Abkhazians

Last updated

Abkhaz, Abkhazians
Аԥсуаа
Abkhaz-deputatklk.jpg
Regions with significant populations
Former Soviet Union 
Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg  Abkhazia [1] 127,404 (2018 census) [2]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 11,366 (2002 census) [3]
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 3,527 (2008) [4]
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 1,458 (2001) [5]
Flag of Latvia (physical).svg  Latvia 22 - 29 (2021) [6] [7]
Diaspora 
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 39,000 - 600,000 [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria c. 10,000 [13]
Languages
Abkhaz (native), Russian, Georgian, Turkish
Religion
Majority Sunni Islam with significant Abkhazian Orthodox Christianity (especially in Abkhazia) and Abkhaz native faith minority
Related ethnic groups
Abazins, Circassians

The Abkhazians or Abkhazes [lower-alpha 1] are a Northwest Caucasian ethnic group, mainly living in Abkhazia, a disputed region on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea. A large Abkhaz diaspora population resides in Turkey, the origins of which lie in the Caucasian War in the late 19th century. Many Abkhaz also live in other parts of the former Soviet Union, particularly in Russia and Ukraine. [14]

Contents

Ethnology

The Abkhaz language belongs to the isolate Northwest Caucasian language family, also known as Abkhaz–Adyghe or North Pontic family, which groups the dialectic continuum spoken by the Abaza–Abkhaz (Abazgi) and Adyghe ("Circassians" in English). [15] Abkhazians are closely ethnically related to Circassians. [16] Classical sources speak of several tribes dwelling in the region, but their exact identity and location remain controversial due to Abkhaz–Georgian historiographical conflict.[ citation needed ]

Subgroups

There are also three subgroups of the Abkhaz people. The Bzyb (Бзыԥ, Bzyph) reside in the Bzyb River region, and speak their own dialect. [17] The Abzhui (Абжьыуа, Abzhwa) live in the Kodori River region, and also speak their own dialect, which the Abkhaz literary language is based upon. [17] Finally, there are the Samurzakan who reside in the southeast of Abkhazia. [17]

History

Some scholars deem the ancient Heniochi tribe the progenitors of the Abkhaz. [18] This warlike people came into contact with Ancient Greeks through the colonies of Dioskourias and Pitiuntas. [18] In the Roman period, the Abasgoi are mentioned as inhabiting the region. [18] These Abasgoi (Abkhaz) were described by Procopius as warlike, worshippers of three deities, under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Lazica. [18] The Abkhazian view is that the Apsilae and Abasgoi are ancestors of the Abkhaz–Adyghe group of peoples, while the Georgian view is that those were Colchians (Kartvelians or Georgians). [19]

Bagrat III of Georgia, 11th century king of the Kingdom of Abkhazia Bagrat III of Georgia (Gelati mural).jpg
Bagrat III of Georgia, 11th century king of the Kingdom of Abkhazia

Lazica was a vassal kingdom of the Byzantine Empire throughout most of its existence. Later the independent Kingdom of Abkhazia was established and the region became a part of the Georgian cultural world. The local nobility, clergy and educated class used Georgian as a language of literacy and culture. From the early 11th to the 15th century, Abkhazia was a part of the all-Georgian monarchy, but then became a separate Principality of Abkhazia only to be conquered by the Ottomans.[ citation needed ]

Conference of Abkhazian nobility in 1839 Grigory Gagarin. Lithograph of Soldiers.jpg
Conference of Abkhazian nobility in 1839

Towards the end of the 17th century, the region became a theatre of widespread slave trade and piracy. According to a controversial theory developed by Pavle Ingorokva in the 1950s, at that time a number of the Northwest Caucasian pagan Abaza tribes migrated from the north and blended with the local ethnic elements, significantly changing the region's demographic situation. These views were described as ethnocentric and having little historical support. [20] [21]

Abkhaz girl in 1881 Abkhaz Girl 1881.jpg
Abkhaz girl in 1881

The Russian conquest of Abkhazia from the 1810s to the 1860s was accompanied by a massive expulsion of Muslim Abkhaz to the Ottoman Empire and the introduction of a strong Russification policy. As a result, the Abkhaz diaspora is currently estimated to measure at least twice the number of Abkhaz that reside in Abkhazia. The largest part of the diaspora now lives in Turkey, with estimates ranging from 100,000 to 500,000, with smaller groups in Syria (5,000 – 10,000) and Jordan. In recent years, some of these have emigrated to the West, principally to Germany (5,000), Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, France, United Kingdom, Austria and the United States (mainly to New Jersey). [22]

