in Austria ^{[69] [70]}
  • Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen (independence), South Tyrolean Freedom (unification)

Savoy

• Proposed state: Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese, the old Province of Bobbio, Oneglia and Dolceacqua ^[29] "into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model." ^[30]
• Political parties: État de Savoie, Piemonte Stato ^[30]
• Advocacy groups: Gioventura Piemontèisa ^{[31] [29]}

Tuscany

Tuscany

• Ethnic group: Tuscans
  • Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for Tuscany
  • Political party: Tuscan Autonomist Movement, Toscano Stato ^{[71] [72] [73]}

Veneto

Veneto

Main article: Venetian nationalism

• Proposed state: Republic of Venice or autonomy ^{[74] [75] [76]}
  • Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, Veneto for Autonomy ^[77]
  • Political parties (secessionist): Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left
  • youth organization: Independentist Youth
  • National Liberation Movement (Self-determination): Venetian National Liberation Movement

Free Territory of Trieste, which legally ceased to exist in 1977 after the Treaty of Osimo

Trieste

• Proposed state: Free Territory of Trieste
  • Advocacy group: Movement for the Independence of the Free Territory of Trieste ^{[78] [79] [80]}

Aosta Valley

Aosta Valley

• Proposition: Greater autonomy for Aosta
  • Political party: Valdostan Union ^{[81] [82] [83]}

Sardinia

Sardinia

• Ethnic group: Sardinian people
  • Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for Sardinia. ^{[84] [85]}
  • Advocacy groups: Canton Marittimo ^[86]
  • Political parties: Sardinian Action Party

Malta

Gozo

• People: Gozitans
  • Proposed autonomous area: Gozo ^[87]
    • Political organisation: People's Party (Malta) ^[88]

Moldova

Transnistria

Breakaway state

Transnistria

Main article: Transnistria War

• People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
  • De facto state: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
    • Proposed state: Transnistria ^[89] or unification with Russia ^[89]
      • Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
        • Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria

Gagauzia

• People: Gagauz people
  • Proposed State: Gagauz Republic
    • Political organisation: Peoples of Union of Gagauzia ^{[90] [91]}

Montenegro

Sandzak

• Ethnic group: Bosniak
  • Proposed: Greater Autonomy
    • Political party: Free Sandzaz ^[92]

Netherlands

Location of Friesland

See also: List of active separatist movements in North America § Netherlands

Frisia

• People: Frisians, West Frisians
  • Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for West Frisia
    • Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member) (Greater autonomy), ^{[93] [94]} Groep fan Auwerk

Portugal

Azores ^[95]

• Ethnic group: Azoreans
  • Proposed state: Azores
    • Militant organization: Azores Liberation Front ^[96]

Romania

Transylvania and Banat ^[97]

Location of Transylvania (left) and Banat (right)

• People: Romanians, Hungarians, Transylvanian Saxons
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat ^[98]
    • Political party: Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party ^[99]
    • Advocacy organisations: Liga Pro Europa, ^[100] Provincia, ^[100] Autonomy for Transylvania ^[101] Székely-Hungarian National Guard, ^{[102] [103] [104]} Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată), ^{[105] [106]} League of Banat (Liga Bănățeană) ^{[107] [108]}

Székely Land

The historical Székely seats on the map of present-day Romania

Main article: Székely autonomy movement

• People: Székelys
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Székely Land or unification with Hungary
    • Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993. ^[109] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy. ^[110] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Székely autonomy in Székely Land. ^[111] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium. ^[112]
    • Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council ^[113]

Russia

Main articles: Separatism in Russia and Proposed federal subjects of Russia

See also: Separatism in Russia and List of active separatist movements in Asia § Russia

Secessionist movements:
Adygea and Karachay-Cherkessia ^[114]

See also: Circassian nationalism

• People: Circassians
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Circassia
    • Advocacy groups: International Circassian Association (Adygea), (former member of the UNPO), Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus, Free Nations League

Arkhangelsk Oblast

Arkhangelsk Oblast ^[115]

Bashkortostan

Bashkortostan

• People: Bashkirs
  • Proposed state: Bashkortostan ^[116]
  • Militant organisation: Committee of Bashkir Resistance, ^[117] Bashkir Company ^[118]
    • Advocacy groups: Bashkort movement, Bashkir National-Political Center, ^[119] Free Nations League

Chechnya

• People: Chechens
  • Proposed state: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile)
  • Government in exile: Ichkerian government in exile (Proposed to be recognized by UN member: Ukraine)
    • Militant organisation: Chechen separatists, Ajnad al-Kavkaz, Chechen volunteers in Ukraine, Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion, Ichkerian Special Purpose Battalion, Khamzat Gelayev Detachment
    • Advocacy group: Adat People's Movement, Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus

