List of active separatist movements in North America

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in North America. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

1. They are active movements with active members.
2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
3. They are citizens / people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

• De facto state (de facto entity): for regions without diplomatic recognition but with de facto autonomy.
• [Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
• Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
  • De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
  • Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
  • Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
  • Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
  • Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
  • Ethnic / ethnoreligious / racial / regional / religious group(s).

Antigua and Barbuda

Barbuda

• Proposed state: Independence for Barbuda or federalism
  • Political parties: Barbuda People's Movement ^{[1] [2]}

Belize

Toledo District ^{[3] [4]}

• Ethnic group: Maya peoples
  • Proposed: autonomy for Maya peoples in southern Belize
  • Political party: Maya Leaders Alliance ^[5]

Canada

Main articles: Secessionist movements of Canada, Indigenous self-government in Canada, and Council of the Haida Nation

Cascadia

Cascadia

• Proposed state: Republic of Cascadia
  • Advocacy group: Cascadia Department of Bioregion ^{[6] [7] [8]}

Western Canada

Western Canada

• Proposed state: West Canada (includes Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan as well as (sometimes) Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut)
  • Political party: Maverick Party, ^{[9] [10] [11]} Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta, Buffalo Party of Saskatchewan

Alberta

• Proposed: Independence for Alberta ^{[12] [13] [14]} or unification with the United States ^{[15] [16] [17]}
  • Political parties: Independence Party of Alberta, Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta, Republican Party of Alberta (Unification with USA)

Saskatchewan

• Proposed: Independence for Saskatchewan ^{[18] [19] [20]}
  • Political party: Buffalo Party of Saskatchewan

Quebec

• Proposed: Independence for Quebec or autonomy ^{[21] [22] [23] [24] [25]}
  • Civil organization: Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society, Mouvement national des Québécois et des Québécoises (MNQ), Rassemblement pour l'indépendance du Québec (RIQ), Les Intellectuels pour la souveraineté (IPSO), Mouvement de libération nationale du Québec (MLNQ), Réseau de Résistance du Québécois (RRQ)
  • Political parties (secessionist): Parti Québécois, Bloc Québécois, Québec solidaire, Communist Party of Canada, Marxist–Leninist Party of Quebec, Climat Québec
  • Political parties (autonomist): Coalition Avenir Québec, Équipe Autonomiste

British Columbia

• Proposed state: British Columbia
  • Political party: Progressive Nationalist Party of British Columbia, ^{[26] [27] [28]} BC Independence Party

Northern Ontario

• Proposed: Splitting Northern Ontario out as an independent state
  • Political party: Northern Ontario Party ^{[29] [30] [31]}

Vancouver Island

• Proposed: Breaking Vancouver Island off from British Columbia to create a new province or independence ^{[32] [33] [34]}

Nuxalk

• Proposed state: Nuxalk Nation
  • Advocacy group: Nuxalk Nation (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization until 2008) ^[35]

Cape Breton Island ^[36]

• Proposed: Breaking Cape Breton Island off from Nova Scotia or have autonomy

Nunavik ^[37]

• Ethnic group: Inuit
  • Proposed: autonomy for Nunavik

Newfoundland ^[38]

• Proposed: independence for Newfoundland

Heiltsuk Nation

• Ethnic group: Heiltsuk
  • Proposed: self determination for Heiltsuk Nation ^[39]

Northeast British Columbia ^[40]

• Proposed: independence for Northeast British Columbia

Colombia

San Andrés y Providencia

See also: List of active separatist movements in South America § Colombia

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Raizal State
  • Advocacy group: Archipelago Movement for Ethnic Native Self-Determination (AMEN-SD) ^{[41] [42] [43] [44] [45]}

Cuba

Isla de la Juventud ^[46]

• Ethnic group: Mestizo
  • Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for Isla de la Juventud

Denmark

Map of Greenland

For other movements in Denmark, see List of active separatist movements in Europe § Denmark.

Greenland

• Ethnic group: Greenlandic Inuit, Danish Greenlanders, others
• Proposed: Independence for Greenland ^{[47] [48]}
  • Political parties: Inuit Ataqatigiit, Siumut, Naleraq and Nunatta Qitornai.

