Chinland

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State of Chinland
ချင်းပြည် (Burmese)
Lairam (Hakha Chin)
Chinram (Lushai)
Flag of the Chin National Front.svg
Flag
Seal of the Chinland Government.svg
Seal
Anthem: Chin National Anthem
Orthographic map of Chinland.svg
Location of Chinland (dark green)
Status Autonomous self-governing polity (de jure) [1]
Independent state (de facto) [2]
Capital Camp Victoria [ citation needed ]
Official languages Burmese
Kuki-Chin languages
English
Regional languages Mizo
Ethnic groups
Chin
Myanmar Mizos
Demonym(s) Chin
Government Provisional parliamentary republic [1]
 Chairman of Chinland Council
Pu Zing Cung
 Prime Minister
Pu Pa Thang
Legislature Chinland Council
Establishment
 Chin Hills Regulation Act
13 August 1896
 Chin Forum Initiative
1998
 Chinland Council
13 April 2021
 Chinland Constitution
6 December 2023
Area
 Total
36,018.8 [3]  km2 (13,906.9 sq mi)
Population
 2014 census
578,801 [4]
 Density
16/km2 (41.4/sq mi)
Currency Kyat (K) (MMK)

Chinland, officially the State of Chinland, is a self-governing polity in Southeast Asia. Its claimed territory encompasses Myanmar's Chin State. [5] It controls approximately one third of the Chin State in western Myanmar, along the borders with Bangladesh and India.

Contents

History

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Areas controlled by Chinland and allies Myanmar civil war.svg
  Areas controlled by Chinland and allies

The state was established following the adoption of the Chinland Constitution on 6 December 2023 by the Chin National Front (CNF) and local administration organisations, establishing the Chinland Council as its governing body and changing the former name of Chin State to Chinland. [1] This constitution was objected to by resistance groups from 5 townships (Falam, Tedim, Kanpetlet, Mindat and Matupi) out of the 9 townships in Chin State. [6] The constitution aimed at creating a nation state for the Chin people following the principles of self-determination with a "coming together federal vision", i.e., a bottom-up approach for the establishment of future federal union in Myanmar. [5] [1]

The Chinland Council, composed of 27 CNF members, 14 MPs and 68 members of local administrations, received the support of 14 of the 17 recognised local administration organisations in Chin State, with the exception of Falam, Tedim, Kanpetlet, Matupi and Mindat. [5] [1] [6]

On 17 May 2024, the National Unity Government and the Chinland Council held an online meeting for the first time. Although the details of the meeting were not stated, both parties agreed to hold more meetings in the future. [7]

Governance

Chinland's government is divided in three branches — executive, legislative and judiciary — overseen by the Chinland Council, expected to fully establish the three branches by January 2024. [1] [ needs update ] The executive is expected to include 15 ministries, among which ministries for Defense, Home Affairs, Foreign Affairs and Immigration. [5]

The Chinland Constitutionalso establishes the Chin National Army as the state's only national army. Nonetheless, local administrations still maintain their own armed forces, most of them as part of the Chinland Defense Force and organised in the Chin Joint Defense Committee. [5]

Administrative divisions

The townland and regional divisions of Chinland are as follows: [8] [9]

  • Daai
  • Falam
  • Hakha
  • Hualngo
  • Kanpetlet
  • Lautu
  • Matupi
  • Mara
  • Mindat
  • Ngawn
  • Paletwa
  • Senthang
  • Thantlang
  • Zanniat
  • Zophei
  • Zotung

Symbols

The flag used by the Chinland Council is identical to that of the Chin National Front, which differs from the Chin State's previous flag. It consists of three horizontal bands of red, white and blue, charged with two hornbills in the center. [1]

Status

While claiming to strive for a "federal democratic union", the constitution did not discuss Chinland's status with respect to Myanmar, leading to speculation about potential separatism. [5] However, the Chinland Council's constitution does explicitly state that a federal union is one of its main goals and that the Chinland Council and Government will work in coordination with the democratic National Unity Government, the National Unity Consultative Council, and other "federal units." [1]

Furthermore, some members of the previous Interim Chin National Consultative Council, established in 2021, have rejected the authority of the Chinland Council, fearing a ratification of the constitution would lead to the dissolution of the ICNCC. [5]

Moreover, the Chin community has had a mixed reaction to the formation of the Chinland Council. Many have hailed it as a milestone in Chin history, but others doubt its validity and inclusivity due to the absence of some stakeholders in its formation. [5]

Conflicts with other Chin groups

While the Chinland Council claims to be the sole representative of Chin interests, the establishment of Chinland has not been universally accepted within the Chin community. The Chin Brotherhood Alliance, formed on 30 December 2023, comprises several ethnic armed organizations active in Chin State, including the Chin National Defence Force, PDF-Zoland, and various Chinland Defense Forces. This alliance opposes the Chinland Council's authority, criticizing it for taking advantage of the conflict for territorial gains. [10]

