List of active separatist movements in Asia

This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia . Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism, ^[1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

1. They are active movements with active members.
2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

• De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy. (Excluding Uncontacted peoples)
• Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
• Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
  • De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
  • Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
  • Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
  • Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
  • Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
  • Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).

Afghanistan

The region of Afghan Turkestan

See also: Balkhab uprising, Hazara nationalism, and Pashtun nationalism

South Turkestan ^{[2] [3]}

• Ethnic group: Uyghurs, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Turkmens, and other Turkic peoples
  • Proposed state: Southern Turkestan ^{[4] [5]}
  • Militant organisations: Turkestan Freedom Tigers ^{[6] [7]}

Hazarajat/Hazaristan

• Ethnic group: Hazara people
  • Proposed: self determination for Hazarajat ^[8]
  • Political party: Hazarajat freedom movement

Armenia

Map of Zangezur within modern borders in red color.

Goycha and Zangezur

• Ethnic group: Western Azerbaijanis
  • Proposed state: Goycha-Zangezur Republic ^[9]
  • Advocacy group: Western Azerbaijan Society

Azerbaijan

See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Azerbaijan

Autonomist movements

Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

• People: Talysh people
  • Proposed: greater autonomy within the borders of Azerbaijan ^[10]
  • Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
  • Government in exile: Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic ^[11]

Lezgistan ^[12]

• Ethnic group: Lezgins
  • Proposed: autonomy or independence for Lezgistan

Avars in Azerbaijan ^[13]

• Ethnic group: Avars
  • Proposed autonomous region: Avaristan
  • Political party: Avar National Movement

Bangladesh

Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh

Chittagong Hill Tracts ^[14]

Main article: Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict

• Ethnic group: Jumma people
  • Proposed: Autonomy for the Chittagong Hill Tracts ^{[15] [16]}
  • Political parties: Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti, United People's Democratic Front

Zale'n-gam

• Ethnic group: Kuki
  • Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
  • Militant organisation: Kuki National Army, Kuki-Chin National Front ^{[17] [18]}
  • Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation

Zogam (Parts of Chittagong hill tracts)

• Ethnic group: Zomi
  • Proposed state: Zogam
  • Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army ^[19]

Bandarban district ^[20]

• Ethnic group: Mro people
  • Proposed: autonomy for the Mro people

Sylhet Division ^{[21] [22]}

• Ethnic group: Khasi people
  • Proposed: autonomy for the Khasi people in Sylhet Division

China

Main article: Secession in China

See also: One country, two systems and Ethnic minorities in China

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Main articles: East Turkestan independence movement, Uyghur nationalism, and Xinjiang conflict

• Ethnic group: Uyghurs
  • Proposed state: East Turkestan ^[23]
  • Government-in-exile: East Turkistan Government-in-Exile
  • Militant organizations: Turkistan Islamic Party, East Turkestan Liberation Organization
  • Advocacy group: World Uyghur Congress, Campaign For Uyghurs, East Turkistan National Awakening Movement

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

Hong Kong

Main articles: Hong Kong independence and Sino-British Joint Declaration

• Ethnic group: Han Chinese of Hong Kong
  • Proposed state: Hong Kong or reunification with the United Kingdom as an Overseas Territory
  • Political parties: Youngspiration, Hong Kong Indigenous, Hong Kong National Party, Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence, Hong Kong Independence Party

Xizang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China

Tibet

Main article: Tibetan independence movement

• Ethnic group: Tibetan people
  • Proposed state: Tibet (includes all of Xizang and parts of Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, and Yunnan)
  • Government-in-exile: Central Tibetan Administration
  • Advocacy groups: Tibetan Youth Congress, International Tibet Independence Movement ^{[24] [25] [a]}

Minor movements

• Shanghainese nationalism ^{[26] [27]}
• Cantonese nationalism ^{[28] [29] [30]}
• Inner Mongolian independence movement ^{[31] [32]}
• Manchu independence movement ^[33]
• Komland Independence Movement ^[34]
• Yuyencia independence movement ^[35]
• Guangxi independece movement ^[36]

Georgia

Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.