Dagestan

• People: Dagestanis
  • Proposed state: Dagestan
    • Militant organization: Imam Shamil Dagestan Battalion
    • Advocacy group: Dagestani National Center, ^[120] Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus

Ingushetia

• People: Ingush
  • Proposed state: Ingushetia
    • Militant organisation: Ingush Liberation Army
    • Advocacy group: Ingush Independence Committee, Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus

Kaliningrad Oblast ^[121]

• People: Russian, Baltic Prussians, Germans, Lithuanians, Poles
  • Proposed state: Baltic Republic/Prussia/Königsberg
    • Advocacy groups: Kaliningrad Public Movement, Respublika Movement ^[122] Free Nations League

Kalmykia

Republic of Kalmykia

• People: Kalmyks
  • Proposed state: Kalmykia with possible unification with Astrakhan Oblast ^[123]
    • Advocacy group: Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress

Republic of Karelia

Republic of Karelia ^[124]

• People: Karelians, Vepsians, Russians, Finns, Pomors
  • Proposed state: Karelia
    • Militant organisation: Karelian Group
    • Advocacy groups: Karelian National Movement

Krasnodar Krai

Krasnodar Krai ^[115]

• People: Cossacks, ^[125] Russians
  • Proposed state or autonomous area: Kuban
    • • Advocacy movements: Community of the Don-Kuban-Terek Citizens, Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host, Kuban Cossacks of the Kuban Host Autonomy Movement, Kuban Cossack Youth, New Kuban Cossack Association, Southern Regional Resource Center, Union of Cossack Republics of Southern Russia
        • Militant organization: Kuban Cossack Army
        • Political parties: Free Cossack Movement, Lapin, Movement for the Federalizations of Kuban, Union of the Cossack Hosts of Russia, Union of the Cossack Hosts of Russia and Abroad, Committee for the Liberation of the Kuban
        • Political organizations: Cossack Congress, Cossacks of the Kuban Rada

Leningrad Oblast

Kingiseppsky, Lomonosovsky, Volosovsky & Sosnovy Bor districts of Leningrad Oblast ^[126]

• People: Russians, Izhorians, Ingrians, Votes
  • Proposed state: Ingria ^[127]
    • Advocacy groups: Free Ingria, Ingria Without Borders ^[128]

Mari El ^{[129] [130]}

• People: Mari
  • Proposed federal subject or state: Mari El
    • Advocacy groups: Free Idel-Ural

Mordovia ^[130]

• People: Erzyas
  • Proposed state: Erzyan Mastor ^[131]
    • Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural, Erzyan Mastor
• People: Mokshas
  • Proposed state: Mokshan state
    • Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural, Moksha Committee, ^[132] Free Nations League

North Caucasian Federal District

• People: Peoples of the Caucasus
  • Proposed state: Confederation of the Northern Caucasus, United Caucasia
    • Advocacy groups: Chechen government in exile ^[133]

Tatarstan ^[126]

• People: Tatars
  • Proposed state: Tatarstan
  • Government in exile: Tatarstan government in exile ^[134]
    • Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
      • Advocacy groups: Ittifaq Party, Free Idel-ural, All-Tatar Public Center, Free Nations League

Rostov Oblast

Rostov Oblast

• People: Cossacks, Russians
  • Proposed state or autonomous area: Cossackia, Don Cossack Host
    • Advocacy groups: Members of the Free Nations League ^[135]

Udmurtia ^[130]

• People: Udmurts
  • Proposed state: Udmurtia
    • Advocacy groups: Free Idel-Ural

Volga Federal District

• People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Russians, Tatars, Udmurts
  • Proposed state: Idel-Ural Republic
    • Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural ^[136]

Kumykia ^[137]

• Ethnic group: Kumyks
  • Proposed: autonomy for the Kumyks in Dagestan

Astrakhan Oblast ^[138]

• Ethnic group: Nogai, Astrakhan Tatars
  • Proposed state: Nogai El or unification with Kalmykia
  • Advocacy group: Free Nogai El

Komi ^[139]

• Ethnic group: Komi people
  • Proposed: independence for Komi

Kursk Oblast ^[140]

• Ethnic group: Russians
  • Proposed: independence or autonomy for Kursk Oblast

Smolensk Oblast ^[141]

• Ethnic group: Russians
  • Proposed: independence or autonomy for Smolensk Oblast
  • Advocacy group: Smolensk Republican Center

Pskov Oblast ^[142]

