Khalistan Commando Force

Khalistan Commando Force
ਖਾਲਿਸਤਾਨ ਕਮਾਂਡੋ ਫੋਰਸ
Letterhead logo of the KCF during the leadership of Labh Singh
Founder	Manbir Singh Chaheru   †
Leader	Manbir Singh Chaheru   † (1986) Labh Singh   † (1986–1988) Kanwarjit Singh Sultanwind  † (1988–1989) Gurjant Singh Rajasthani  † (1988–1991)(Faction) Paramjit Singh Panjwar (1989–2023)  †
Dates of operation	1986-Present
Motives	Creation of a Sikh independent state of Khalistan
Designated as a terrorist group by	India [1]

The Khalistan Commando Force (KCF) is a Sikh Khalistani militant organisation operating in the state of Punjab, India with prominent members based in Canada, United Kingdom and Pakistan. ^{[2] [3] [4]} Its objective is the creation of a Sikh independent state of Khalistan through armed struggle. KCF is also responsible for many assassinations in India, including the 1995 assassination of Punjab Chief Minister Beant Singh. ^{[5] [6]} It is designated as a Terrorist Organisation by the Government of India. ^[1]

Objective

The creation of a Sikh independent state of Khalistan through armed struggle is their primary goal. KCF primarily targeted Indian security forces including CRPF, BSF and other police forces. It targeted Hindus who were against the Khalistan movement. The primary source of funding of KCF is looting, bank robbery and extortion. It is also involved in large scale smuggling of weapons from Pakistan to India across the International border. ^[7]

History

Khalistan Commando Force was founded by the Sarbat Khalsa and Panthic Committee. It was the official army of Khalistan. ^[8] Manbir Singh Chaheru was made the leader in February 1986. ^{[9] [10] [11]}

On 8 August 1986, Punjab Police arrested Manbir Singh Chaheru ("Hari Singh"), and he was eventually killed ^{[12] [13]} or disappeared ^[14] while in police custody. After Chaheru was arrested, former police officer Sukhdev Singh, also known as Sukha Sipahi, took command of the KCF. Sukhdev Singh changed his name to Labh Singh and assumed the title of "General".

After his death the KCF was headed by Kanwarjit Singh Sultanwind ^{[15] [16]} On 18 October 1989, Kanwarjit Singh Sultanwind, ^[17] and another two KCF members were arrested by police near Jalandhar. While one member managed to escape, Kanwarjit Singh Sultanwind, then 23 years old, swallowed a cyanide capsule to avoid giving information about the group. ^[17]

Decline

Operation Black Thunder against the Sikh militants in Golden Temple greatly degraded the capability of KCF to conduct operations. ^[7] Police killed Labh Singh on 12 July 1988. ^[18] His loss damaged the organisation. After his death, the Khalistan Commando Force split into factions including those led by Wassan Singh Zaffarwal, Paramjit Singh Panjwar and Gurjant Singh Rajasthani. ^[19]

Another result of Labh Singh's death was the failure of the Khalistan Commando Force - Babbar Khalsa alliance, as the relationship established by Labh Singh and Sukhdev Singh Babbar was lost. ^[20]

The group broke into multiple factions. ^[21]

This organization eventually rendered unable to operate after all of its chiefs, local commanders, militants were killed or captured by Indian security forces by late 1990s. ^[22]