Main article: Russo-Georgian war

Territory of the former Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict

• Ethnic group: Abkhazians
  • De facto state: Abkhazia ^[37] (recognized by 5 UN members)
    • Political organization: Government of Abkhazia
    • Militant organization: Abkhazian Armed Forces

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict

• Ethnic group: Ossetians
  • De facto state: South Ossetia ^[38] (recognized by 5 UN members)
    • Political organization: Government of South Ossetia
    • Militant organization: Armed Forces of South Ossetia

Javakheti

Main article: Armenian nationalism

• Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
  • Proposed autonomous region: Javakhk (Javakheti)
  • Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance ^{[39] [40] [41]}

Adjara

• Ethnic group: Adjarians
• Political Party: Adjara Party

India

Main articles: Separatist movements of India, Autonomous administrative divisions of India, and Northeast India

Further information: Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Punjab, Insurgency in Northeast India, and United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia

Separatist movements

Assam

Main article: Assamese nationalism

• Proposed state: Assam
  • Ethnic group: Assamese people
  • Militant organizations: United Liberation Front of Asom

Nagaland ^[42]

Main article: Naga nationalism

• Proposed state: Nagalim
  • Ethnic group: Naga people
  • Militant organization: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

Political map of the Kashmir region districts, showing the Pir Panjal range and the Kashmir Valley or Vale of Kashmir.

Kashmir ^[43]

• Proposed: independence or autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir from India or unification with Pakistan
  • Ethnic group: Kashmiri Muslims
  • Political organizations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen
  • Political parties (autonomy): Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference, Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party, Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
  • Militant organizations: Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hizbul Mujahideen, Jaish-e-Mohammed, Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front

Kamtapur ^[44]

• Proposed state: Kamtapur or becoming a state of India
  • Ethnic group: Rajbanshi people
  • Political parties (statehood): Kamtapur People's Party
  • Militant organization: Kamtapur Liberation Organisation ^{[45] [46] [47]}

Kukiland

• Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
  • Ethnic group: Kuki, Bnei Menashe ^[48]
  • Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
  • Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation

Manipur ^{[49] [50]}

Main article: Meitei nationalism

• Proposed state: Manipur
  • Ethnic groups: Meitei, Pangal, Naga
  • Government-in-exile: Manipur State Council ^[51]
  • Militant organizations: United National Liberation Front, People's Liberation Army of Manipur, Kangleipak Communist Party, People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak, Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup, Maoist Communist Party of Manipur

Meghalaya

Main article: Insurgency in Meghalaya

• Proposed state: Meghalaya
  • Ethnic groups: Khasi people, Pnar people
  • Militant organization: Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council
  • Advocacy group: Seng Khasi Movement

Mizoram

• Proposed state: Mizoram ^{[52] [53]}
• Ethnic group: Mizo people
  • Political parties: Mizo National Front, Zoram People's Movement, Hmar People's Convention

Zogam (In India the claimed territories are: Barak Valley, Tripura, East Jaintia Hills, Dima Hasao district and Karbi Anglong district of Assam)

• Ethnic group: Zomi
  • Proposed state: Zogam
  • Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army ^[19]

Punjab, India

• Proposed state: Khalistan ^[54]
  • Ethnic group: Punjabi Sikhs
  • Political parties: Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar), Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)
  • Militant organizations: Babbar Khalsa, Khalistan Commando Force, Khalistan Liberation Force, Khalistan Zindabad Force, ISYF, AISSF, Waris Punjab De

Sikkim

Ethnic groups: Drejongpas, Lepcha

• Proposed state: Kingdom of Sikkim
• Political party: Sikkim Krantikari Morcha

Tripura

• Proposed state: Tipraland
  • Ethnic group: Tripuri people
  • Political parties: Tipra Motha Party, Tipraland State Party, Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra
  • Militant organisation: National Liberation Front of Tripura, ^[55] All Tripura Tiger Force

Arunachal Pradesh ^[56]

• Ethnic group: Tani people
  • Proposed: creation of Taniland
  • Militant organization: National Socialist Council for Taniland, United Tani Army

Autonomist or statehood movements

Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India

Rabha Hasong

• State or extended autonomous area: Rabha Hasong ^{[57] [58]}
  • Ethnic group: Rabha people
  • Militant organizations: Rabha Jatiya Aikya Manch, Rabha Vipers Army (RVA), ^[59] Rabha National Liberation Army, ^[60] Rabha Jatiya Mukti Bahini (RJMB) ^{[61] [62] [63]}

Gorkhaland

• Ethnic group: Indian Gorkhas
  • Proposal: creation of a separate autonomous Gorkhaland state within India ^[64]
  • Political movement: Gorkhaland movement
  • Political parties: Gorkha National Liberation Front, Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League, Gorkha Janmukti Morcha

Ladakh

• Ethnic group: Ladakhis
  • Proposed autonomous region: Ladakh ^{[65] [66] [67] [68]}

Garo Hills

• Ethnic group: Garo people
  • Proposal: making the Garo Hills Autonomous District Council into an autonomous state of India ^{[69] [70] [71]}
  • Political party: Garo National Council

Bundelkhand

• Ethnic group: Bundelkhandi
  • Proposal: making the region of Bundelkhand into a state of India ^[72]
  • Political party: Bundelkhand Mukti Morcha