The lands of the Abkhaz/Abaza and their neighbours in the beginning of the 19th century Grand Abazia(Map 1810).jpg
The lands of the Abkhaz/Abaza and their neighbours in the beginning of the 19th century

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Abkhazia was a part of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, but was conquered by the Red Army in 1921 and eventually entered the Soviet Union as a Soviet Socialist Republic associated with the Georgian SSR. The status of Abkhazia was downgraded in 1931 when it became an Autonomous SSR within the Georgian SSR. Under Joseph Stalin, a forcible collectivization was introduced and the native communist elite purged. The influx of Armenians, Russians and Georgians into the growing agricultural and tourism sectors was also encouraged, and Abkhaz schools were briefly closed. By 1989, the number of Abkhaz was about 93,000 (18% of the population of the autonomous republic), while the Georgian population numbered 240,000 (45%). The number of Armenians (15% of the entire population) and Russians (14%) grew substantially as well.[ citation needed ]

The 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia followed by the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia left the Abkhaz an ethnic plurality of ca. 45%, with Russians, Armenians, Georgians, Greeks, and Jews comprising most of the remainder of the population of Abkhazia. The 2003 census established the total number of Abkhaz in Abkhazia at 94,606. [2] However, the exact demographic figures for the region are disputed and alternative figures are available. [23] The de facto Abkhaz president Sergey Bagapsh suggested, in 2005, that less than 70,000 ethnic Abkhaz lived in Abkhazia. [24]

At the time of the 2011 Census, 122,175 Abkhaz were living in Abkhazia. They were 50.8% of the total population of the republic. [25]

In the course of the Syrian uprising, a number of Abkhaz living in Syria immigrated to Abkhazia. [13] By mid-April 2013, approximately 200 Syrians of Abkhaz descent had arrived in Abkhazia. [26] [27] A further 150 were due to arrive by the end of April. [26] The Abkhazian leadership has stated that it would continue the repatriation of Abkhaz living abroad. [27] As of August 2013, 531 Abkhaz had arrived from Syria according to the Abkhazian government. [28]

Economy

The typical economy is strong on the breeding of cattle, beekeeping, viticulture, and agriculture. [17]

Religion

New Athos Monastery 2014 Nowy Aton, Monaster Nowy Athos (06).jpg
New Athos Monastery

The Abkhaz people are principally divided into Abkhazian Orthodox Christian (the Abkhazian Orthodox Church is not recognized by any of the world Orthodox churches, but the territory is recognized as the Eparchy of Bichvinta and Tskhum-Abkhazia of the Georgian Orthodox Church) and Sunni Muslim (Hanafi) communities, [17] (prevalent in Abkhazia and Turkey respectively) but the indigenous non-Abrahamic beliefs have always been strong. [29] Although Christianity made its first appearance in the realm of their Circassian neighbours in the first century AD via the travels and preaching of the Saint Andrew, [30] and became the dominant religion of Circassians in the 3rd to 4th centuries, Christianity became the dominant religion of Abkhazians in the 6th century during the reign of Byzantine emperor Justinian I, and continued to be followed under the kings of Georgia in the High Middle Ages. The Ottomans introduced Islam in the 16th century and the region became largely Muslim gradually until the 1860s. [31]

Diaspora

Many Muslim Circassians, Abkhaz and Chechens migrated to the Ottoman Empire following revolts against Russian rule. [32] It is believed that the Abkhaz community in Turkey is larger than that of Abkhazia itself. [32] Some 250 Abkhaz-Abaza villages are estimated throughout Turkey. [32] According to Andrew Dalby, Abkhazian-speakers might number more than 100,000 in Turkey, [33] however, the 1963 census only recorded 4,700 native speakers and 8,000 secondary speakers. [34] Of the 15,000 ethnic Abkhaz in Turkey, only 4,000 speak the language, the rest having assimilated into Turkish society. [35] As of 2006, it is estimated that 600,000 to 800,000 Abkhazians by descent live in Turkey. [12]