Dominican Republic

Cibao

• Proposed state: República del Cibao or autonomy ^{[49] [50]}
  • Advocacy group: MiCibao ^[51]

France

Map of Guadeloupe

Map of Martinique

Main articles: Overseas France, Overseas country of France, Overseas collectivity, and Overseas departments and regions of France

Further information: List of active separatist movements in Europe § France, List of active separatist movements in South America § France, List of active separatist movements in Africa § France, and List of active separatist movements in Oceania § France

Guadeloupe

• Proposed state: Republic of Guadeloupe ^{[52] [53] [54]}
  • Political parties: United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible, Progressive Democratic Party of Guadeloupe ^[55]
  • political party (autonomist): Guadeloupe Communist Party

Martinique

• Proposed state: Republic of Martinique ^{[53] [54]}
  • Political party: Martinican Independence Movement, ^[56] Build the Martinique Country, Péyi-A
  • political party (autonomist): Martinican Progressive Party

Haiti

Gonâve Island

• Proposed state: Gonâve Island or autonomy ^{[57] [58]}
  • Advocacy group: La Gonâve en avant ^{[59] [60]} Jatibonicu Taino Tribal Nation

South Haiti

Grand'Anse, Sud, Sud-Est and Nippes

• Proposed: autonomy for south Haiti ^[61]

Honduras

Coastal Departments of Honduras ^[62]

• Ethnic group: Garifuna
  • Proposed: autonomy for the Garifuna
  • Political party: Organización Fraternal Negra Hondureña

Mexico

Autonomist movements

Zapatista

Chiapas

• Ethnic group: Mayans, Tzotzil
• De facto autonomous area: Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities
  • Militant organization: Zapatista Army of National Liberation ^{[63] [64] [65] [66]}

Triqui

• Ethnic group: Triqui
• Proposed autonomous area: Oaxaca
  • Militant organization: Movement for Triqui Autonomy ^{[67] [68] [69]}

El Norte / Aridoamerica

• Ethnic groups: Norteño people
• Proposed state: Aridoamerican Confederacy
  • Advocate group: Proyecto Aridoamerica A.C. ^[70] Partido Aridoamericano

Nuevo León

• Proposed state: Royal Republic of Nuevo León
  • Advocacy group: National Anti-AMLO Front(FRENAA) ^{[71] [72] [73] [74] [75]}

Baja California ^[76]

• Proposed: independence for Baja California
  • Advocacy group: Sí Baja California

Netherlands

Curaçao

• Proposed: Independence for Curaçao ^[77]
  • Political parties: Movement for the Future of Curaçao, ^[78] Sovereign People ^[79]
  • Referendums: 1993 and 2005

Aruba

• Proposed: Independence for Aruba
  • Political party: People's Electoral Movement (Aruba) ^{[80] [81]}
  • Referendum: 1977

Sint Maarten

• Proposed: Independence, autonomy or unification with Saint Martin
  • Political party: Unified Resilient St. Maarten Movement ^[82]
  • Referendums: 1994 and 2000

Bonaire ^[83]

• Proposed: independence or autonomy for Bonaire
  • Political party: Bonaire Democratic Party

Saba ^[84]

• Proposed: independence for Saba
  • Advocacy group: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy

Nicaragua

Miskitu

• Ethnic group: Miskito people
• Proposed: Greater autonomy for Miskitu ^{[85] [86]}
  • Political party: General Assembly of the Council of Elders ^[87]

Panama

Madungandí ^[88]

• Ethnic group: Guna people
  • Proposed: Establishment of a second Guna reserve
  • Advocates: Guna people

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Nevis and the neighbour Saint Kitts island

Nevis ^[89]

• Proposed: Greater autonomy for Nevis
  • Political parties: Nevis Reformation Party, ^[90] Concerned Citizens' Movement ^[91]

Trinidad and Tobago

Tobago

• Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for Tobago ^{[92] [93]}
  • Political party: Tobago Organisation of the People, ^[94] Progressive Democratic Patriots, ^{[92] [93]} Tobago Forwards, One Tobago Voice ^[95]

United States

Main article: Secession in the United States

See also: List of active separatist movements in Oceania § United States

Cascadia

• Proposed state: Republic of Cascadia
  • Advocacy group: Cascadia Department of Bioregion ^{[6] [7] [8] [96] [97]}

Native Americans

• Proposed states and/or autonomous regions: Multiple
  • Advocacy groups: Lakota Freedom Movement, ^{[98] [99]} Mohawk Warrior Society, American Indian Movement, American Indian Movement of Colorado, International Indian Treaty Council, Red Power movement

Southern US

Southern United States

• Proposed state or autonomous region: Confederate States of America or Southern United States or Dixie or Dixieland
  • Advocacy groups: League of the South, ^{[100] [101] [102]} other neo-Confederate and non-confederate southern separatist groups.