Activities

Main article: List of actions attributed to KCF

1980s

1. On 6 March 1986, according to police Manbir Singh's planned attack on Kabul Singh, acting president of Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC), was carried out in Kapurthala. The attack killed 7 and injured 13. It was carried out by KCF members. According to police 6 men in a jeep opened fire on the escort of Kabul Singh and a police men. Kabul Singh managed to survive, but was seriously wounded. ^{[23] [24] [25]} According to othee sources the real target was Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) Jarnail Singh Brar and that Kabul Singh was caught in the crossfire. The KCF members used stenguns. This attack was condemned by the Panthic Committee and the All India Sikh Student Federation(AISSF). ^[26]
2. On 7 March 1986, Manbir Singh and co burned the home of Jaskirit Singh in Kassochal. ^[26]
3. On March 26, 1986, KCF members killed Arjan Singh Mastana an MLA and leader of Communist Party of India. ^{[27] [28] [29] [30]}
4. On March 29, 1986, Manbir Singh and co were allegedly responsible (According to Surjit Singh Barnala) for an attack in Nakodar killing 12. They shot at a brick kiln and a nearby barber shop. ^{[31] [23]}
5. 6 officers were killed, and more injured, in a violent attack on the District court in Jalandhar, Punjab, India by KCF. ^{[32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]} Accounts of the attack, reported on 6 April 1986 in the US, differed. ^[38] According to an unidentified source in Mahmood's "Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants", the attack was made by KCF leader Manbir Singh Chaheru and his associates. ^[39] "The Courier" of Arizona, US, carried a story attributed to UPI stating that 3 "Sikh terrorists" killed 3 police officers who were taking 3 prisoners to a bathroom, while "16 armed court guards cowered in fear". The report stated that 2 police holding a 4th prisoner were also gunned down, and that "Three other officers, a lawyer, and a bystander were wounded as the Sikhs sprayed the area for 15 minutes." Police said that the guards were too frightened to return fire. This fourth suspect remained in custody. Finally, the Courier article reported that the Sikhs looted "three rifles and a submachine gun" from the dead bodies, and that a 6th officer later succumbed to wounds from the attack. ^[40] The "Wilmington Morning Star" carried an AP story, and related that 3 "Sikh extremists" killed 4 police officers inside the District Court complex, killed two officers who "were shot at the courtyard gate as the attackers fled", and wounded 4 other individuals, including a lawyer. The Star identified the freed suspects as Labh Singh, Gurinder Singh, and Swaranjit Singh, who were to appear in court on charges of slaying Ramesh Chander, a Hindu newspaper editor. The Star reported that District Magistrate S.C. Aggarwal said 4 attackers fired over a compound wall from a lane. It further reported that others witnessed the attackers open fire from close range as police led the prisoners to the toilet. The report concluded with District Police Chief Baljit Singh Sandhu's statement that the attackers hard "fired at least 50 rounds" in the attack. ^[38] The "Eugene Register-Guardian" reported that District Magistrate S.C. Aggarwal said in a telephone interview that 3 or more attackers opened fire as 4 defendants accused of the May 1984 slaying of Ramesh Chander, were being led into the compound, and that the attackers took 3 rifles from the slain police. ^[37] This single incident became a basis of Roberio's "Bullet for bullet" policy. ^[41]
6. According to Harjinder Singh Jinda after Labh Singh was free they both met each other in Jalandhar along with Chaheru. Chaheru had told them that they were in urgent need of money. Labh Singh and Jinda told Chaheru that they would get the cash in a week. They began to scout banks in Jalandhar and selected one to rob. 3 days later at 11 in the morning Labh Singh, Jinda, and others robbed the bank of 1,250,000 rupees. (US$250,000) ^{[42] [43]}
7. Tarsem Singh Kohar, the main hit man of KCF, along with Sukhdev Singh hijacked a train on 10 April which resulted in the death of 5 police officers. ^[44]
8. On 15 July 1986 Manbir Singh organised an attack on Karpurthala Jail to rescue 2 Sikh militants. The militants were Balwinder Singh and Jagjit a Singh Gill. Both of whom were “dreaded” militants. In the jailbreak 2 guards were killed and their weapons were taken. ^{[45] [46] [47] [48]}
9. The organisation battled Indian military forces, especially in revenge for Operation Blue Star, the government's 1984 military operation in the Harimandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar.^{[ citation needed ]}
10. Manbir Singh was arrested on 8 August 1986. Manbir Singh would later be executed in an extrajudicial killing by police. Manbir was the first head of KCF and had broken Labh Singh out of prison. Sarbjit Singh Ropar who was responsible for Manbir Singh's arrest and the acting chairperson for a faction of All India Sikh Student Federation was kidnapped by KCF on 28 August. He was interrogated by Labh Singh and revealed his hand in the arrest and his fathers who was a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP). He also revealed his hand in the arrests of Tarsem Singh Kohar and Waryam Singh. He was soon executed by Labh Singh along with Hardeep Sahota, and Hans Raj Ghuman. Hardeep and Hans were also involved in the arrest of multiple militants and Manbir Singh. ^{[49] [50]}
11. In 1984, General Arun Vaidya had planned and supervised ^[51] Operation Blue Star – a controversial military operation ordered by Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India, ^[52] On 10 August 1986, General Arun Vaidya was shot to death by Jinda and Sukha while he was driving his car home from the market. ^[53] According to the police, the assailants pulled up next to his car on motor scooters and fired eight or nine shots into the car. ^[54] Vaidya reportedly died instantly of head and neck wounds. His wife, who was also in the car, was wounded by four bullets in her back and thighs. ^[55] According to Indian intelligence sources, Vaidya had been the number four assassination target on lists by Sikh militants and he was one of several people killed in retaliation for Operation Blue Star. ^{[56] [57]} Following the assassination, the Khalistan Commando Force issued a statement declaring that Vaidya had been killed in retaliation for the Operation Blue Star. ^[56]
12. On 1 September 1986 Labh Singh (Head of KCF) ^[58] assassinated Additional District and Sessions Judge R.P. Gaind. He was shot 4 times dead in a store while on the phone. His wife and daughter watched the killing. This shooting put secure forces on high alert across Punjab. He had been receiving death threats over his verdict on a case prating to Sodhal Mandir in Jalandhar. A room of it was used by Sikh for worship. Sikh demanded the room that was used for Sikh worship become a Gurdwara. ^{[59] [60] [61]}
13. In September 1986 KCF members under Labh Singh robbed a bank in Talwara. the bank manager was killed and 29,000 rupees (386,000 rupees in 2023. US$4,700 in 2023) was stolen. ^[62]
14. In September 1986 KCF, whose leader was Labh Singh, killed Darshan Singh Canadian an MLA and party leader of the Communist Party of India. ^[63] Darshan Singh opposed Sikh militants and Khalistan supporting NRI Sikhs. He actively campaigned against both. ^[64]
15. In September 1986 KCF members under Labh Singh also killed Baldev Singh Mann. He was a left-wing activist of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy. He was a state level leader of Kirti Kisan Union and the editor of Hirawal Dasta ^{[65] [66]} Baldev was gunned down by 4 men in his home village near Amritsar. He was walking with his brother who escaped unhurt. ^{[67] [63]}
16. On September 29 of 1986 KCF members under Labh Singh robbed a bank in Tar tarn Sahib. The bank manager was killed. ^[68]
17. On Octobor 3rd 1986 men identified in the press as Sikh militants in police uniforms attacked Director-General Punjab Police Julio Francis Ribeiro inside his headquarters in the city of Jalandhar, Punjab, India, with automatic weapons. ^[69] One guard was killed, and Ribeiro, his wife, and four other officers were injured. Ribeiro's wound was minor, but his wife was hospitalised. ^{[70] [71] [72] [73]} KCF later claimed responsibility for this attack. ^[74]
18. In a phone call to news organisations Labh Singh, head of KCF, claimed responsibility for the killing of 4 members of a police patrol near Amritsar. ^[75]
19. In October 1986 Labh Singh personally led a bank robbery in Talwara at the State Bank of India. According to police 4 Sikhs robbed the bank and 2 people were killed and another 2 wounded. The robbery occurred in broad daylight. US$176,000 was stolen. (US$488,000 in 2023) ^{[76] [77]}
20. In October 1986 Labh Singh and his fellow militants robbed 1,023,000 rupees (2023 20,392,784 rupees. 2023 US $250,000) from a bank in Ludhiana. ^[78]
21. In October 1986 Labh Singh and his fellow militants robbed 800,000 rupees (10,650,000 rupees in 2023. US$130,000 in 2023) from the Millar Ganj branch of the Punjab National Bank, Ludhiana. ^[8]
22. In December 1986 a few months after Manbir Singh's arrest a police informent who caused Manbir's arrest was supposedly killed by the KCF. He was killed along with his wife and 2 of his children. A third child was wounded. ^[79]
23. In November 1986 Jinda and fellow KCF members killed Congress leader Doctor Kalicharan Sharma in Ludhiana. He was a major leader of Hindus. Sharma had been a critic of the Punjabi Suba movement, and Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. ^{[80] [81]}