Genetics

The people closest genetically to the Abkhazians are the Abazins [36] [37] [38] and Circassians [39] [40] [41] [42] . There are also similarities between some Western Georgian ethnic groups. [43] [44]

Notable people

Literature

Politics

Other

See also

Related Research Articles

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The Caucasus, or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historically been considered as a natural barrier between Eastern Europe and West Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northwest Caucasian languages</span> Language family

The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo-Adyghean, Abkhazo-Circassian, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic languages, is a family of languages spoken in the northwestern Caucasus region, chiefly in three Russian republics, the disputed territory of Abkhazia, Georgia, and Turkey, with smaller communities scattered throughout the Middle East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abkhaz language</span> Northwest Caucasian language of Abkhazia

Abkhaz, also known as Abkhazian, is a Northwest Caucasian language most closely related to Abaza. It is spoken mostly by the Abkhaz people. It is one of the official languages of Abkhazia, where around 100,000 people speak it. Furthermore, it is spoken by thousands of members of the Abkhazian diaspora in Turkey, Georgia's autonomous republic of Adjara, Syria, Jordan, and several Western countries. 27 October is the day of the Abkhazian language in Georgia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Circassians</span> Northwest Caucasian ethnic group native to Circassia

Circassians, also called Cherkess or Adyghe are an indigenous Northwest Caucasian ethnic group and a nation; native to the historical country-region of Circassia in the North Caucasus. As a consequence of the Circassian genocide perpetrated by the Russian Empire in the 19th century during the Russo-Circassian War, most Circassians were exiled from their homeland in Circassia to modern-day Turkey and the rest of the Middle East, where most of them are today. In the early 1990s, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization estimated that there are as many as 3.7 million Circassians in diaspora in over 50 countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adyghe language</span> Northwest Caucasian language natively spoken by Circassians

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minister for Foreign Affairs of Abkhazia</span> Government official

The office of Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia was created on 17 May 1993, during the 1992–1993 war with Georgia. Due to the diplomatic isolation of Abkhazia, which remains widely unrecognised, the role of the foreign minister has been restricted mostly to negotiations over resolving the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict. Empirical data nevertheless show that Abkhazia's Foreign Ministry also enacts diplomatic relations, such as the sending of diplomatic notes, with various countries across the world, including Nauru, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Nicaragua, and Syria. It is also active in managing relations with other post-Soviet de facto states such as South Ossetia, Transnistria, and the Lugansk People's Republic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ubykh people</span> Caucasian ethnic group

The Ubykh are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, represented by one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Along with the Natukhai and Shapsug tribes, the Ubykh were one of three coastal Circassian tribes to form the Circassian Assembly in 1860. Historically, they spoke a distinct Ubykh language, which never existed in written form and went extinct in 1992 when Tevfik Esenç, the last speaker, died.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abkhazia conflict</span> 1989–present conflict between Georgia and the partially recognized Abkhazia

The Abkhazia conflict is a territorial dispute over Abkhazia, a region on the eastern coast of the Black Sea in the South Caucasus, at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. The conflict involves Georgia, Russian Federation and Russian-backed self-proclaimed Republic of Abkhazia, internationally recognised only by Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria; Georgia and all other United Nations members consider Abkhazia a sovereign territory of Georgia. However, as of 2023, Georgia lacks de facto control over the territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abazins</span> Ethnic group in the Northwest Caucasus

The Abazin, Abazinians or Abaza are an ethnic group of the Northwest Caucasus, closely related to the Abkhaz and Circassian peoples. Now, they live mostly in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt and in Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol Krai in the North Caucasus region of Russia. The Tapanta, a branch of the Abaza, lived between the Besleney and Kabardian princedoms on the upper Kuban.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sukhumi</span> Capital city of Abkhazia

Sukhumi is a city in a wide bay on the Black Sea's eastern coast. It is both the capital and largest city of the Republic of Abkhazia, a partially recognised state that some countries consider a part of Georgia. The city has been controlled by Abkhazia since the Abkhazian war in 1992–93. The city, which has an airport, is a port, major rail junction and a holiday resort because of its beaches, sanatoriums, mineral-water spas and semitropical climate. It is also a member of the International Black Sea Club.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sadz</span>

The Sadz or Asadzwa, also Jigets, are a subethnic group of the Abkhazians. They are sometimes purported to have originated from the Sanigoi tribe mentioned by the Classic authors. In the 6th century, they formed a tribal principality, which later commingled with the Abasgoi, Apsilae and Missimianoi into the Kingdom of Abkhazia.