Vidarbha

Main article: Vidarbha movement

• Ethnic group: Marathi people
  • Proposal: separation of Vidarbha from the state of Maharashtra ^[73]
  • Political party: Vidarbha Rajya Party, Vidarbha Vikas Party, Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti

Goa

• Ethnic group: Goans
  • Proposed autonomous region: Goa ^[74]
  • Political party: Niz Goenkar Revolution Front

Jammu region

• Ethnic group: Dogri people
  • Proposal: separation of the Jammu region from Jammu and Kashmir as a separate state within india ^[75]
  • Political party: Ikkjutt Jammu

Bodoland

• Ethnic group: Bodo people
  • Proposal: statehood for Bodoland ^{[76] [77]}
  • Political party: Bodo National Students Union ^[78]

Rayalaseema ^[79]

• Ethnic group: Telugu people
  • Proposed: turning Rayalaseema into a state of India
  • Political party: Rayalaseema Rashtra Samithi

Bhil Pradesh ^[80]

• Ethnic group: Bhil people
  • Proposed: creation of Bhil Pradesh as a state of India

Kosi-Seemanchal ^[81]

• Ethnic group: Maithils
  • Proposed: creation of a Seemanchal state in India

Kodagu district ^[82]

• Ethnic group: Kodava people
  • Proposed: autonomy for Kodagu district
  • Political party: Codava National Council

Barak Valley ^[83]

• Ethnic group: Bengalis
  • Proposed: creation of a Barak Valley state within India
  • Political party: Barak Democratic Front

Indonesia

Main article: Separatism in Indonesia

See also: List of active separatist movements in Oceania § Indonesia

Map of native ethnic groups of Indonesia. Foreign ethnic groups are not shown.

Aceh

• Ethnic group: Acehnese
  • Proposed state: Aceh
  • Militant organisation: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)
  • Advocacy group: Aceh–Sumatra National Liberation Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) ^{[84] [85] [86]}

Bali

• Ethnic group: Balinese
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Bali ^{[87] [88]}
  • Advocacy group: Bali Government, ^{[89] [90]} ForBALI ^[91]

Banten and West Java

• Ethnic group: Sundanese
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Pasundan ^[92]
  • Advocacy group: Free Pasundan Movement ^[93]

Kalimantan ^[94]

• Ethnic group: Dayaks
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Kalimantan ^[95]

Maluku ^{[96] [97]}

• Ethnic group: Moluccans
  • Proposed state: South Maluku
  • Government-in-exile: Republic of South Maluku (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front ^[98]

Minahasa Peninsula

• Ethnic group: Minahasan
  • Proposed state: Greater Minahasa ^[99]
  • Advocacy group: Free Minahasa Movement ^[100]

Riau

• Ethnic group: Riau Malays
  • Proposed state: Riau or unification with Malaysia ^{[101] [102] [103]}
  • Advocacy group: Free Riau Movement ^{[104] [105]}

Sumbawa

• Ethnic group: Sumbawan
  • Proposed autonomous area: Sumbawa ^[106]

Iran

Main article: Separatism in Iran

Khūzestān Province

Further information: Arab separatism in Khuzestan

• Ethnic group: Khuzestani Arabs
  • Proposed state: Al-Ahwaz ^[107]
  • Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation, Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz
  • Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Iranian Kurdistan

Further information: Iran–PJAK conflict and Kurdish separatism in Iran

• Ethnic groups: Kurds
  • Proposed state: Kurdistan ^[108]
  • Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Militant organisations: Kurdistan Free Life Party, Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

Iranian Azerbaijan

Further information: Azerbaijani separatism in Iran

• Ethnic groups: Iranian Azerbaijanis
  • Proposed state: South Azerbaijan ^{[109] [110] [111]} or unification with Azerbaijan
  • Advocacy group: South Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement, ^{[112] [113]} Azerbaijan National Resistance Organization ^{[114] [115] [116]} Turkemenshara ^[117]

Sistan and Baluchestan

Further information: Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency and Insurgency in Balochistan

• Ethnic group: Balochis
  • Proposed state: Balochistan in Sistan and Baluchestan province with Pakistani Balochistan ^{[118] [119]} and Baloch majority territories in Southern Afghanistan
  • Militant organisations: Jundallah (until 2011). ^{[120] [121] [122]} Jaish ul-Adl, ^{[123] [124]} Ansar Al-Furqan, Balochistan Liberation Army, ^[125] Balochistan Liberation Front ^[125]

Fars province ^{[126] [127]}

• Ethnic group: Qashqai people
  • Proposed: autonomy for the Qashqai people
  • Political party: Qashqai Freedom Path Party

Iraq

Further information: Minorities in Iraq and 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum

See also: Languages of Iraq, Demographics of Iraq, Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq

Iraqi Kurdistan

Proposed state: Kurdistan

Main article: Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, 2017

• Ethnic group: Kurds
• Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Iraqi Kurdistan
  • Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Militant organisation: Peshmerga

Assyria

Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

• Proposed autonomous area: Nineveh Plains
  • Ethnic group: Assyrians
    • Proposed state: Assyria
    • Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyrian Universal Alliance (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Assyria Liberation Party
    • Militant organisation: Nineveh Plain Protection Units
    • Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
• Proposed autonomous area: Al-Rafidain Autonomous Region
  • Ethnic groups: Assyrians, Turkmen, Yazidis
    • Political parties: Turkmen Rescue Foundation, Yazidi Independent Supreme Council and the Al-Rafidain Organization

Proposed state: Basra ^{[128] [129] [130]}

• Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Basra Governorate
  • Proposal: Basra has proposed uniting with the Dhi Qar and Maysan governorates as an autonomous region or total independence ^[131]

Turkmeneli

• Ethnic group: Iraqi Turkmen
  • Proposed autonomous region or state: Turkmeneli ^{[132] [133] [134]}
  • Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) ^[135]

Sinjar District

• Ethnic group: Yazidis
  • Proposal: autonomy for the Sinjar region, including the Sinjar Mountains
  • Political parties: Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress, Sinjar Alliance ^{[136] [137]}

Sunnis in Iraq ^{[138] [139]}

• Ethnic group: Sunnis in Iraq
  • Proposed: creation of a autonomous Sunni region within Iraq

Al-Zubair District ^[140]

• Proposed: elevating in the Al-Zubair District into a province

South Iraq ^[141]

• Ethnic group: shittes
  • Proposed: autonomy for south Iraq

Japan

Okinawa

Further information: Ryukyu Kingdom, History of the Ryukyu Islands, and Disposition of Ryukyu

• Ethnic group: Ryukyuan
  • Proposed state or autonomous area: Republic of Ryukyu or Ryukyu Kingdom ^[142]
  • Political parties: Kariyushi Club, formerly Ryūkyū Independence Party (琉球独立党, Ryūkyū Dokuritsutō)
  • Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
  • Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu.

Kansai region ^[143]

• Ethnic group: Japanese people
  • Proposed: autonomy for Kansai region
  • Political party: Union of Kansai Governments

Kyushu ^[144]

• Ethnic group: Japanese people
  • Proposed: creation of a Kyushu Prefecture

Kazakhstan

Map of North Kazakhstan

North Kazakhstan Region and other ethnic Russian parts of Kazakhstan ^[145]

• ethnic group: Russians in Kazakhstan
  • proposed: independence for the Russians in Kazakhstan

Laos

Northern Laos

• Ethnic group: Hmong people
  • Proposed state or autonomous area: ChaoFa Hmong ^[146]
  • Organization: Congress of World Hmong People ^{[147] [148]}

Malaysia

Main articles: States and federal territories of Malaysia, Divisions of Malaysia, and Districts of Malaysia

Further information: North Borneo, Malaysia Agreement, 18-point agreement, 20-point agreement, Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, 2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, and Premier of Sarawak

See also: East Malaysia, Languages of Malaysia, and Ethnic groups in Malaysia

A "Sarawak for Sarawakians" car sticker in Sibu incorporating elements of a Sarawak state with the pre-Malaysian flag

Johor ^{[149] [150]}

• Ethnic groups: Johor Malays and Johoreans
  • proposed state: Johor

Kelantan ^{[151] [152]}

• Ethnic groups: Kelantan Malays
  • proposed state: Kelantan
  • Advocacy groups: Kelantan State Government ^[153]

Sabah ^{[154] [155]}

• Ethnic groups: Chinese and indigenous people, (See Demographics of Sabah)
• Proposed state: Sabah
  • Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM) ^{[154] [156]}

Sarawak ^{[154] [155] [157] [158]}

• Ethnic groups: Chinese and indigenous people, (See Demographics of Sarawak)
• Proposed state: Sarawak
  • Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement ^{[154] [156] [159]}
  • Political parties: Parti Bumi Kenyalang

Myanmar

Further information: Myanmar Civil War

Ethnolinguistic groups of Myanmar.

Map of conflict zones in Myanmar. States and regions affected by fighting during and after 1995 are highlighted in yellow.

Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including Shan State, Kachin State, Rakhine State, and Karen State.