On 31 January 2024, tensions escalated when the Chinland Defense Forces (CDF), alongside the Chin National Army (CNA), launched an offensive against the Maraland Defence Force (MDF), a member of the Chin Brotherhood Alliance, following the alleged killing of a CNA soldier and detention of CDF-Mara soldiers by the MDF. Subsequent clashes occurred in Paletwa Township near the Chin State-Rakhine State border, underscoring the ongoing divisions and armed confrontations within Chinland. [11]

On 20 May 2024, the Zomi Community of Queensland Inc. condemned the CNA for what they described as invading peaceful Zomi-inhabited areas in Myanmar through the villages of Muallum and Cingpikot in the Tedim, Tonzang, and Cikha townships, forcing villagers to flee and endure days without food or water. They emphasized that the Zomi, a peace-loving community, have endured the CNA's oppressive actions for the past 20 years and called for solidarity and condemnation of these actions, asserting that anyone supporting or funding the CNA's violence and human rights abuses is equally responsible for these atrocities. [12]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chin State</span> State of Myanmar

Chin State is a state in western Myanmar. Chin State is bordered by Sagaing Division and Magway Division to the east, Rakhine State to the south, the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh to the west, and the Indian states of Mizoram to the west and Manipur to the north. The population of Chin State is about 488,801 according to the 2014 census, and its capital city is Hakha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chin people</span> Ethnic group native to Myanmar

The Chin people are an ethnic group native to the Chin State of Myanmar. Strictly speaking, the term "Chin" only refers to the 53 sub-tribes of the Chin ethnic group, divided and recognized by the Burmese government. They speak the Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages, which are often mutually unintelligible but are closely related.

Thantlang is a town and the administrative center of Thantlang Township in Chin State, western Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mindat Township</span> Township in Chin State, Myanmar

Mindat Township is a township located in Mindat District in the Chin State of Myanmar. The township is located between latitude 21.19 and 21.47, longitude 93.23 and 94.29. The third highest peak in Myanmar, Nat Ma Taung at 3,053 metres (10,016 ft), is visible from here, though it is within Kanpetlet township boundary. Mindat was a part of Pakokku Hill Tracts District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paletwa Township</span> Township in Chin State, Burma

Paletwa Township is a township of Matupi District in the Chin State of Myanmar. It consists of Paletwa and Sami towns and Paletwa is the administrative center for the township.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tedim Township</span> Township in Chin State, Myanmar

Tedim Township is in Tedim District, Chin State of Myanmar (Burma). The administrative centre for the township is the town of Tedim. Tedim Township is the most populous township in Chin State, with a population of 87,623.

The Lai people mainly inhabit the southern parts of Chin Hills in Myanmar's Chin State, in the townships of Falam, Thantlang and Hakha. They are also found in the Lawngtlai district of Mizoram, India, where they have been granted the Lai Autonomous District Council. Outside this area they are scattered in Mizoram and in Manipur. Their languages "Lai holh" and "Hakha holh" are classified as Central Kuki-Chin languages.

The Daai are an ethnic group living in Chin State, Myanmar. The Daai consist of 32 Chin tribes, which have been registered by the Government of Burma since 1890. The recent Military Regime’s census mentions the Daai tribe as the 62nd of 135 tribes of Burma. Researchers refer to them as the Daai group in the ethnic survey book of Burma. The Daai-Chin appear to be of Tibeto-Burman descent. The Daai people live in the Mindat, Paletwa, Matupi and Kanpetlet townships of Southern Chin State in Burma. There are more than 180 Daai villages with a total population of somewhere between 40,000 and 50,000. Their population makes the Daai-Chin the majority tribe of the Southern Chin Hills.

The Kuki-Chin languages are a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family spoken in northeastern India, western Myanmar and southeastern Bangladesh. Most notable Kuki-Chin-speaking ethnic groups are referred to collectively as the Zo people which includes: the Mizo of Mizoram, the Kuki of Manipur, Assam, Nagaland, Tripura and Bangladesh and the Chin of Chin State, Myanmar.

Chin Christian Institute of Theology, also known as CCIT, is situated in Falam, Chin State, Myanmar. It is a school run by Chin Baptist Convention, which belongs to Myanmar Baptist Convention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zomi Revolutionary Army</span> Nationalist insurgent group

The Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA) is an armed Zomi nationalist militant group formed in 1997, following an increase in ethnic tensions between the Kuki people and the Paite tribe in Churachandpur district of Manipur, India. Its parent organisation, the Zomi Re-unification Organisation, was founded in April 1993.