• Ethnic group: Russians
  • Proposed: independence or autonomy for Pskov Oblast

Severia ^[143]

• Ethnic group: Russians
  • Proposed: independence or autonomy for Severia
  • Advocacy group: Seversky Region Movement

Chuvashia ^[144]

• Ethnic group: Chuvash people
  • Proposed: independence for Chuvashia
  • Advocacy group: Irĕklĕ Chăvash En

North Ossetia ^{[ citation needed ]}

• People: Ossetians
  • Proposed: independence for North Ossetia and unification with South Ossetia to form United Ossetia

Vepsia ^{[ citation needed ]}

• People: Veps
  • Proposed: independence for Vepsia

Terek Cossack Host^{[ citation needed ]}

• People: Cossacks
  • Proposed: independence for Terek Cossack Host
    • Militant Group: Terek Wolf Sotnia

Zalessian Rus

Central Black Earth Region

• Ethnic group: Russians
  • Proposed state: Black Earth Confederation
  • Advocacy group: Council of Black Earth States ^[145]

Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug ^[146]

• Ethnic group: Komi-Permyaks
  • Proposed state or autonomous region: Komi-Permyak

Abazinia ^{[ citation needed ]}

Aghulistan ^{[ citation needed ]}

Avaria ^{[ citation needed ]}

Karachay-Cherkessia

• Ethnic group: Karachays and Balkars
  • Proposed state: Karachaia ^[147]

Rutulstan ^{[ citation needed ]}

Tabasaranstan ^{[ citation needed ]}

Nenetsia ^{[ citation needed ]}

Merjania ^{[ citation needed ]}

Muromia ^{[ citation needed ]}

Moscow region ^{[ citation needed ]}

Meshchera ^{[ citation needed ]}

Russian-occupied Ukraine

Main article: Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied Ukraine

Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol

• People: Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites, Urums, pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine
  • De jure subdivisions within Ukraine: Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Sevastopol
  • Proposed: Crimean Tatar independence or autonomy ^[148] within unitary Ukraine ^[149]
    • Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, Yellow Ribbon
    • Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine

Donetsk People's Republic, Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)

• People: Ukrainians, Pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine
  • De jure entities within Ukraine: Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast
    • Proposed: reunification with Ukraine ^[150]
    • Advocacy organisations: Yellow Ribbon
    • Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine, S.R.O.K

Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast, ^{[151] [152] [153]}

• People: Ukrainians, pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine, Crimean Tatars (Kherson Oblast)
  • De jure subdivisions within Ukraine: Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Kherson Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast
    • Proposed: reunification with Ukraine ^[154]
    • Advocacy organisations: Yellow Ribbon
    • Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine, Berdiansk Partisan Army, S.R.O.K

Serbia

Kosovo (marked in red)

Province of Vojvodina (marked in red)

Secessionist movements

  Kosovo

Main article: International recognition of Kosovo

• People: Albanians in Kosovo
  • De facto state: Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 52% of UN member states)
    • Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
    • Movement: Albanian nationalism in Kosovo

Autonomist movements

Vojvodina

Main article: Vojvodina Autonomist Movement

• Proposal: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia
  • Political parties: League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina ^{[155] [156] [157] [158]}

Main article: Hungarian Regional Autonomy

• People: Hungarians in Serbia
  • Proposal: territorial autonomy for Hungarians in the northern part of Vojvodina ^[159]
    • Political parties: Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, Hungarian Civic Alliance

Sandžak

• People: Bosniaks in Serbia
  • Proposal: territorial autonomy for Bosniaks in Sandžak
    • Political parties: Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Justice and Reconciliation Party ^[160]

Preševo Valley

• People: Albanians in Serbia
  • Proposal: territorial autonomy for Albanians in the Preševo Valley ^[161]
    • Political parties: Party for Democratic Action, Albanian Coalition of Preševo Valley ^[162]

Slovakia

Linguistic makeup of Slovakia, according to Census 2011

Autonomist movements

Southern Slovakia:

• People: Hungarians
  • Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence, ^[163] or unification with Hungary
    • Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community, ^[164] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy. ^[165]

Spain

Further information: National and regional identity in Spain

See also: List of active separatist movements in Africa § Spain

Regions in Spain with autonomist or separatist movements

proposed extent of the Catalan country

Secessionist movements

Basque Country (autonomous community) and Navarre

Main articles: Basque nationalism and Basque independence

• People: Basques
  • Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria ^[8]
    • Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), Alternatiba
    • Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
    • Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika] (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak

Catalonia ^[166]

Main articles: Catalan nationalism; Catalan independence; Catalan independence referendum, 2017; and Catalan declaration of independence