24. In late 1986 KCF members led by Labh Singh killed DSP (Deputy Superintendent of Police) in his home along with his son as they both slept. After killing him they stole his stengun. The DSP had been accused of harassing Sikhs and families of militants. ^[82]
25. On 11 January 1987 Harjinder Singh Jinda and another militant of the Khalistan Commando Force assassinated Inspector General of Punjab Prisons Trilok Chand Katoch. Katoch was killed in 3 shoots near his home in Chandigarh. Jinda and another fled on a scooter. Katoch was the highest ranking police official to be killed up to that point. A letter stamped by Labh Singh was left on the dead body claiming responsibility and justifying the killing. ^{[83] [84]}
26. On 12 January 1987 KCF claimed responsibility for the killing of Mohinder Kaur, her two daughters, and a house worker for being police informants. ^[85]
27. In February 1987 many lead members of KCF participated in India's largest bank robbery. 57 million Rupees (Equivalent to about ₹ 984.5 million in 2023 and US$12 million in 2023) were stolen belonging to Reserve Bank of India. There were no casualties and it is considered a major form of financing for KCF. ^{[86] [87] [88]}
28. On February 16, 1987, Harjinder Singh Jinda killed Communist Party of India (Marxist) veteran leader and MLA Chanan Singh near Hoshiarpur. In a letter to the media Jinda said that Dhoot committed blasphemy and spoke out against Sikhs. ^{[89] [90]}
29. On 30 March 1987 Harjinder Singh Jinda, who had assassinated Lalit Maken, Arjun Dass, General Vaidya, and others, was being transported by police. 15 KCF members, who were armed with submachine guns and pistols, surrounded a rouge police van and blocked the front and back with two vehicles. They demanded Jinda be released or they would open fire. Jinda was released and the militants fled. ^{[91] [92]}
30. In late March 1987 KCF issued a 13 policy Sikh moral code which all were to adhere to. The policies were to end dancing at weddings, end music at weddings, end to the wearing of non-traditional clothing, no tweezing of eyebrows for girls, no snipping of beards for boys, no baraats that include more than 11 people, no participation in Hindu jagratas or all-night prayers, no associating with Radhasoami Sikhs, no school uniforms that are not saffron black, and white and the end of the sale and consumption of meat, alcohol and tobacco. ^{[93] [94]} Those who did not respect the law were warned that they would be burnt alive. The code was largely followed. Sikh women began wearing traditional clothing and many meat, alcohol, and tobacco shops closed. Many restaurants brought in vegetarian items to the menu. Some did not follow the decree which put them in danger. Those who did not follow were forced to either pay off Sikhs or get security. Sikh leaders generally supported the decree. The enforcement of the decree in its first 2 months resulted in at least 6 killed, 60 shops burned, and complete or partial closure of 1,500 businesses. ^{[94] [93]} One survey found that there were no meat or cigarette shops between Amritsar and Phagwara. Famous restaurants that served meat had removed it from their menu and denied ever serving it. ^[93] According to Assistant Deputy Inspector General of Police in Jalandhar A.S. Siddiqui the moral code was popular among Sikhs especially those living in rural areas. He said, “Women seem to be pleased with it and there is also the fact that the AISSF has been on a massive recruitment drive through their amrit prachar (preaching of Sikh baptism) meetings. There is one meeting a day in the state, and after every meeting an estimated 200 youths pledge themselves to the service of the panth." ^[93] Militants justified the moral code by saying, "No avatars, Hindu or Sikh, ever did these things. To eat meat is the job of rakshasas (demons) and we don't want people to become rakshasas." ^[93]
31. On 27 April 1987 KCF members attacked a court in Amritsar and freed 3 KCF members, Ranjit Singh Rana, Kanwarjit Singh, and Rajbinder Singh. KCF members drove into the guarded court complex and opened fire on officers transporting prisoners. The attack lasted 3 minutes with the KCF members spraying the police with bullets. No KCF members was hurt. One unidentified rickshaw puller was killed and 2 officers were seriously wounded. ^{[95] [96]}
32. On 5 May, of 1987 KCF members robbed 850,000 rupees (10,400,000 rupees in 2023. US$126,500 in 2023) from the Bank of India branch in Guru Amar Das market. ^[97]
33. On 19 May 1987 KCF under Labh Singh killed Deepak Dhawan who was the State Committee member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Dhawan was riding his scooter near Sanghe. KCF members approached him and told him to try and run. He tried to run, but they shot him as he tried. ^{[98] [99] [100] [101] [102]}
34. On July 6, 1987, Labh Singh led KCF members who killed 75 Indian Army soldiers involved in Operation Blue Star and injured many more. Labh Singh and other KCF members first attack soldiers being transported by bus in Haryana killing around 40 soldiers and injuring around 30. Next they attacked and killed 35 soldiers in Fatehbad and injured others who were also being transported by bus. ^[103]
35. On July 14, 1987, retired Head Constable Darshan Singh was killed in his field in Miarpur, Gurdaspur. Darshan, before retiring, was the bodyguard of DSP Gurbachan who Labh Singh had killed. Darshan had also been accused by Bhindranwale of killing innocent Sikhs. ^{[104] [105]}
36. On 22 July 1987 KCF members under Labh Singh entered the farmhouse of Swaran Singh an official and vice president of the Amritsar district of the Communist Party of India. They went to where he slept with his family and opened fire. Swaran Singh, his wife. his mother, and his daughter were all killed in the fire. Swaran Singh's two other daughters were wounded, but his 5-year-old son was unhurt. They also opened fire at the porch killing a worker, and injuring two others. A note was left claiming responsibility and saying it was over Swaran Singh's protests against the Sikh militants and Khalistan. ^{[106] [107]}
37. On 21 September 1987 Sulakhan Singh revealed that he had been attacked and left for dead. Sulakhan was a senior priest of the Golden Temple. He had been suspected of being a police informant. KCF members under Labh Singh and Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan (BTKF) members under Gurbachan Singh Manochahal beat him with iron rods and sharp weapons. He suffered many wounds, but none were life-threatening. Sulakhan denied being a police informant. Sulakhan also had police security. ^[108]
38. Under Labh Singh in 1987 KCF members on motorcycles shot dead Communist Party of India (Marxist) member Dr. Gurdial Singh. ^{[109] [110]}
39. On 13 March 1988 at Kalchian, 25 kilometres from Amritsar, 4 KCF members stormed the homes of Communist Party of India members. The 2 party members were taken by them and were forced to disclose the location of the village head. After reaching the home of the village leader the 2 party members were killed along with the village leader. The village leader was killed for his support of Rajiv Gandhi and participation in anti Khalistan rallies organised by Gandhi. ^[111]
40. On 17 March 1988 Jaimal Singh Padha was assassinated by KCF members under Labh Singh. He was a leader of the Kirti Kisan Union, a Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation front. Jaimal had written against religious communalism which angered Sikh militants. In one of his essays, he also spoke against Khalistan. ^[112]
41. On 23 March 1988 Pash, whose real name was Avtar Singh Sandhu, was killed by KCF members under Labh Singh. Paash was a supporter of the "ultra leftist Naxalite movement". He would write in support of communism and was a vocal critic of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Labh Singh is said to have regretted this killing in his diary. ^{[113] [114] [115]}
42. In November 1988 KCF members assassinated Major General B.N. Kumar. ^[116]
43. On 19 April 1989, Gurjant Singh Rajasthani and KCF members of his faction robbed a branch of the State Bank of India in Sadul. During the robbery the bank manager pressed the alarm leading to the Kharkus only getting 73,000 rupees. (7 million rupees in 2023) The bank manager was shot because of this. Afterwards the militants clashed with police killing multiple officers. 15 people were killed and over 50 injured. ^{[117] [118]}
44. KCF commander Surinder Singh Shinda claimed responsibility for killing on Assistant Sub-Inspector and injuring other officers. ^[119]
45. KCF commander Surinder Singh Shinda claimed responsibility for killing a police informant. ^[119]
46. On 11 September 1989 KCF member Gurdeep Singh Deepa and other members killed 3 “police cats”. (Police cats were militants turned police who became police insiders within the militants.) ^[120] The 3 had aided in the arrest of 2 Sikh militants who would be killed in extrajudicial executions. ^[102]
47. On 18 September 1989 KCF members assassinated Sohan Singh Dhesi. Dhesi was the general secretary of the Shaheed Bhagat Singh Naujawan Sabha. He was also the State Secretary of the Democratic Youth Federation of India. ^{[121] [122] [123]}
48. On September 22, 1989, KCF claimed responsibility for an attack on the Superintendent of Police Operations and CRPF 48th Battalion Commander in Moharval. In the attack 20 CRPF men were killed. ^[124]
49. On September 22, 1989, KCF claimed responsibility for killing 5 Black Cat Commandos in Thana Ghat. ^[124]
50. On October 27, 1989, KCF claimed responsibility for an attack, a few weeks before, on a CRPF and Police convoy which killed 18 officers including a Deputy Superintendent of Police and a Superintendent of Police. ^[125]
51. KCF also attacked sellers of alcohol, cigarettes, and other items prohibited by conservative Sikhism. ^[126]