Daai, which borders the Mün and Ütbü language groups, is a Kuki-Chin of Myanmar. It is spoken in 142 villages in Kanpetlet, Matupi, Mindat, and Paletwa townships in Chin State, Burma (Ethnologue).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chin National Front</span> Political party in Myanmar

The Chin National Front is a Chin nationalist political organization in Myanmar. According to its website, its armed wing, the Chin National Army (CNA), fights the government of Myanmar. The group was founded on 20 March 1988. This organization claims to seek a Federal Union based on self-determination, ethnic equality and democracy. The Chin people are one of the four founding members of the Union of Burma. In 2021, CNF became a member of the National Unity Consultative Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chin Baptist Convention</span>

Chin Baptist Convention is a Baptist Christian denomination Myanmar. The headquarters is in Falam, Chin State, Myanmar. It is a member of the Myanmar Baptist Convention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinland Defense Force</span> Insurgent group fighting against the junta in Myanmar

The Chinland Defense Force is a rebel group in Myanmar. It was formed in response to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état to protect Chin State from the military junta. The CDF claims that they do not attack the military without cause and that they always issue a warning, such as releasing detainees and refraining from using violence against civilians. If the military does not respond, guerrilla or other action follows. They promise to return their weapons and disband if the revolution is successful. CDFs are members of CJDC. Chinland Joint Defense Committee (CJDC) is formed to serve Chin people's security services and protect an enemy from the illegal Myanmar Army. The total strength of active personnel under the command of CJDC is approximated to be around 15,000. From August to October 2021, it was reported that at least 40 clashes occurred between junta troops and CDF in various townships. CJDC claimed that at least 1,029 Tatmadaw soldiers were killed in the clashes and lost 58 of their own in 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PDF Zoland</span> Armed group in Chin State, Myanmar

People's Defence Force-Zoland, also known as Zoland Defence Force and shortened to PDF-Zoland, is a People's Defence Force armed group in Chin State, Myanmar. They're the armed wing of the Zomi Federal Union (ZFU), and a key member of the Chin Brotherhood Alliance, formed in December 2023 alongside the Chin National Defence Force (CNDF) and Chinland Defense Force-Mindat (CDF-Mindat). This alliance aims to enhance collaboration in both political and military endeavors concerning Chin State and Chin ethic affairs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chin theater</span> Armed conflict in northwestern Myanmar

The Chin Theater is one of the theaters of the Myanmar civil war (2021–present), with resistance forces fighting against the Tatmadaw military junta in Chin State, western Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinland Council</span> Myanmar regional legislature

The Chinland Council is the legislature of the self-governing polity the State of Chinland. It was formed on 6 December 2023 following the adoption of the Chinland Constitution by the Chinland Convention that was ratified by 235 representatives of various Chin communities from the Chin State. The Chinland Council has 112 members variously from: the Chin National Front (CNF) (27), Chin officials elected for the now dissolved Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (13), and local administration organizations (68).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chin Brotherhood Alliance</span> Military alliance in Myanmar

The Chin Brotherhood Alliance (CBA) is a military and political alliance between several ethnic armed organisations active in Chin State, Myanmar. Formed on 30 December 2023 during the Myanmar civil war, the claimed goal of the alliance is to foster collaboration concerning affairs in Chin State and in the Chin ethnic community. The alliance was created by local Chin people's defence forces who believed that the establishment of the Chinland Constitution, the Chinland Council, and the State of Chinland "did not adhere to democratic standards, lacked equality, and failed to represent and reflect the unity of the entire Chin ethnic group."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tedim District</span> District in Chin State, Myanmar

Tedim District is a district in Chin State, Myanmar with a population of 117,393 according to the Myanmar Census 2014, making it the most populous district in Chin State. On 1 May 2022, Tedim District was formed with Tedim and Tonzang townships. Its district seat is Tedim. The major towns are Tedim, Tonzang, Cikha, and Khaikam.

References

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  7. "အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၊ ပြည်ထောင်စုအစိုးရနှင့် ပြည်နယ်/ဖက်ဒရယ်ယူနစ်များအကြား ပူးပေါင်းဆောင်ရွက်ရေးကော်မရှင် (FSCC) နှင့် ချင်းပြည် (Chinland) ကောင်စီ တွေ့ဆုံအစည်းအဝေးကျင်းပ" [The National Unity Government, the Federal and State Coordination Commission, and the Chinland Council hold a meeting]. Ministry of Federal Union Affairs, National Unity Government (in Burmese). 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
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  10. Zan, Hein Htoo (7 May 2024). "Chin Alliances Clash Over Territory Liberated From Myanmar Junta". The Irrawaddy.
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