The Abzakh are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Historically, they lived in the mountainous part of the modern Russian republics of Adygea and Krasnodar Krai. Major settlements or villages were located in the river valleys Kurdzhips, Psheha, Pshish, and Psekups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Abkhazia</span>

The history of Abkhazia, a region in the South Caucasus, spans more than 5,000 years from its settlement by the lower-paleolithic hunter-gatherers to its present status as a partially recognized state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia</span> Soviet country (1921–1931)

The Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia was a short-lived republic within the Caucasus region of the Soviet Union that covered the territory of Abkhazia, and existed from 31 March 1921 to 19 February 1931. Formed in the aftermath of the Red Army invasion of Georgia in 1921, it was independent until 16 December 1921 when it agreed to a treaty that united it with the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. The SSR Abkhazia was similar to an autonomous Soviet republic, though it retained nominal independence from Georgia and was given certain features only full union republics had, like its own military units. Through its status as a "treaty republic" with Georgia, Abkhazia joined the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, which united Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian SSRs into one federal unit when the latter was formed in 1922. The SSR Abkhazia was abolished in 1931 and replaced with the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abkhazia</span> Partially recognised state in the South Caucasus

Abkhazia is a disputed territory between Georgia and Russian-backed Republic of Abkhazia, in the South Caucasus, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It covers 8,665 square kilometres (3,346 sq mi) and has a population of around 245,000. Its capital and largest city is Sukhumi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abkhazia–Turkey relations</span> Bilateral relations

Relations between Abkhazia and Turkey have not been not officially established. Although Turkey has not recognized Abkhazia's independence and regards it as de jure part of Georgia, the two governments reportedly have secret ties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Circassian nationalism</span>

Circassian nationalism is the desire among Circassians worldwide to preserve their genes, heritage and culture, save their language from extinction, raise awareness about the Circassian genocide, return to Circassia and establish a completely autonomous or independent Circassian state in its pre-Russian invasion borders.

Viacheslav Chirikba is a linguist and politician from Abkhazia. He was Minister for Foreign Affairs of Abkhazia between 2011 and 2016.

This is an alphabetical list of Abkhazia-related articles.