1990s

1. According to Loveshinder Singh Dalewal in the 1980s and 1990s he and KCF member Gurdeep Singh Deepa “punished” 8 different men for beating women, or sexually assaulting them. ^[102]
2. 9 BSP workers were killed by an alleged KCF member in Nurmahal. ^[127]
3. On February 16, 1990, KCF, BTFK (Sangha), BKI, and SSF collectively claimed responsibility for an explosion in Phillaur that killed Inspector Harcharan Singh Soori and Assistant Sub-Inspector Ram Moorti on the 11th. The bomb also wounded 2 Sergeants. The explosion happened in an armoured and guarded police training facility. Both were put in a special armoured room for extra safety, but were killed at 9 pm from an explosion within their room. Both officers had been accused of torturing Sikhs. Inspector Soori had survived a previous assassination attempt in 1988. ^{[128] [129]}
4. On March 2, 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF collectively claimed responsibility for killing 1 Sergeant and 1 Constable of Punjab Police in Nagoke for alleged “misdeeds”. ^[130]
5. On March 2, 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF collectively claimed responsibility for a bomb attack in Philaur that killed 1 police constable and 2 others. They stated that they were killed because they had put fake cases on locals. ^[130]
6. On March 2, 1990, KCF claimed responsibility for killing 2 people over them slaughtering cows and issued a warning to others. ^[130]
7. On March 2, 1990, KCF faction chief Gurjant Singh Rajasthani and BTFK chief Gurbachan Singh Manochahal claimed responsibility for killing Amritsar Jail Superintendent Pyara Lal. They claimed he tortured Sikhs in prison. ^[130]
8. On March 5, 1990, KCF killed 2 rapists near Tarn Taran. ^[131]
9. On March 15, 1990, Gurjant Singh Rajasthani claimed responsibility for an attack on the Superintendent of Police (SP) of Ludhiana. The SP managed to survive the attack, but his driver was killed. ^[132]
10. On March 15, 1990, Gurjant Singh Rajasthani claimed responsibility for killing a head of a taxi company. ^[132]
11. On March 16, 1990, BTFK and KCF claimed responsibility for destroying 2 police vehicles, killing 4 home guards, and inuring 2 home guards near Riaa. They also warned officers in nearby villages and cities to leave their jobs in 10 days or meet a similar fate. ^[133]
12. On March 16, 1990, KLF, SSF, BKI, and KCF claimed responsibility for killing a police informant named Bhagwant Singh who was involved in over 50 killings. He was also a key associate of Gobind Ram. ^[131]
13. Bakshish Singh Seetha, Lieutenant General of KCF, claimed responsibility for killing an Assistant Sub-Inspector in Kalla Thana. ^[119]
14. Gurjant Singh Rajasthanhi claimed responsibility for killing 3 police informants near Patiala. ^[119]
15. KCF area commander Gurmet Singh claimed responsibility for killing Punjab National Motor Transport Union president Nachhtar Singh for alleged blasphemy and actions against militants. ^[119]
16. KCF claimed responsibility for killing All India Sikh Student Federation General Secretary Harminder Singh Sandhu in Amristar. ^[134] He was a member of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale's inner circle, but chose to surrender during Operation Blue Star instead of fighting. ^[135] Because of this he was alleged to be a government mole. ^[136] KCF chief Parmjit Singh Panjwar said that the police falsely blamed them and they didn't kill Sandhu. ^[137]
17. On April 6, 1990, KCF claimed responsibility for killing 2 people near Amritsar for allegedly sexually harassing women. ^[138]
18. On April 10, 1990, KCF claimed responsibility for killing 3 rapists near Ramvala. ^[139]
19. On April 14, 1990, KCF claimed responsibility for killing 1 police officer in Panjwar. ^[139]
20. On July 23, 1990, KLF, KCF, BKI, and SSF collectively claimed responsibility for killing the Chief Engineer of the SYL, ML Sekhri, and Superintending Engineer of the SYL, Avtar Singh. They were killed while attending a meeting with fellow engineers in Chandigarh. ^{[140] [141] [142]}
21. On September 4, 1990, KCF claimed responsibility for killing 2 police informant. ^[143]
22. On September 21, 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF claimed responsibility for an attack on a SPO base which killed 2 officers. ^[144]
23. On September 21, 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF claimed responsibility for killing a Nirankari in Patiala. ^[144]
24. On September 28, 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF claimed responsibility for killing Inspector Rajinderpal Singh. ^[145]
25. On November 23, 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, BTFK, and SSF claimed responsibility for killing Congress president of Jalandhar district, Gurdarshan Singh. They claimed he was a police informant involved in the killing of militants. ^[146]
26. On November 24, 1990, at 9 am Major Singh KCF (Panjwar) along with other militant groups part of the Sohan Singh Committee killed Superintendent of Police (Operations) Harjit Singh in a bomb blast at Tarn Taran. Sikh militants had been studying Harjit's travel routes for some time. A remote-controlled bomb had been placed on a road Harjit usually drove by to go to the doctor. When Harjit's lead security vehicles drove by and it was just his vehicle over the bomb it was detonated. In the explosion three of his security guards were killed and his vehicle was destroyed. Harjit's limbs were found over 100 meters away from the location of the explosion. A permanent curfew was put on the town after. A saying about the incident is, “He had a security vehicle in front of him and behind him, so he would be safe from all sides. But he didn’t count on his death coming from below”. Twenty-two days prior to his death Harjit had killed the chief of BTFK (S) Sukhwinder Singh Sangha along with four other militants. KLF, KCF, Babbar Khalsa, SSF, and BTFK (S) members held a meeting afterward pledging to kill Harjit within 31 days of Sangha's death. Major Singh of KCF was given the lead role in the killing. A famous kavishri ballad about this incident says, “24th November at exactly 9, for Sangha’s revenge Major Singh and his allies have arrived. Without wasting any time Kharkus have come to kill him… The 5 jathebandis [Groups] had said we would hit him hard… To become SSP he had done many misdeeds… Watch how with a computer system [remote-controlled bomb] Kharkus blow him up. Harjit’s wife watches his limbs blow up… Operation Shera has been done on the SP of Operation.” ^{[147] [148] [149] [150] [151] [152]}
27. On 8 June 1991, Gurdeep Singh Deepa and other KCF members killed Communist Party Marxist candidate Varinder Kumar Gagan in Nakodar. He was killed with 2 of his gunmen and 1 party worker. ^{[153] [102] [154]}
28. A June 1991 attack on a passenger train in northwestern Punjab killed about fifty, mostly Hindu, passengers. ^[155]
29. On August 29, 1991, Gurjant Singh Rajasthani attempt to assassinate Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) Sumedh Saini in Chandigarh with a bomb attack. Saini “narrowly” survived the attempt. 3 of his bodyguards were killed. ^{[156] [157]}
30. On 31 August 1991, Gurjant Singh Rajasthani, head of a faction of KCF, was killed in an encounter with police. There was a 2,000,000 rupee bounty on him at the time. He was surrounded by senior police officials and their teams in a house where he was along with his wife and 3-year-old son. Rajasthani fired at police as he escaped from the back of the house. Police returned fire. Rajasthani was later found dead. Before dying he yelled, “Khalistanzindabad” (Meaning long live Khalistan) and ate a cyanide capsule. ^[158]
31. On 9 October 1991, KCF (Panjwar) along with Bhindranwale Tiger Force, Khalistan Liberation Force, and the Sikh Students Federation kidnapped Romanian charge d’affaires Lividu Radu. ^[159] Radu was taken from his car at around 8 am. He was forced into the vehicle of the Kharkus by 4 Sikhs who were armed. Quickly after the kidnapping, many raids were launched by security forces. Exit routes from Delhi were blocked and authorities in Uttar Pradesh and Haryana were warned of the situation. ^[160] The kidnappers demanded the release of the killers of General Vaidya whom were Harjinder Singh Jinda, Nirmal Singh Nimma and Sukhdev Singh Sukha. The kidnappers threatened to cut Radu in pieces if their demands weren't met by 19 October. ^{[159] [161]} The deadline passed, but Sikh militants did not harm Radu. ^[162] The Indian government refused to meet any of the Sikh's demands. ^[163] Radu was kept in Delhi until 27 October. He was then moved to Punjab by car. On 25 November Radu was released unharmed after 48 days. ^{[161] [164] [165]}
32. On October 11, 1991, KCF (Z) claimed responsibility for killing 2 Hindu extremists near Nat village. They claimed that the Hindus had destroyed the Babri Masjid. ^[166]
33. In November 1991 KCF members killed Sarwan Singh Cheema who the secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was gunned down along with security guards Santokh Singh, Ram Lubhaya, Raghubir Chand, Mohindar Singh and head constable Paramjit Singh of Punjab Police. ^[167]
34. On October 26, 1991, R.N. Goyal, Chief Health Officers Ludhiana, Bachitar Singh Director Health Services Punjab, and 5 others were killed by KCF, KLF, BTFK, BKI, and SSF. They claimed that the doctors had forged autopsy's, improperly treated Sikhs, and aided in police killings. ^{[168] [169]}
35. On 27 January 1992, KCF (Wassan faction) members killed Superintendent of Police, R. P. S. Teja and injured 5 other officers as they executed a search operation. ^{[170] [171]}
36. On 23 January 1992, Gurdeep Singh Deepa, Deputy Chief of KCF, attacked BJP President Muril Manohar Joshi's caravan. The caravan was a part of the Ekta Yatra . The attack happened in Phagwara. As the caravan entered Phagwara the lead bus was attacked by Deepa and another with Ak-47's. They had disguised themselves as police officers. 3 were killed. They were the driver and 2 party workers. 40 others were injured. ^{[172] [173] [174] [175] [176]}
37. On 15 March 1992, Gurdeep Singh Deepa, KCF's deputy chief, killed SHO (Station House Officer) Mann Singh in Phillaur. Mann had been dubbed a butcher and had been a target of Sikh militants for much time. ^{[102] [177]}
38. On 26 April 1992, Gurdeep Singh Deepa and other KCF members killed Akali Dal MLA Balwant Singh Sarhal. Sarhal was killed along with 3 of his bodyguards. ^{[178] [179]}
39. On 9 October 1992, Harjinder Singh Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha, assassins of General Arun Vaidya, were hanged until death in Pune jail. ^{[180] [181]}
40. On 12 October 1992 KCF killed Darshan Singh Kaypee and his bodyguard, a police constable, in Jalandhar. According to police 2 KCF members on an Enfield motorcycle rode up beside Kaypee's car. From there they opened fire with an assault rifle. He was a 5 time MLA for the Congress Party (I), former Punjab state minister, and was the vice-president of the Punjab Congress Party. ^{[182] [183] [184]}
41. A September 1993 bombing in New Delhi targeting Indian Youth Congress president Maninderjeet Singh Bitta that killed eight people. ^[185]
42. The KCF was listed in 1995 one of the 4 "major militant groups" in the Khalistan movement. ^[186]
43. KCF is responsible for the assassination of Punjab Chief Minister Beant Singh in 1995. ^{[5] [6]}
44. According to the Department of State the Khalistan Commando Force was involved in the assassination of the Chief Minister of Punjab, Beant Singh. ^[187]