Deseret ^[103]

• Ethnic group: Mormons
• Proposed state or autonomous region: Deseret
  • Advocacy groups: Deseret nationalists (#DezNat)

Aztlán

See also: Chicano nationalism, Plan Espiritual de Aztlán, and Reconquista (Mexico)

• Ethnic group: Chicano Movement, Chicano
• Proposed: Greater autonomy for Aztlán ^{[104] [105]}
  • Advocacy groups: MEChA (Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán , ^[106] "Chicano Student Movement of Aztlán"), ^{[104] [107]} Freedom Road Socialist Organization, ^[108] which calls for self-determination for the Chicano nation in Aztlan up to and including the right to secession. ^[109]

Boundaries of the Republic of New Afrika

New Afrika

Main article: African-American self-determination

• Ethnic group: African Americans
• Proposed state or autonomous region: Republic of New Afrika ^{[110] [111]}
  • Advocacy group: Pan-Africanists ^[112] Black Radical Congress, Moorish sovereign citizens, Nuwaubian Nation, Huey P. Newton Gun Club, Black Lives Matter (Factions)
  • Political parties: New Black Panther Party, African People's Socialist Party, Not Fucking Around Coalition, Black Hammer Party, Revolutionary Black Panther Party, Black Riders Liberation Party, Washitaw Nation

New England in the USA in red

New England

• Proposed state or autonomous region: Republic of New England ^[113]
  • Advocacy groups: New England Independence Campaign, ^{[114] [115] [113]} New England Autonomy Movement, ^[116] People's Initiative of New England ^[117]
  • Political Party: Yankee National Party (includes both the Mid-Atlantic and New England) ^[118]

Alaska

Alaska

• Ethnic group: Alaskan Creoles, Alaska Natives, Americans, Russian Americans
• Proposed state: Republic of Alaska ^{[119] [120]}
  • Political party: Alaskan Independence Party ^[121]

California

California

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Second Californian Republic / "New" California or autonomy
  • Ethnic group: Americans, Californios, Indigenous Californians
  • Advocacy groups: Yes California, ^[122] Californians for Independence
  • Political parties: California National Party, ^[123] California Freedom Coalition ^[124]

Texas

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Republic of Texas
  • Ethnic group: Americans, Tejanos
  • Advocacy groups: Texas Nationalist Movement, ^{[125] [126]} Republic of Texas (group)

New Hampshire ^{[127] [128]}

• Proposed state or autonomous area: New Hampshire
  • Advocacy groups: NHexit, ^{[129] [130]} Foundation for New Hampshire Independence, ^[131] Free State Project

Vermont

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Vermont Republic
  • Political party: Vermont Independence Party ^{[132] [133] [134]} Green Mountain Anarchist Collective (Anarchist)
  • Advocacy group: Second Vermont Republic ^{[135] [136]}

Florida

• Proposed: Independence for Florida
  • Ethnic group: Americans, Floridanos and other Hispanics and Latinos in Florida, Portuguese, Haitians, Other West Indies People, Indigenous peoples of Florida (Including: Seminoles and Miccosukee)
  • Political Party: Independent Party of Florida (1993)

Territories

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico

Main article: Independence movement in Puerto Rico

• Proposed: Independence, statehood, autonomy, independence under free association ^{[137] [138]} or reunification with Spain as an autonomous community ^{[139] [140]}
  • Political party: Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP)
  • Advocacy groups: Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, ^[141] Hostosian National Independence Movement ^[142] (MINH), Socialist Front (FS), Movimiento Puertorriqueño Reunificacionista con España (MPRE)
  • Militant organization: Boricua Popular Army (Macheteros), Cadets of the Republic

Virgin Islands

• Proposed: Republic of the Virgin Islands or greater autonomy for the United States Virgin Islands ^[143] or unification with the British Virgin Islands
  • Political party: Independent Citizens Movement ^[144]