Arakan

• Ethnic group: Rakhine
  • Proposed state: Arakan State
  • Advocacy groups: Arakan Independence Alliance
  • Militant organizations: Arakan Army (Kachin State), Arakan Army (Kayin State)

Chin State

• Ethnic group: Chin
• De Facto State: Chinland ^[160]
• Political Party: Chin National Front
  • Militant organisation: Chin National Army (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Kachin ^[161]

Main article: Kachin conflict

• ethnic group: Kachin
  • proposed state: Kachin
  • militant organization: Kachin Independence Army

Kawthoolei

• Ethnic group: Karen
  • Proposed state: Kawthoolei
  • Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
  • Advocacy group: Karen National Union

Karenni

• Ethnic group: Karenni
  • Proposed state: Kayah State
  • Militant organisation: Karenni Army
  • Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government

Kokang

• Ethnic group: Kokang people (ethnic Han Chinese)
  • Proposed state: Kokang
  • Militant organisation: Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army

Mon State

• Ethnic group: Mon
  • Proposed state: Mon State, Monland
  • Political party: New Mon State Party

Nagaland

Main article: Naga nationalism

• Proposed state: Nagalim
  • Ethnic group: Naga people
  • Militant organization: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

Northern Rakhine State

• Ethnic group: Rohingya
  • Militant organisation: Arakan Rohingya Army, Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, ^[162] Rohingya Solidarity Organization
  • Advocacy groups: Arakan Rohingya National Organisation, ^{[163] [164]} Rohingya National Council ^[165]

Shan States

• Ethnic group: Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Proposed state: Shan Republic
  • Political party: Shan Democratic Union
  • Militant organisation: Shan State Army
  • Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
  • Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States ^[166]

Pa'O

• Proposed state: Pa'O Self-Administered Zone
  • Ethnic group: Pa'O
  • Militant organisation: Pa-O National Liberation Army

Palaung

• Proposed state: Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone
  • Ethnic group: Palaung
  • Militant organisation: Palaung State Liberation Army

Wa State ^[167]

• Ethnic group: Wa
  • Proposed/de facto State: Wa State
  • Political party: United Wa State Party
  • Militant organisation: United Wa State Army

Zale'n-gam

• Ethnic group: Kuki
  • Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
  • Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
  • Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation

Zogam

• Ethnic group: Zomi
  • Proposed state: Zogam
  • Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army ^[19]

Shanni ^[168]

• Ethnic group: Shanni
  • Proposed: self determination for the Shanni
  • Political party: Shanni Nationalities Army

Magway Region ^[169]

• Ethnic group: Bamar people
  • Proposed: autonomy for the Bamar people in a federal Myanmar
  • Militant organization: Bamar People's Liberation Army

Danu Self-Administered Zone ^[170]

• Ethnic group: Danu people
  • Proposed: greater self rule for Danu Self-Administered Zone
  • Militant organization: Danu People's Liberation Army

Lahu people ^[171]

• Ethnic group: Lahu people
  • Proposed: self determination for Lahu people
  • Political party/militant organization: Lahu Democratic Union

Kayan people ^[172]

• Ethnic group: Kayan people
  • Proposed: autonomy for the Kayan people
  • Militant organization: Kayan National Army

Daai Chin ^[173]

• Ethnic group: Daai Chin
  • Proposed: autonomy for the Daai Chin
  • Advocacy group: Daai regional council

Nepal

Further information: Languages of Nepal

Nepal ethnic groups

Kirat Autonomous State

• Ethnic group: Kiratis
  • Proposed state: Kirat
  • Political party: Kirat Janabadi Workers Party

Madhesh

• Ethnic group: Madhesi peoples (including Maithils, Bhojpuris and Tharus).
  • Proposed state: Madhesh
  • Militant organisations: Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha, Madhesh Mukti Tigers (MMT), Tharuwan National Liberation Front (TNLF) ^[174]
  • Advocacy group: Alliance for Independent Madhesh, ^[175] Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party, Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party (2007), Terai Madhes Sadbhavana Party ^[176]

Tharuhat ^[177]

• Ethnic group: Tharu people
  • Proposed: autonomy for Tharuhat

Kathmandu Valley ^[178]

• Ethnic group: Newar people
  • Proposed: creation of an autonomous Newar autonomous region
  • Political party: Newa Rastriya Mukti Morcha

Pakistan

Main article: Separatist movements of Pakistan

Further information: Independence War of Bangladesh

See also: Languages of Pakistan and Demographics of Pakistan

Azad Kashmir

Further information: 1955 Poonch uprising and PC Pak Search Sudhan Operation

• Proposed: secession of Kashmir from Pakistan ^{[179] [180]}
  • Ethnic groups: Kashmiri Muslims, Kashmiris
  • Political party: Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front
  • Student organization: Jammu Kashmir Student Liberation Front
  • Militant organisation: Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (until 2019)

Gilgit Baltistan

Main article: Balawaristan

• Proposed: autonomy for Gilgit-Baltistan and declaration as the fifth province of Pakistan or succession into Balawaristan
  • Ethnic groups: Baltis, Shins
  • Political party: Balawaristan National Front (Pro-Independence, defunct) and Balawaristan National Front (Naji) (Pro-Autonomy, active) ^[181]

Balochistan ^{[182] [183]}

Main articles: Baloch Nationalism and Insurgency in Balochistan

See also: Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency

• Ethnic group: Balochis
  • Proposed state: Balochistan along with Sistan and Baluchestan of Iran and some parts of Afghanistan ^[184]
  • Political parties: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party, Free Balochistan Movement (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Student organization: Baloch Students Organization (inactive)
  • Militant organisations: Baloch Raaji Aajoi Sangar coalition (2018–present), Baloch Liberation Army (2005–present), Baloch Liberation Front (1963–1977, 2000–present), Jaysh al-Adl and Other groups.