2000s

1. In June 2006 a member of the Panjwar faction of the KCF, Kulbir Singh Barapind was extradited from the US to India. He was deported to India for belonging to a terrorist organisation and for entering the United States with a false passport. He was wanted in India for thirty-two cases, but was arrested for three murders in the early 1990s. ^[188] After his arrest, he stated that he would renew the Khalistan movement through peaceful means. ^[189] Panjwar was killed by two unidentified gunmen in Lahore in May 2023. ^[190] The investigation began in 2003, when Khalid Awan, jailed at the time for credit card fraud, bragged of his relationship with Paramjeet Singh Panjwar, leader of the KCF. ^[6] Awan was given a 14-year prison sentence in 2007 on terrorism charges. ^[191]
2. In 2008, Punjab Police announced they had foiled a KCF effort to kill Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh, head of Dera Sacha Sauda. ^{[192] [193]}

Present status

Paramjeet Singh Panjwar remained the head of the remaining faction of the KCF as of 2008, and was listed at that time as one of the top 10 most wanted criminals in India. ^[194] As per the released statement of Khalid Awan – a Canadian citizen – who served 14-year sentence in the U.S. prisons for transferring money to KCF, Panjwar was a VIP in Pakistan and has the support of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence agency. On the other hand, the U.S. prosecutors have claimed that Awan admitted of transferring money to Panjwar despite knowing the fact that the money will be used to carry out attacks against India. ^[195]

The University of Maryland beta version of the "Global Terrorism Database" has recorded 2 attacks on military targets, 9 attacks on police or other government targets, and 9 attacks against civilian, religious, transportation or educational entities, in both India and Pakistan, as of June 2009. ^[196]

The KCF remains banned in India under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and designated as terrorist organisation by the Government of India. ^{[1] [197]}

A 2011 NPR report claimed a person associated with this group was imprisoned in a highly restrictive Communication Management Unit in the US. ^[198]