United Kingdom

Bermuda ^{[145] [146] [147]}

• Proposed state: Bermuda
  • Political party: Progressive Labour Party (Bermuda), ^{[148] [149]} One Bermuda Alliance (historically), Gombey Liberation Movement

Cayman Islands ^{[150] [151]}

• Proposed state Cayman Islands
  • Political party: People’s Progressive Movement

Virgin Islands ^[152]

• Ethnic group: people of the British Virgin Islands
  • Proposed state: Republic of the Virgin Islands
  • Political party: Progressive Virgin Islands Movement

See also

• Alliance for Yucatan Party
• American Redoubt
• Christian exodus movement
• Diagolon, Canadian alt-right organization
• Inuit Nunangat
• Land Back
• Lists of active separatist movements
• Lists of historical separatist movements
• Northwest Territorial Imperative
• Republic of Florida Militia

References

1. "Heated debate on Barbuda secession begins in parliament". Antigua Observer. September 25, 2020. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
2. "Barbuda's secession request goes to Parliament". Antigua News Room. September 11, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
3. "The Struggle to Implement Maya Land Rights in Belize".
4. "Belize Fails to Obtain Maya Consent on Consent Protocol".
5. "Maya Leaders Alliance".
6. "Cascadia Department of Bioregion home page" . Retrieved March 21, 2022.
7. "Opinion: The Pacific Northwest, strong and free: On the inevitable rise of Cascadia". The Globe and Mail. September 17, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
8. "Could a Cascadian Secession Actually Happen?". Seattle Met. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
9. Thomson, John (December 21, 2022). "THOMSON: The west is going maverick… so where is the Maverick Party?". Western Standard. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
10. Kirby, Jason (October 25, 2019). "Trudeau's victory sparks 'Wexit' separatist talk in Canada's west". Financial Times. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
11. Cecco, Leyland; Agren, David (November 25, 2019). "Wexit: Alberta's frustration fuels push for independence from Canada". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved May 31, 2023.
12. Naylor, Dave (May 25, 2020). "POLL: 45-48% of Albertans back independence". Western Standard. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
13. Cecco, Leyland; Agren, David (November 25, 2019). "Wexit: Alberta's frustration fuels push for independence from Canada". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved November 25, 2019.
14. "A new poll suggests Alberta is the province that most wants to separate from Canada — not Quebec". nationalpost. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
15. "The man behind Wexit wants Alberta to become the 51st state".
16. "Alberta as the 51st state?".
17. "LITTLEJOHN: Alberta as the 51st State isn't a crazy as you might think". February 12, 2020.
18. Burgess, Steve (November 11, 2021). "Please Advise! Now Saskatchewan Wants to Split?". The Tyee. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
19. Fawcett, Max (November 18, 2021). "No, Saskatchewan, you're not a nation". Canada's National Observer. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
20. "Opinion | Western separatism? It's just another way for a premier to say, 'Show me the money'". thestar.com. November 13, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
21. Dutrisac, Robert (May 14, 2011). "Sondage Léger Marketing-Le Devoir - L'appui à la souveraineté ne fléchit pas". Le Devoir (in French). Retrieved May 31, 2023.
22. Fournier, Philippe J. (March 10, 2023). "338Canada: Why Quebec sovereigntists are looking up". POLITICO. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
23. "Canada: Quebec separatist party calls for split with British monarchy". BBC News. October 26, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
24. Bélair-Cirino, Marco (November 7, 2015). "La CAQ change d'identité". Le Devoir (in French). Retrieved May 31, 2023.
25. "The One Thing That Might Save Jean Charest". HuffPost. January 6, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
26. Caddel, Katherine (January 7, 2023). "UPDATE: Local separatist group looking to part from Canada". Energeticcity.ca. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
27. "B.C. residents least interested in separating from Canada, poll finds". British Columbia. July 1, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
28. "Separatist sentiment growing in B.C.: survey". INFOnews. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
29. "Separatist Northern Ontario Party is officially registered".
30. "Northern Ontario's dream to secede, reborn: 'We're treated like a colony'". nationalpost.com. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
31. "TVO Today | Current Affairs Journalism, Documentaries and Podcasts". www.tvo.org. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
32. "Les Leyne: Islanders yearn for independence". Times Colonist. August 3, 2013.
33. "Forget Wexit, it's time to talk about the separation of Vancouver Island - Ladysmith Chronicle". www.ladysmithchronicle.com. October 31, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
34. "Separatism in BC: the Province of Vancouver Island? | News". dailyhive.com. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
35. "Members -". May 9, 2024.
36. "Making the legal argument why Cape Breton Island should be its own entity separate from Nova Scotia".