• People: Catalans
  • Proposal state: Catalan Republic – Catalan Countries (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
    • Political parties (pro-independence): Republican Left of Catalonia (33/135), Together for Catalonia, (32/135) supported by Left Movement, Popular Unity Candidacy (9/135) supported by Endavant and Poble Lliure
    • Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú (8/135)
    • Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Negres Tempestes
    • Trade unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical, Intersindical Alternativa de Catalunya
    • Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Jovent Republicà, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Joventut Comunista de Catalunya

Galicia ^[167]

Main articles: Galicianism, Galician nationalism, and Galician independence

• People: Galicians
  • Proposed state: Galiza (possibly containing Galicia irredenta territories in Asturias and Castille and León)
    • Political party: Galician Nationalist Bloc (sovereigntist, EFA member), Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood (independentist, includes the Galician Popular Front), Compromiso por Galicia (centrist federalist), Terra Galega (Centrist autonomist), Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party), Abrente–Galician Democratic Left, Acción Galega, Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood, Assembleia da Mocidade Independentista
    • Unions: Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG) and Central Unitaria de Traballadores (CUT)
    • Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, Xeira, BRIGA and Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza (students)
    • Militant organisation: Resistência Galega

Valencia

Main articles: Valencianism, Valencian nationalism, and Catalan nationalism

• People: Valencians – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
  • Proposed state: Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries
    • Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
    • political party (Pro Catalan): Popular Unity Candidacy
    • Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend Pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain. ^{[168] [169]}
    • Youth advocacy groups: Arran
    • Student movement: AGIR

Aragon ^[170]

• ethnic group: Aragonese people
  • Proposed state: Aragon
    • political parties (regionalist and Nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista, Puyalón de Cuchas, Aragonese Party, Estado Aragonés
    • political parties (separatist): Puyalón de Cuchas, A Enrestida  [ es ], Aragonese Workers' Union  [ es ]
    • coalition: Bloque Independentista de Cuchas  [ es ]
    • movement: Independentismo aragonés  [ es ]

Balearic Islands ^[171]

• ethnic group: Catalan people
  • proposed: Independence for the Balearic Islands or unification with the other Catalan countries
    • political parties: Balearic Anticolonialist Group, Esquerra Republicana de les Illes Balears  [ es ]
    • political party (pro Catalan): Popular Unity Candidacy
    • political parties (regionalist): People's Party of the Balearic Islands

Andalusia ^[172]

Main article: Andalusian nationalism

• ethnic group: Andalusian people
  • proposed state: Andalusia
    • political parties (regionalist): Adelante Andalucía (2021)
    • political party (separatist): Andalusian Nation
    • political party (self governing): Unitarian Candidacy of Workers

Asturias ^[173]

• ethnic group: Asturians
  • proposed state: Asturias
    • political party (autonomist): Asturias Forum
    • political party (nationalist): Asturian Left, Compromisu por Asturies, Conceyu Abiertu, Partíu Asturianista, Unidá, Bloc for Asturias, Conceyu Abiertu
    • political party (regionalist): Asturian Renewal Union
    • political party (separatist): Andecha Astur

Autonomist movements

Cartagena ^{[ citation needed ]}

• Proposed: extended autonomy for Cartagena within Region of Murcia
  • Political party: Movimiento Ciudadano de Cartagena

León

• People: Leonese
  • Proposed autonomous area: Leonese region
    • Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL
    • Youth movements: RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa ^[174]

Province of Granada ^[175]

• proposed: Breaking the Province of Granada from Andalusia as a separate autonomous community
  • political party: Juntos por Granada ^[176]

El Bierzo ^{[177] [178]}

• Proposed: making El Bierzo into its own province
  • Political party: Coalition for El Bierzo

Campo de Gibraltar ^[179]

• Proposed: autonomy for Campo de Gibraltar

Sweden

Scania ^{[ citation needed ]}

• People: Swedes
  • Proposed State: Scania
  • Political Party: Scania Party

Ukraine

Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine

Share of ethnic Russians in Ukraine

Main articles: Russo-Ukrainian War and 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol

Main article: Political status of Crimea

• People: Russians in Ukraine, Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites, Urums
  • Proposed: Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol independence or autonomy ^[148] within unitary Ukraine, or unification with Russia (pro-Russian ethnic Russians) ^[149]
    • Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, State Council of Crimea, Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol

Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast

• People: Russians in Ukraine
  • De facto entity: Donetsk People's Republic, Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)
    • Political organisations: People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic, People's Council of the Luhansk People's Republic
    • paramilitary organisation: Russian people's militias in Ukraine

Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast ^[180]

• People: Russians in Ukraine
  • De facto states:
    Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast,
    Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast
    Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast
    • Proposed: unification with Russia ^[181]
    • Political organisations: Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, Derzhava, Opposition Bloc (partially)
    • Military organisation: Russian Ground Forces

Main articles: Regionalism in Ukraine and Rusyns § Autonomist and separatist movement

Carpathian Ruthenia ^{[182] [183] [184] [185]}

• People: Russians in Ukraine, Hungarians in Ukraine, Rusyns ^[186]
  • Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary Ukraine or unification with Hungary ^{[187] [188]}
  • Political organisations: "Subcarpathian republican party", "Derzhava", "World Congress of Rusyns ^[189] ", "Opposition Bloc" (partially), "Russkiy dom", "Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement" "Russkiy Mir Foundation", "Association of Zakarpattia democrats", and other pro-Russian organizations. ^{[190] [191] [192] [193] [194] [195]} "Rusyn separatist movement" led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor (now Archbishop of Uzhorod, in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)) ^{[196] [197] [198] [199]}

United Kingdom

Main articles: Separatism in the United Kingdom, Federalism in the United Kingdom, Countries of the United Kingdom, and Potential breakup of the United Kingdom

See also: Devolution in the United Kingdom and List of active separatist movements in Africa § United Kingdom

Countries of the United Kingdom

Map of current local administrative units in the United Kingdom

Major movements

England

Main article: English independence

Northern Ireland

See also: Irish nationalism, Irish republicanism, United Ireland, Ulster Independence Movement, The Troubles, and Dissident Irish Republican campaign

• People: Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists)
  • Proposed state: Re-unification with Ireland or independence ^{[200] [201]}
    • Political parties: Sinn Féin, ^[202] Fianna Fáil, Éirígí, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Aontú, ^{[203] [204]} People Before Profit, Communist Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Republican Network for Unity, Socialist Workers Network, Workers' Party of Ireland
    • Militant organisations: RIRA, CIRA ^[205]

Scotland

See also: Scottish nationalism, Scottish independence, Scottish independence referendum 2014, Proposed second Scottish independence referendum, and Devolution in Scotland

• People: Scots
  • Proposed state or autonomous region: Scotland
    • Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), ^[206] Scottish Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, Alba, Red Party of Scotland,Scotland's Independence Referendum Party, Independence for Scotland Party, Scottish Libertarian Party, parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)
    • Advocacy groups: Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Labour for Independence, Siol nan Gaidheal

Minor movements

Cornwall ^[207]

See also: Cornish nationalism, Cornish devolution, Constitutional status of Cornwall, and Cornish Assembly

Cornwall

• People: Cornish
  • Proposed state or autonomous region: Cornwall (including the Isles of Scilly)
    • Advocacy groups: Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament
    • Political parties: Mebyon Kernow, Cornish Nationalist Party, Green Party of England and Wales, ^[208] Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats ^{[209] [210]}
      Communist Party of Britain (Autonomy) ^[211]

Northern England ^[212]

See also: Devolution to the North of England and North–South divide in the United Kingdom

Northern England

• People: Northerners
  • Proposed state: Northumbria or greater autonomy within the United Kingdom.
    • Advocacy group: Campaign for the North (Devo-Max) ^{[213] [214]}
    • Political parties: Northern Independence Party ^{[215] [216] [217]}

London ^[218]

Main article: London independence

• People: Londoners
  • Proposed state: London
    • Political party: Londonpendence Party ^{[219] [220] [221] [222]}

Fife ^[223]

• Proposed state: Fife
  • Political Party: Fife National Party

Norfolk ^[224]

• Proposed state: Norfolk
  • Political Party: Norfolk Independence Party

Separatist movements of dependent territories

Gibraltar

• Ethnic group: Gibraltarians
  • Proposed state: Gibraltar
    • Political party: Liberal Party of Gibraltar, ^{[225] [226]} Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party ^{[227] [228]}

Isle of Man ^[229]

Main article: Manx nationalism

The Kingdom of the Isles about the year 1100

Isle of Man

• Ethnic group: Manx people
  • Proposed state: Isle of Man
    • Political party: Mec Vannin

See also

• Europe portal
• Politics portal

• Lists of active separatist movements
• List of historical separatist movements
• Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
• List of micro-regional organizations
• List of states with limited recognition
• Independence referendum
• List of active autonomist movements in Europe

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External links

• "Manifest" (PDF), Politiskaprogram[Political program], AX: Ålands framtid, 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2018, retrieved 21 June 2014.
• From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won't work
• Disintegration of Britain and Spain both possible