On 6 May 2023, Paramjeet Singh Panjwar was shot dead and his bodyguard injured while out on a walk early morning in Lahore’s Johar Town, by two unidentified bike-borne men. It is widely believed he was killed by R&AW operatives. ^[199]

See also

• Sikh extremism
• Kharku
• Babbar Khalsa
• International Sikh Youth Federation
• Khalistan Liberation Force
• Khalistan Zindabad Force

References

1. "List of Banned Organisations". Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI. Government of India. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
2. Martin, Gus (17 February 2006). "Khalistan+Commando+Force"+%2B+"Terrorist"&pg=PA201 "Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues". SAGE. ISBN   9781412927222 . Retrieved 8 January 2019. Included among the many Sikh terrorist groups are Dal Khalsa, Bhindranwale Tiger Force, Saheed Khalsa Force, the Khalistan Liberation Front, and the Khalistan Commando Force.
3. Martha Crenshaw (2010). Terrorism in Context. Penn State Press. p. 394. ISBN   978-0-271-04442-2. in the early 1992, Khalistan Commando force had 63 subgroups... for a total of 167 terrorist groups
4. Thussu, Daya Kishan (2012). South Asia and the Frontline of the 'War on Terror'. SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. 167–183. doi:10.4135/9781446288429.n10. ISBN   9781446201589 . Retrieved 8 January 2019. ...was led by such terrorist organizations as the Khalistan Commando Force.
5. "Law Enforcement Cases: International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs". US Department of State. March 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
6. "U.S. Court Convicts Khalid Awan for Supporting Khalistan Commando Force". Embassy of the United States in New Delhi, India. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
7. C. Christine Fair; Sumit Ganguly (2008). Treading on Hallowed Ground: Counterinsurgency Operations in Sacred Spaces. Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN   978-0-19-971189-5.
8. Pettigrew, Joyce J. M. (1995). The Sikhs of the Punjab : unheard voices of State and guerrilla violence. Internet Archive. London; Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Zed Books. p. 82. ISBN   978-1-85649-355-0.
9. Stephen E. Atkins (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 242. ISBN   978-0-313-32485-7.
10. Cynthia Keppley Mahmood (November 1996). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN   0-8122-1592-3.
11. Birinder Pal Singh (2002). Violence as Political Discourse. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. ISBN   9788179860069.
12. The Journal of Commonwealth & comparative politics by Taylor & Francis. 12 June 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
13. "The Killings In Sangrur Jail". Ihro. June 2009. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007.
14. Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1997). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants (illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 314. ISBN   978-0-8122-1592-2.
15. "800 years of Sultanwind". Punjab Heritage. 28 July 2006. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
16. Mark Juergensmeyer (September 2003). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. University of California Press. p. 94. ISBN   978-0-520-24011-7.
17. Mark Juergensmeyer (September 2003). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (3rd ed.). University of California Press. p. 95. ISBN   978-0-520-24011-7.
18. Crenshaw, Martha (November 2010). Terrorism in context – Page 399. Penn State Press. ISBN   9780271044422.
19. Juan Sanchez (2007). Terrorism & It's[sic] Effects. Global Media. p. 161. ISBN   978-81-89940-93-5.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
20. Satyapal Dang (1988). Genesis of terrorism: an analytical study of Punjab terrorists. Patriot. ISBN   9788170500674. ...(KCF) which is headed by General Labh Singh alias Sukhdev Singh alias Sukha Sipahi. Perhaps he continued to maintain his links with the Babbar Khalsa also
21. Fair, C. Christine; Ganguly, Šumit (September 2008). Treading on hallowed ground: counterinsurgency operations in sacred spaces. Oxford University Press US. p. 41. ISBN   978-0-19-534204-8.
22. Martha Crenshaw (2010). Terrorism in Context. Penn State Press. p. 394. ISBN   978-0-271-04442-2.
23. "Authorities arrest two Sikh extremists - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
24. "Sikh gunmen murdered six people and wounded 13 in..." UPI. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
25. Daily Report: Near East & South Asia. The Service. 19 January 1988. p. 81.
26. "We in Punjab are fighting the battle on behalf of the country: Surjit Singh Bamala". India Today. 31 March 1986. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
27. Thukral, Gobind (31 October 1986). "Punjab: Red Targets". India Today. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
28. "Spokane Chronicle - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
29. "Killing of communist leaders in Punjab makes Left parties more firm in opposing terrorism". India Today. 31 October 1986. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
30. "Gurpreet Singh: Khalistani separatists' killings leave a legacy of sorrow in Canada and the U.S." The Georgia Straight. 9 June 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
31. "Sikh terrorists opened fire on a brick factory and..." UPI. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
32. "The World, section 1". Los Angeles Times . 6 April 1986. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2016. Sikh extremists shot their way into a courthouse in the Punjab city of Jullundur, killed six policemen and freed three prisoners accused of killing a Hindu editor, authorities said.
33. Chicago Tribune Wires; NEWS (5 April 1986). "SIKH GUNMEN SLAY 6 COPS IN PUNJAB". Chicago Tribune. p. 14. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
34. "Sikh terrorist kill policemen in Punjab". The Free-Lance Star. 5 April 1986. Retrieved 23 January 2016.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
35. "Terrorists kill 6 policemen, free prisoners". Ludington Daily News. 4 April 1986. p. 8. Retrieved 23 January 2016.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
36. "Sikhs kill 6, free 3 prisoners". The Spokesman-Review and Spokane Chronicle. 6 April 1986. p. A6.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
37. "Sikh extremists kill 6 policemen, free 3 prisoners". Eugene Register-Guard. 6 April 1986. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
38. "Sikhs Kill 6 on Courthouse Steps". Associated Press (Wilmington Morning Star). 6 April 1986. Retrieved 23 January 2016.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
39. Mahmood 1997 , p.  168?
40. "Bloody jailbreak in Punjab leaves three officers dead". The Courier. 5 April 1986. Retrieved 30 September 2009.^{[ dead link ‍]}
41. Gupta, G. V. (7 March 1999). "Book Review:Bullet for Bullet: My Life as a Police Officer:'Bullet-for-bullet is not my baby'". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
42. "Jail Chithiyan. Bhai Harjinder Singh Jinda Ate Bhai Sukhdev Singh Sukha (Singhs of Keysborough) | PDF | South Asia | Punjab". Scribd. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
43. "Asi Attwadi Nahi by Jinda Sukha | PDF". Scribd. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
44. "India's second most-wanted Sikh captured - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
45. The Indian Express. The Indian Express.
46. "Declaration of Khalistan was made at the instance of Pakistan, militant confesses". India Today. 15 September 1986. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
47. Link. United India Periodicals. 1986. p. 28.
48. The Calgary Herald. The Calgary Herald.
49. WSN. "AISSF Acting Convener Sarbjit Singh Ropar Believed Killed by Police". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
50. India Today. Thomson Living Media India Limited. 1986. p. 27.
51. "IN BRIEF; Indian General Who Raided Temple Is Slain". The New York Times. 17 August 1986.