Sindh ^{[185] [186]}

Main articles: Sindhi nationalism and Sindhudesh movement

Further information: Insurgency in Sindh

• Ethnic group: Sindhis
  • Proposed state: Sindhudesh
  • Political parties: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz, Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz, Sindh United Party
  • Student organization: Jeay Sindh Studdents' Federation
  • Militant organization: Sindhudesh Liberation Army, Sindhudesh People’s Army and Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army

Punjab

Main article: Saraikistan province movement

• Proposed: Southern Punjab be separated into a separate province called Saraikistan in the Saraiki-speaking areas
  • Ethnic group: Saraikis
  • Political party: Saraikistan Qaumi Council, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz), and Pakistan People's Party

Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa

Main articles: Pashtun nationalism and Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

• Ethnic group: Pashtuns
  • Proposition: Advocating for the regional autonomy and increased Pashtun cultural expression or an independent state called Pashtunistan consisting of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and North Balochistan or accession with Afghanistan
  • Political party: Awami National Party (autonomy and rights), Taliban (accession with Afghanistan) ^[187]
  • Militant organisations: Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan ( Pakistani Taliban)

Karachi

Main articles: Jinnahpur and Muhajir nationalism

Further information: MQM militancy and MQM violence (1994–2016)

• Ethnic group: Muhajirs
  • Proposition: Independence for Jinnahpur or creation of a separate province known as 'Muhajir Sooba' (literally: 'Immigrant Province') for the Muhajir people in Southern Sindh
  • Political Parties: Muttahida Qaumi Movement – London and Mohajir Qaumi Movement – Haqqiqi ^{[188] [189] [190]}
  • Militant organisation: MQM–London and MQM–Haqqiqi ^[191]

Hazarewals ^[192]

See also: Hazara Province Movement

• Ethnic group: Hazarewals
  • Proposed: establishment of a separate Hazara province in Pakistan
  • Advocacy group: Hazara province movement

Kalasha Valleys ^[193]

• Ethnic group: Kalash people
  • Proposed: a separate province for the Kalasha Valleys

Bahawalpur ^[194]

• Ethnic group: Saraikis
  • Proposed: creation of a Bahawalpur province within Pakistan

Palestine

Hebron Hills ^{[195] [196]}

• Proposed: independence for Hebron

Philippines

Main article: Separatism in the Philippines

Cordillera

Sulu archipelago and parts of Zamboanga Peninsula

• Ethnic groups: Moro (Tausūg, Banguingui, Sama-Bajau, Yakan)
  • Proposed state/autonomous area: Bangsa Sūg ^{[197] [198]}

Cordillera Administrative Region

• Ethnic group: Igorot
  • Proposed autonomous area: Cordillera Autonomous Region ^[199] or Autonomous Region of the Cordillera ^{[200] [201]}
  • Advocacy groups: Autonomy in the Administrative Cordillera Movement, ^[202] Cordillera People's Liberation Army , ^{[203] [204]} Cordillera Bodong Administration ^[205]

Mindanao ^{[206] [207]}

• Ethnic group: Mindanaoans
  • Proposed: independence for Mindanao
  • Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement

Soccsksargen ^[208]

• Ethnic group: Maguindanao people
  • Proposed state: Bangsamoro
  • Militant organization: Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters

Russia

Main articles: Separatism in Russia and Proposed federal subjects of Russia

See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Russia, Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum, and Indigenous peoples of Siberia

Siberia or Siberian Federal District ^[209]

• Ethnic group: Russians, Siberians (Siberian peoples)
  • Proposed state or federal subject: Siberian Republic
    • Militant organisation: Sibir Battalion of the Civic Council ^[210]
      • Advocacy groups: Siberian regionalist groups, ^[211] Civil Council

Buryatia

• Ethnic group: Buryats
  • Proposed state: Buryatia or unification with Mongolia ^[212]
    • Advocacy groups: Free Buryatia Foundation

Ural Federal District ^{[213] [214]}

• Ethnic group: Russians
  • Proposed state: Ural Republic ^{[215] [216]}
  • Political parties: Ural Republic Movement, Free Ural, Ural Democratic Foundation