37. "Quebec Inuit seek to achieve autonomy through "self-determination process"".
38. "Debate over Confederation still lively in Newfoundland 75 years later".
39. "An Indigenous nation in Canada hails historic constitution: 'We're now the architects of certainty for ourselves'".
40. "UPDATE: Local separatist group looking to part from Canada".
41. "Aclaración del Movimiento Amen SD". El Isleño (in Spanish). March 17, 2014. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
42. "Independencia, opción de los raizales de San Andrés" (in Spanish). September 19, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
43. "Marchan en la isla de San Andres a favor de la separación de Colombia". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). June 3, 2007. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
44. "¿Un referéndum independentista para San Andrés?". www.xn--elisleo-9za.com. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
45. "Autodeterminacion en el Caribe" (PDF). February 26, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
46. "Blackouts in the Isle of Youth lead the population to demand independence".
47. "Greenland Steps Up Its Independence Calls as Oil Ambitions Grow". Bloomberg.com. January 11, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
48. "As the ice melts, Greenland considers its future". BBC News. January 9, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
49. "Plantea crear República del Cibao como solución a problemas nacionales". Haitianinternet.com (in Spanish). March 31, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
50. "Activista propone creación de la República del Cibao como alternativa a problemas nacionales". elsolsantiago.com (in Spanish). September 6, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
51. "Plantea crear República del Cibao como solución a problemas nacionales". Loop (in Spanish). September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
52. Crowell, Maddy (April 21, 2018). "The Island Where France's Colonial Legacy Lives On". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
53. "Martinique and Guadeloupe still in turmoil - International Viewpoint - online socialist magazine". internationalviewpoint.org. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
54. Alcoy, Philippe (December 4, 2021). "France's Discussion of Autonomy for Guadeloupe and Martinique Is an Imperialist Maneuver". Left Voice. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
55. "Le PPDG proteste contre la mise à l'écart des partis politiques lors du 17ème congrès des élus". Guadeloupe la 1ère (in French). June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
56. "Pro-independence candidate wins in Martinique, does not want to change status quo (for now)". Nationalia (in Catalan). January 6, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
57. "Residents of La Gonave Haiti call for independence of the island". Haitianinternet.com. September 6, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
58. "Gonâve : A wind of independence blows on the island". iciHaiti. September 6, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
59. "Des citoyens réclament l'indépendance de l'île de la Gonâve". Loop (in French). September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
60. "Gouvernance Des gonaviens réclament l'indépendance de l'île". Vant Bèf Info (VBI) (in French). September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
61. "Great South Symposium: A call for regional autonomy".
62. "Iseri Lidáwamari : autonomía territorial y educativa en la comunidad Garifuna de Vallecito en Honduras".
63. Vidal, John (February 17, 2018). "Mexico's Zapatista rebels, 24 years on and defiant in mountain strongholds". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved June 2, 2023.
64. Villegas, Paulina (August 26, 2017). "In a Mexico 'Tired of Violence,' Zapatista Rebels Venture Into Politics". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 2, 2023.
65. "Mexico's Zapatistas Have Been Rebelling for Decades". Teen Vogue. January 30, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
66. Tucker, Duncan. "Mexico's Zapatistas". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
67. "Triqui | Indigenous Peoples | Intercontinental Cry" . Retrieved June 2, 2023.
68. "On a Hunger Strike, the Displaced women of San Juan Copala | Intercontinental Cry" . Retrieved June 2, 2023.
69. "Oaxaca: indigenous protest camp eviction". CounterVortex. January 7, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
70. "Del proyecto Aridoamérica al Nortexit: toman fuerza las posturas separatistas en México". El Sol de México. August 25, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
71. "Desmitiendo la popular narrativa del "Nuevo León Independiente"" (in Spanish). September 16, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2025.
72. "No es nuevo, intento de separación de Nuevo León". ABC Noticias (in Spanish). April 24, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2025.
73. Feldman, Aarón Benjamín López (January 24, 2022). "Hacer a Nuevo León un reino de nuevo. El proyecto nostálgico de Abelardo A. Leal y la excepcionalidad regiomontana". Sillares. Revista de Estudios Históricos (in Spanish). 1 (2): 16–61. doi: 10.29105/sillares1.2-1 . ISSN   2683-3239.