52. "Operation Bluestar, 20 Years On". Rediff.com.
53. Associated Press. "Shrine Leader Killed in Ambush", The Dallas Morning News , 11 August 1986.
54. Weisman, Steven R. "A Top Indian General is Assassinated", Seattle Post-Intelligencer , 11 August 1986.
55. Sun-Times Wires. "Sikhs kill ex-army chief, massacre revenge hinted", Chicago Sun-Times , 11 August 1986.
56. Associated Press. "General cremated; Sikhs admit to killing", c/o Houston Chronicle , 11 August 1986.
57. "The Vaidya Murder Case: Confirming Death Sentences", India Abroad . (New York edition). New York, N.Y.: 24 July 1992. Vol.XXII, Issue. 43; pg.20.
58. Dreaded terrorist Labh Singh shot dead. The Indian Express. p. 9.
59. "Sikhs assassinate judge in Punjab". UPI. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
60. Upi (2 September 1986). "AROUND THE WORLD; Sikh Gunmen Kill A Judge in Punjab". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 31 May 2023.
61. Archives, L. A. Times (2 September 1986). "The World". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
62. Frontline. S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons. 25 July 1997. p. 113.
63. "Sikh Extremists Kill Second Communist Leader". AP NEWS. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
64. Ralhan, O. P. (2002). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties. Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited. pp. 1165–1171. ISBN   81-7488-865-9.
65. "Militancy Scenario in Punjab" (PDF). Punjab Government. 21 April 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
66. "Bleeding Punjab : A Report to the Nation" (PDF). Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) . September 1992. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
67. "Gunned down by Khalistani terrorists, Baldev Singh Mann also fought state repression". 9 October 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
68. Perspectives on Human Rights. Anamika Publishers & Distributors. 2000. p. 93. ISBN   978-81-86565-80-3.
69. Belle, G.G. (3 October 1986). "Disguised Sikhs attack compound of police chief". The Free-Lance Star. p. 3. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
70. "Boca Raton News – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
71. "Spokane Chronicle – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
72. "The Free Lance-Star – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
73. Tempest, Rone (4 October 1986). "Aide Battling Sikh Terrorism Survives Attack". Los Angeles Times.
74. "The Spokesman-Review – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
75. "Sikh separatists claim responsibility for slaying of police - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
76. "Sikh Terrorists Rob Bank, Kill Five". AP NEWS. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
77. "Sikh extremists kill three in bank robbery". UPI. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
78. India Today. Living Media India Pvt. Limited. 1988. p. 32.
79. "Sikh extremists kill six in a family - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
80. "Terrorism returns to Punjab, militants once again give call for Khalistan". India Today. 30 November 1986. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
81. "Jail Chithiyan. Bhai Harjinder Singh Jinda Ate Bhai Sukhdev Singh Sukha (Singhs of Keysborough) | PDF | South Asia | Punjab". Scribd. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
82. Jinda, Harjinder Singh; Sukha, Sukhdev Singh. ਅਸੀਂ ਅੱਤਵਾਦੀ ਨਹੀਂ (in Punjabi). Azad Khalsa Prakashan. p. 111.
83. Keesing's Record of World Events. Longman. 1987. p. 35250.
84. "India Prison Official Slain by Sikhs - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times . 12 April 2023. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
85. "Sikh extremists kill six in Punjab - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
86. "Sikhs rob India bank of $4.5 million". Chicago Sun-Times. 13 February 1987. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
87. Limca Book of Records. Bisleri Beverages Limited. 1999.
88. Ram Narayan Kumar (1997). The Sikh unrest and the Indian state: politics, personalities, and historical retrospective. Ajanta. ISBN   978-81-202-0453-9.
89. Singh, Bhupinder. Punjab Politics: Retrospect and Prospect. Readworthy. ISBN   978-93-5018-082-2.
90. "ਧੂਤ ਦੇ ਕਤਲ ਦੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਜਿੰਦਾ ਨੇ ਲਈ-ਪੁਲਸ ਨੂੰ ਸਖਤ ਤਾੜਨਾ". Ajit.
91. "Sikh militants stopped a police van in northern Punjab... - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
92. Archives, L. A. Times (31 March 1987). "Convoy Ambushed; Sikh Extremist Freed". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
93. "AISSF forces shopkeepers to shut liquor and meat shops in Punjab". India Today. 30 April 1987. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
94. "Sikh militants in Punjab, putting a moral edge on... - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
95. "Sikh gunmen storm court building and free three jailed colleagues - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
96. "Sikhs free imprisoned colleagues in shootout - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
97. "KCF ultra acquitted in bank robbery case - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
98. Institute for Defence Studies & Analysis. Institute for Defence Studies. 1987. pp. 987, 994.
99. CPI(M) in Punjab: The Martyrs of the Struggle for National Unity. Communist Party of India (Marxist). 1987. p. 20.
100. "Ghosts of Khalistan". The Hindu. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
101. "No change in Punjab under President's rule, terrorists kill three people in Tarn Taran area". India Today. 15 June 1987. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
102. ਜੋ ਲਾਰੇ ਦੀਨ ਕੇ ਹੇਤ book in Punjabi by Loveshinder Singh Dalewal
103. "Soldiers In Bus Shot Dead". Indian Express . 7 July 1987.
104. IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. June 1987. p. 1241.
105. Sandhu, Ranbir Singh (1 August 1999). Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale. Sikh Educational & Religious Foundation. p. 53. ISBN   978-0-9672874-1-6.
106. "Nine killed in Sikh terror attacks - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
107. Archives, L. A. Times (23 July 1987). "The World". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
108. "Sikh priest says he was beaten - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
109. Documents of the Communist Movement in India: 1987-1988. National Book Agency. 1997. p. 359. ISBN   978-81-7626-000-8.
110. CPI(M) in Punjab: The Martyrs of the Struggle for National Unity. Communist Party of India (Marxist). 1987. p. 27.
111. "Sikh extremists kill six, wound five - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
112. "Gurpreet Singh: Khalistani separatists' killings leave a legacy of sorrow in Canada and the U.S." The Georgia Straight. 9 June 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
113. "Revolution is a Poem: Why a Punjabi poet killed by Khalistanis is ruffling feathers in contemporary India?". The Indian Express. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
114. Bhardwaj, Deeksha (9 September 2018). "On Pash's birthday, remembering the fiery poet killed so young by terrorists". ThePrint. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
115. "Paash's relative seeks clemency for Bhullar". Hindustan Times. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
116. "Wanted Khalistan Commando Force chief Paramjit Singh Panjwar shot dead in Pakistan's Lahore".
117. Sainik Samachar. Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence. 1990. p. 40.
118. "Responsibility of bank robbery which took place in the city of Sadul, district Ganga Nagar (Rajasthan) taken by Khalistan Commando Force". Ajit. 28 April 1989. p. 7.
119. "ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਲਈ". Ajit.
120. Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | India: Information on the Black Cat Commando unit of the Punjab police, its operations, recruiting methods and recruits from 1994 to the present". Refworld. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