Sakha Republic ^[217]

Main article: Yakut Nationalism

• Ethnic group: Yakuts
  • Proposed state: Yakutia
    • Political party: Foundation Free Yakutia ^[218]

Tuva ^[219]

• Ethnic group: Tuvans
  • Proposed state; Republic of Tyva
    • Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front of Tuva ^[220]

Koryak Okrug ^[221]

• Ethnic group: Koryak people
  • Proposed: re-establishment of the Koryak Okrug

Green Ukraine ^[222]

• Ethnic group: Tungusic peoples
  • Proposed: independence for the "Green Wedge"
  • Advocacy group: Far eastern movement

Khakassia ^[223]

• Ethnic group: Khakas
  • Proposed: independence for Khakassia

Altai ^[224]

• Ethnic group: Altai people
  • Proposed: independence for Altai

Krasnoyarsk Krai ^[225]

• Ethnic group: Russians
  • Proposed state: Krasnoyarsk Krai

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ^[226]

• Ethnic group: Nenets
  • Proposed: Independence for the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Taymyr Autonomous Okrug ^[227]

• Ethnic group: Dolgans
  • Proposed: reinstatement of the Taymyr Autonomous Okrug

Saudi Arabia

Hejaz ^{[228] [229]}

• Ethnic group: Arabs
  • Proposed: independence for Hejaz
  • Advocacy group: Hejaz Parliament

Eastern Province ^[230]

• Ethnic group: Arabs (Shiites in Saudi Arabia)
  • Proposed state: Qatif and Al-Ahsa

Sri Lanka

Territorial claims of Tamil Eelam

Tamil Eelam

Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War

• Ethnic group: Sri Lankan Tamils
  • Proposed state: Tamil Eelam
  • Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, ^{[231] [232] [233]} People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam, etc.
  • Political parties: Tamil National Alliance, People's Front of Liberation Tigers
  • Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam ^{[234] [235]}
  • Advocacy groups: Global Tamil Forum, Tamil Youth Organisation, World Tamil Movement

Syria

Main article: Syrian civil war

Further information: Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, and Federalization of Syria

See also: Alawites § Alleged attempt to establish an Alawite State

See also: Languages of Syria and Demographics of Syria

De facto autonomous region:

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

• Larger ethnic groups: Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians
• Smaller ethnic groups: Armenians, Turkmen, Yazidis, Circassians
  • Political organisation: Syrian Democratic Council
  • Militant organisation: Syrian Democratic Forces

Autonomist movements:

Druze ^[236]

• Ethnic group: Druze
  • Proposed Autonomous Region: Jabal Druze State (Suwayda Governorate) or unification with Israel ^{[237] [238]} (Quneitra Governorate)
  • Political organisation: Supreme Legal Committee in Suwayda
  • Militant organisation: National Guard

Assyria

See also: Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq and Assyrian independence movement

• Ethnic group: Assyrians ^[239]
  • Proposed state: Assyria
  • Political parties: Syriac Union Party, Assyrian Democratic Organization
  • Militant organisations: Syriac Military Council, Sutoro
  • Advocacy groups: Assyria Council of Europe,

Latakia Governorate and Tartus Governorate ^[240]

• Ethnic group: Alawites
  • Proposed: establishment of an autonomous Alawite state in Syria
  • Advocacy group: Alawite Party

Taiwan

Main article: Taiwan independence movement

The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 11 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).

Taiwan

• Proposed state: Republic of Taiwan
  • Movement: Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
    • Note: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has been democratically elected to power in Taiwan five times; in 2000 (until 2004), in 2004 (until 2008), in 2016 (until 2020), in 2020 (until 2024), and in 2024 (until 2028). Although the DPP has been the nominal ruling party of the Republic of China throughout these four ruling terms, the DPP has been pushing a pro-Taiwan independence agenda, whether tacitly or overtly. Some representatives of the DPP, such as Lai Ching-te, argue that Taiwan independence should not even be considered an "independence movement" but is rather the recognition of the reality of the current situation of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Many supporters of Taiwan independence believe that Taiwan, under the formal name of the "Republic of China", is already an independent country from mainland China, under the formal name of the "People's Republic of China". Some groups also exclude the Kinmen and Matsu Islands from their proposal.
  • Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party), New Power Party, Taiwan Statebuilding Party
  • Advocacy groups: Keep Taiwan Free (Taiwanese organisation), World United Formosans for Independence

Taiwanese indigenous peoples

• Ethnic group: Native Taiwanese
  • Proposed: autonomy for the indigenous peoples of Taiwan ^[241]
  • Political party: Taiwan First Nations Party ^[242]