74. "Realizan consulta para que Nuevo León se independice de México". MVS Noticias (in Spanish). January 5, 2025. Retrieved February 10, 2025.
75. Esquivel, Por Israel Aguilar (January 6, 2025). "Regia República de Nuevo León: recaudan firmas para convertir al estado en un país independiente". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved February 10, 2025.
76. "IEEBC da palo a Movimiento Independiente como partido político".
77. "Call for demonstrations in Curaçao and St. Maarten on Dec. 19, expected apology by Rutte | NL Times". nltimes.nl. December 18, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
78. "MFK Wants An Independent Curacao". Soualiga Youth. April 7, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
79. Leidel-Schenk, Leoni (October 12, 2012). "Partijen aan het woord: Pueblo Soberano". Versgeperst.com Curacao. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
80. "Movimiento Electoral di Pueblo: Pagina Principal".
81. "El incierto camino de Aruba hacia la independencia | NR | Periodismo alternativo" (in Spanish). January 16, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
82. "URSM unveils 10-year vision for Country St. Maarten's autonomy". December 8, 2023.
83. ""We deserve to speak and defend our own island Bonaire". St. Martin News Network. July 5, 2023. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
84. "VVD puts islands' potential for independence in election prog".
85. "Nación Moskitia: un sueño de independencia - Realidades" (in Spanish). October 14, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
86. "Los indígenas que quieren el dinero del narco". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). May 24, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
87. Investiga, Nicaragua (September 14, 2020). "¡Viva la Independencia!: El grito de los indígenas en la Costa Caribe". Nicaragua Investiga (in Spanish). Retrieved September 11, 2024.
88. "Kuna in Panama".
89. "Independence for Nevis still on the agenda, says premier". Caribbean Net News. July 16, 2006. Archived from the original on August 8, 2006. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
90. "Address by the Leader of the Nevis Reformation Party Dr. Janice Daniel-Hodge New Year's Day 2022". NevisPages.com. December 31, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
91. "Freedom in the World 2013 - St. Kitts and Nevis". Refworld. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
92. Connelly, Corey (July 5, 2021). "Tracy: Does PDP want autonomy for Tobago? - Trinidad and Tobago Newsday". newsday.co.tt. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
93. "PNM slams PDP's plan for Tobago's independence | Loop Trinidad & Tobago". Loop News. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
94. "House to debate autonomy". Tobago House of Assembly. January 20, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
95. Connelly, Corey (July 2, 2020). "One Tobago Voice to contest general election - Trinidad and Tobago Newsday". newsday.co.tt. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
96. "Far-fetched as they might seem, secession movements are thriving in the NW". opb. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
97. "Should Oregon Secede? Initiative Seeks To Ask Oregon Voters That Question". opb. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
98. "USA -". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
99. "OST inauguration set for Friday". Rapid City Journal. December 2, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
100. "What is The League Of The South". League of The South. June 8, 2017. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
101. Weill, Kelly (March 27, 2018). "Neo-Confederate League of the South Banned From Armed Protesting in Charlottesville". The Daily Beast. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
102. Hayden, Michael Edison (January 27, 2018). "Violent White Nationalists Are Rallying in Florida". Newsweek. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
103. "New movement of religious extremists push ultra-conservative vision in US". the Guardian. August 9, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
104. "National MEChA | The Philosophy of MEChA". May 17, 2011. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
105. "My journey to Aztlán - Freedom Road Socialist Organization | FRSO". March 4, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
106. "Defining 'Chicanismo' Since the 1969 Denver Youth Conference". KCET. March 24, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
107. "National M.E.Ch.A. Official Website". February 18, 2017. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
108. "El socialismo - Freedom Road Socialist Organization | FRSO". September 21, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
109. "Unity Statement of Freedom Road Socialist Organization - Freedom Road Socialist Organization". FRSO. May 6, 2001. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
110. "Black Separatist | Southern Poverty Law Center". February 17, 2021. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
111. "Are US black separatist groups on the rise?". BBC News. July 11, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
112. "Our Work". UNITED NATION OF IFA-ORISA-VODUN. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
113. Fenster, Jordan (August 6, 2021). "Could New England secede from the union? This group hopes so". CT Insider. Retrieved June 20, 2022. "New England Independence Campaign" . Retrieved October 9, 2022.