References

  1. ↑ The political status of Abkhazia is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Georgia in 1992, Abkhazia is formally recognised as an independent state by 5 UN member states (two other states previously recognised it but then withdrew their recognition), while the remainder of the international community recognizes it as as de jure Georgian territory. Georgia continues to claim the area as its own territory, designating it as Russian-occupied territory.
  2. 1 2 Census statistics (in Russian)
  3. ↑ Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года - 1. Национальный состав населения [All-Russia Population Census of 2002 - 1. The national composition of the population] (in Russian). Russian Federal State Statistics Service. 2004. Archived from the original (XLS) on 29 February 2016.
  4. ↑ "Turkish Abkhazians enjoying independence of their far away country". Abkhaz World | History, Culture & Politics of Abkhazia.
  5. ↑ "All-Ukrainian population census 2001 - The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue". State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2006.
  6. ↑ "Population by ethnicity at the beginning of year – Time period and Ethnicity | National Statistical System of Latvia". data.stat.gov.lv.
  7. ↑ Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības, 01.01.2023. - PMLP
  8. ↑ Abkhaz. Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version
  9. ↑ (2009) Abkhazia Seeking Turkish Recognition of Independence Archived 9 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ (2009) ABKHAZIA’S DIASPORA: DREAMING OF HOME Archived 2017-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ Chirikba 2003 p8
  12. 1 2 "Turkish Abkhazians enjoying independence of their far away country".
  13. 1 2 "Abkhaz Syrians return home". Voice of Russia . 5 May 2012. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  14. ↑ "The journey of Frédéric Dubois de Montpéreux in the Caucasus, to the Cherkhesians and Abkhazians, in Colchida, in Georgia, in Armenia and Crimea". silk.european-heritage.net. Archived from the original on 20 July 2006.
  15. ↑ Asya Pereltsvaig (9 February 2012). Languages of the World: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–. ISBN   978-1-107-00278-4.
  16. ↑ Moshe Gammer (25 June 2004). The Caspian Region, Volume 2: The Caucasus. Routledge. pp. 79–. ISBN   978-1-135-77540-7.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abkhaz" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp.  33. ISBN   978-1-59339-837-8.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Olson 1994, p. 6.
  19. ↑ Smith 1998, p. 55.
  20. ↑ Smith 1998, p.  55.
  21. ↑ George, J. (29 January 2010). The Politics of Ethnic Separatism in Russia and Georgia. ISBN   978-0230613591.
  22. ↑ Chirikba 2003 pp. 6-8
  23. ↑ Georgians and Abkhazians. The Search for a Peace Settlement Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine (Notes and References section), by various authors, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, August 1998.
  24. ↑ Bagapsh Speaks of Abkhazia's Economy, Demographic Situation. Civil Georgia. 10 October 2005
  25. ↑ "население абхазии". www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru.
  26. 1 2 James Brooke (15 April 2013). "Syrian Refugees Go 'Home' to Former Russian Riviera". Voice of America . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  27. 1 2 "Over two hundred representatives of the Abkhazian diaspora in Syria want to return to their historical homeland". Abkhaz World. 2 April 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  28. ↑ ""Repatriates" settling in Abkhazia". The Messenger. 7 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  29. ↑ Johansons, Andrejs. (Feb. 1972) The Shamaness of the Abkhazians. History of Religions. Vol. 11, No. 3. pp. 251–256.
  30. ↑ Taylor, Jeremy (1613–1667). Antiquitates christianæ, or, The history of the life and death of the holy Jesus as also the lives acts and martyrdoms of his Apostles: in two parts. p. 101.
  31. ↑ Bennigsen, Alexandre; Wimbush, S. Enders (1986). Muslims of the Soviet Empire: A Guide. Indiana University Press. p. 216. ISBN   978-0-253-33958-4.
  32. 1 2 3 Tracey German (8 April 2016). Regional Cooperation in the South Caucasus: Good Neighbours Or Distant Relatives?. Routledge. pp. 110–. ISBN   978-1-317-06913-3.
  33. ↑ Andrew Dalby (28 October 2015). Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 1–. ISBN   978-1-4081-0214-5.
  34. ↑ Gachechiladze 2014, p. 81.
  35. ↑ Steven L. Danver (10 March 2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. p. 259. ISBN   978-1-317-46400-6.
  36. ↑ "AA DNA - Адыго-Абхазский ДНК проект" (in Russian). 28 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  37. ↑ "FamilyTreeDNA - Abkhazian DNA Project". www.familytreedna.com. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  38. ↑ Liy, Ergün Özgür. "Abhaz, Abaza, Çerkes ve Ermeni Etnik Grupları Değerler ve Kültürlenme (The Abkhaz-Abaza, Circassian and Armenian Ethnical Groups: Values and Acculturation)".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  39. ↑ Тайсаев, Дж (15 May 2022). Этногенез народов Кавказа (in Russian). Litres. ISBN   978-5-04-005867-9.
  40. ↑ "Пиотр Кәыҵниа / Петр Квициния. Аԥсуаа рантропологиа азҵаарақәа / Вопросы антропологии абхазов. Аҟәа / Сухум - "Алашара" - 2000". apsnyteka.org. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  41. ↑ "The Abkhaz and Western Caucasian DNA • arshba.ru". arshba.ru. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  42. ↑ "AA DNA - Адыго-Абхазский ДНК проект" (in Russian). 28 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  43. ↑ Bitadze, L. "Anthropological History of Abkhazians" (PDF). Iv.Javakhishvili INSTITUTE OF HISTORY. AND ETHNO. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  44. ↑ Peltzer, Alexander (2018). "Inferring genetic origins and phenotypic traits of George Bähr, the architect of the Dresden Frauenkirche". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 2115. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.2115P. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20180-z. PMC   5794802 . PMID   29391530 . Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  45. ↑ Shakir, Manal (5 March 2024). "REVIEW: Hala Gorani explores her roots in 'But You Don't Look Arab'". Arab News .

Notes

  1. ↑ Russian: Абхазы; Abkhaz: Аԥсуаа, romanized: Apsuaа, IPA [ˈapʰswaː]

Sources

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