Thailand

Map of the Patani region

See also: Languages of Thailand and Demographics of Thailand

Patani

Main article: South Thailand insurgency

• Ethnic group: Patani Malays
  • Proposed state: Pattani Darul Makrif, ^[243] unification with Malaysia ^{[244] [245]}
  • Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organisation, Patani Malays National Revolutionary Front, Runda Kumpulan Kecil, Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement, Islamic Liberation Front of Patani
  • Advocacy group: Pelajar Bangsa ^{[246] [247] [248]}

Isan ^[249]

• Ethnic group: Isan people
  • Proposed: autonomy for Isan
  • Advocacy group: New Isan Movement

Phuket province ^{[250] [251]}

• Ethnic group: Urak Lawoi
  • Proposed: autonomy for Phuket province

Northern Thailand ^{[252] [253]}

• Ethnic group: Northern Thai people
  • Proposed: autonomy for Northern Thailand/Lan Na

Turkey

Map showing Kurdish-speaking areas within Turkey, as per the 1965 census.

See also: Minorities in Turkey and Secession in Turkey

See also: Languages of Turkey and Demographics of Turkey

Further information: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey, Turkish Kurdistan, Kurds in Turkey, Zazas, Kurds in Istanbul, Turkish nationalism, Turkish War of Independence, Greek genocide, Armenian genocide, Republic of Hatay, Western Armenia, Western Armenia Government in Exile, Treaty of Sèvres, Treaty of Lausanne, and Syrian Resistance

Northern Kurdistan ^[254]

Main articles: Kurdish nationalism, United Kurdistan, and Kurdish Question

• Ethnic group: Kurds
  • Proposed state: Kurdistan
  • Militant organisations: Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)

Assyria

Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

• Ethnic group: Assyrians, Arab Christians
  • Proposed state: Assyria
  • Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
  • Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
  • Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe

Western Armenia

Main articles: Western Armenia, Armenian question, and Armenian genocide

• Ethnic group: Armenians
  • Proposed state: Western Armenia or merger with Armenia
  • Political parties: Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party
  • Advocacy groups: Armenian National Committee of America

Zazaistan

Main article: Zaza nationalism

• Ethnic group: Zazas
  • Proposed state: Zazaistan
    • Political parties: Democracy Time Party ^[255]
    • Advocacy groups: Federation of Zaza Associations

Turkmenistan

Balkan Region ^[256]

• Ethnic group: Turkmen people
  • Proposed state: Yomudistan

United Arab Emirates

Sharjah ^[257]

• Ethnic group: Arabs
  • Proposed: secession of Sharjah from the UAE
  • Advocacy group: Ruler of Sharjah

Uzbekistan

Karakalpakstan ^{[258] [259]}

Main article: 2022 Karakalpak protests

• ethnic group: Karakalpaks
  • proposed state: Karakalpakstan

Vietnam

Central Highlands (Vietnam)

• Ethnic group: Montagnard ^[260]
  • Proposed: autonomy ^[261] or independence of the ^[262]
  • Political organisations: Montagnard Foundation, Inc., Montagnard Dega Association, Montagnard Human Rights Organization, United Montagnard People, M'Nong Bu-dang, Movement for the Unity of Ethnic Groups of South Viet-Nam ^[263]

Hmong state

• Ethnic group: Hmong people
  • Proposed state or autonomous area: ChaoFa Hmong ^[264]

Mekong Delta and South East Vietnam

• Ethnic group: Khmer Krom ^{[265] [266]}
  • Proposed: Autonomy for the Khmer Krom or unification with Cambodia ^{[ citation needed ]}
  • Political party: Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation

Yemen

Further information: Southern Movement, Yemeni unification, Greater Yemen, South Yemen, South Yemen insurgency, and Federation of South Arabia

See also: List of active separatist movements in Africa § Yemen

Yemen prior to unification

• Proposed state: Republic of South Arabia or Republic of South Yemen ^[267]
  • Political parties: Southern Movement, Southern Transitional Council ^{[268] [269] [270]}
  • Militant organisation(s): Security Belt, Shabwani Elite, Southern Giants Brigades
  • regional group: Southern Yemenis

Map of the proposed Hadhramaut Region in green

• Proposed autonomous area: Hadhramaut Region ^{[271] [272]}
  • De facto autonomous government: Hadramout National Council
  • Political parties: Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance, Hadhrami League,
  • Militant organisation(s): Hadhrami Elite Forces
  • Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s): Hadharem, Mehri and Socotran

Tihamah ^{[273] [274]}

• Proposed: autonomy for Tihamah

See also

• Lists of active separatist movements
• List of historical separatist movements
• Autonomous area

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1. The Tibetan independence movement can either encompass the smaller Tibetan Autonomous Region (Xizang) or the larger "Greater Tibet".