114. Welcome to the New England Independence Campaign. "New England Independence Campaign". Newenglandindependence.org. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
115. Reck, Keegan (October 8, 2021). "The case for New England independence". The Daily Campus. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
116. "New England Autonomy". New England Autonomy. Retrieved January 14, 2025.
117. Initiative, The People’s (July 28, 2023). "Introduction". PINE Updates. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
118. "YANKEE NATIONAL PARTY". YANKEE NATIONAL PARTY. Retrieved April 18, 2025.
119. "Alaska secession initiative blocked by Alaska High Court". Ballotpedia. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
120. Francis, Marie (September 20, 2018). "We should revitalize the Alaska Independence Party. Here's why". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
121. "Alaskan Independence Party". www.akip.org.
122. "Column: Meet the man who wants to make California a sovereign entity". Los Angeles Times. August 26, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
123. Pearl, Mike (February 17, 2016). "Meet the California Separatists Leading a New Movement to Secede from the United States". Vice. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
124. Jennewein, Chris (July 27, 2017). "Independent California? Backers Begin Gathering Signatures for Initiative". Times of San Diego. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
125. Chappel, Bill (June 20, 2022). "Texas GOP's new platform says Biden didn't really win. It also calls for secession". npr . Retrieved June 8, 2023.
126. Holley, Peter (October 10, 2022). "Are Texas Republicans Serious About Secession?". Texas Monthly. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
127. "A separatist movement to pull N.H. from the United States gets a hearing in Concord". New Hampshire Public Radio. January 21, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
128. West, Nancy (March 10, 2022). "New Hampshire Secession Goes Down in Flames". InDepthNH.org. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
129. "NHexit.US".
130. "Inspired by the Brexit, New Hampshire group seeks secession". WMUR. June 28, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
131. "Foundation for New Hampshire Independence – First Before. First Again". Foundation for New Hampshire Independence. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
132. "NHexit".
133. "Vermont Independence Party convention". Seven Days newspaper. September 2012.
134. "Only in Vermont?! A Vermont Independence Party (VIP) in the State House". VTDigger. August 30, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
135. "If at First You Don't Secede: Trump Could Revitalize Vermont Movement". Seven Days. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
136. Ketcham, Christopher (March 19, 2013). "U.S. Out of Vermont!". The American Prospect. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
137. Robles, Frances (June 11, 2017). "23% of Puerto Ricans Vote in Referendum, 97% of Them for Statehood". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 9, 2023.
138. Marcos, Coral Murphy (July 20, 2022). "Statehood or independence? Puerto Rico's status at forefront of political debate". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved June 9, 2023.
139. "Reunification with Spain?". www.pr51st.com. Puerto Rico 51st. April 5, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
140. "Adelante Reunificacionistas". Adelante Reunificacionistas (in Spanish). October 17, 2024. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
141. "The history of Puerto Rico shows that nationalism can be liberatory rather than xenophobic | LSE Latin America and Caribbean". LSE Latin America and Caribbean blog. May 21, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
142. "International day of solidarity with the independence of Puerto Rico". www.gp.org. November 1, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
143. "What Does The USVI And Puerto Rico Have In Common? A Summary Of A Stimulating Discussion On Self-Determination In The Virgin Islands". viconsortium.com. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
144. "'Homegrown' Independent Citizens Movement Celebrates 50 Years". St. Thomas Source. October 22, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
145. 1995 Bermudian independence referendum
146. "Poll shows growing opposition to Bermuda's independence". CNW Network. January 13, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
147. "Throne Speech sparks debate on Independence – Bermuda Education Network". www.bermudaeducationnetwork.com. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
148. Lagan, Sarah (September 20, 2022). "'Our next step is certainly to be a sovereign state' Burt tells BBC during interview". www.royalgazette.com. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
149. Lagan, Sarah (November 21, 2022). "Bermuda should 'strive' to get off list of non self-governing countries – Premier". www.royalgazette.com. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
150. "Cayman is ready for independence". September 7, 2020.
151. "Eden calls for independence from UK 'noose'". October 22, 2020.
152. "The British Virgin Islands divided on the issue of independence".