121. "How farmers took on Khalistanis". Mid-day. 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
122. Documents of the Communist Movement in India: 1989-1991. National Book Agency. 1997. p. 98. ISBN   978-81-7626-000-8.
123. ਜੁ ਲਰੈ ਦੀਨ ਕੇ ਹੇਤ by Loveshinder Singh Dallewal
124. "20 ਸੀ. ਆਰ. ਪੀ. ਜੁਆਨ ਤੇ 5 ਬਲੈਕ ਕਮਾਂਡੋਜ਼ ਦੇ ਕਤਲਾਂ ਦੀ ਜੁੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਖਾੜਕੂਆਂ ਨੇ ਲਈ". World Sikh News. 22 September 1989. p. 23.
125. World Sikh News (Punjabi) October 27, 1989 Page 3
126. Brown, Derek. Fanatical Sikhs turn on traders, The Guardian , 8 April 1987.
127. "Former militant acquitted in MLA murder case". The Times of India. 6 December 2007. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 17 May 2023.
128. World Sikh News (Punjabi) February 16, 1990 Page 2, 5
129. WSN. "2 more senior cops die in blast". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
130. World Sikh News (Punjabi) March 2, 1990 Page 2
131. "Des Pardes Weekly March 9–16". www.panjabdigilib.org. p. 45. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
132. World Sikh News (Punjabi) March 23, 1990 Page 3
133. "Des Pardes Weekly March 9–16". www.panjabdigilib.org. p. 6. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
134. Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | India: Information on the Khalistan Commando Force". Refworld. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
135. Chima, Jugdep S. (11 March 2010). The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN   978-93-5150-953-0.
136. Sandhu, Amandeep (5 December 2022). Panjab: Journeys Through Fault Lines. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN   978-93-5492-859-8.
137. Pettigrew, Joyce J. M. (1995). The Sikhs of the Punjab : unheard voices of State and guerrilla violence. Internet Archive. London; Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Zed Books. p. 183. ISBN   978-1-85649-355-0.
138. "Des Pardes Weekly March 31 - April 6". www.panjabdigilib.org. p. 38. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
139. "Des Pardes - April 14". www.panjabdigilib.org. pp. 5, 11. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
140. "Militant who killed two SYL engineers gets place in Central Sikh Museum". The Indian Express. 16 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
141. WSN. "2 SYL officials shot dead". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
142. "Can I get my father back? Asks slain SYL engineer's daughter". Hindustan Times. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
143. World Sikh News (Punjabi) September 4, 1990 Page 2
144. World Sikh News (Punjabi) September 21, 1990 Page 2
145. World Sikh News (Punjabi) September 28, 1990 Page 2
146. World Sikh News (Punjabi) November 23, 1990 Page 5
147. "Sikhs kill police superintendent, eight civilians - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
148. JPRS Report: Near East & South Asia. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1991. p. 30.
149. Frontline. S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons. 1994. p. 41.
150. "Punjab Police - Martyrs-Gallery". punjabpolice.org. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
151. Marwah, Ved (1997). Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India. HarperCollins. p. 400. ISBN   978-81-7223-251-1.
152. The Indian Factories Journal. Company Law Institute of India Limited. 1997. pp. 22–24.
153. "Former terrorist Sukhi acquitted in 23-year-old murder case". The Times of India. 6 November 2014. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 2 June 2023.
154. https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-jalandhar/20141106/281556584108563 . Retrieved 2 June 2023– via PressReader.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
155. Ravi Sharma, Massacre on passenger trains turns routine trip nightmare, United Press International, 16 June 1991.
156. Campbell, B.; Brenner, A. (17 October 2002). Death Squads in Global Perspective: Murder with Deniability. Springer. ISBN   978-0-230-10814-1.
157. Asian Bulletin. APACL Publications. 1991.
158. Jerryson, Michael (15 July 2020). Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1-4408-5991-5.
159. "Sikh militants release photo of abducted Romanian diplomat - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
160. "Suspected Sikh Militants Kidnap Romanian Diplomat in India". AP NEWS. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
161. "Romanian diplomat freed by Sikh militants - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
162. "Deadline passes in diplomat's abduction case - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
163. "Romanian diplomat's kidnapping in Punjab boomerangs". India Today. 15 December 1991. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
164. Tatla, Darsham Singh (8 August 2005). The Sikh Diaspora: The Search For Statehood. Routledge. p. 151. ISBN   978-1-135-36744-2.
165. Gordon, Leonard; Oldenburg, Philip (6 September 1992). India Briefing, 1992. Avalon Publishing. p. 223. ISBN   978-0-8133-1497-6.
166. WSN. "KCF owns killings WSN Service". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
167. "Nurmahal: Tributes paid to CPM leader".
168. WSN. "Killings owned". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
169. Chandra, Ramesh (2003). Global Terrorism: Foreign Policy in the New Millennium. Gyan Publishing House. p. 261. ISBN   978-81-7835-240-4.
170. "Martyr's Gallery". 15 February 2022. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
171. Ahmar, Moonis (2005). Violence and Terrorism in South Asia: Chronology and Profiles, 1971-2004. Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi. p. 181.
172. Fineman, Mark (24 January 1992). "Separatists Kill 5 Hindu Marchers : India: The attack confirms government warnings that the national unity procession could cause bloodshed". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
173. Gargan, Edward A. (27 January 1992). "Airlifted Hindu Nationalists Fly India's Flag in Kashmir". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 4 July 2023.
174. Gargan, Edward A. (24 January 1992). "5 Hindu Militants Slain on Kashmir Trip". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 4 July 2023.
175. Ajit 14 December 1992
176. "Sukhi not part of 1992 shootout: SSP".
177. Ajit 17 March 1922
178. Selections from National Press. Centre for South Asian Studies, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab. April 1992. p. 35.
179. "Former militant acquitted in MLA murder case". The Times of India. 6 December 2007. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 4 July 2023.
180. McGirk, Tim (10 October 1992). "Protests after hanging of Sikhs". The Independent. London.
181. "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Punjab". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
182. "In 26 yrs, Punjab suffered most terror attacks, blasts". The Indian Express. 20 April 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
183. "Humble, but encore unlikely". Hindustan Times. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
184. WSN. "Darshan Singh Kaypee, bodyguard shot dead". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
185. Three Sikh militant factions claim Delhi blast, Agence France-Presse 13 September 1993.
186. Martha Crenshaw, ed. (1 January 1995). Terrorism in Context. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 394 and others. ISBN   978-0-271-01015-1.
187. "Eastern District of New York". 15 January 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
188. Kulbir Singh sent to police custody, The Times of India, 19 June 2006.
189. Zee News, India, "Judicial remand of Khalistan militant extended till 27 July" 14 July 2006
190. Who was Paramjit Singh Panjwar, the wanted terrorist shot dead in Lahore, The Indian Express, 6 May 2023.
191. Pak-Canadian jailed for aiding Khalistan ultras Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Sunday Indian, 4 April 2012
192. "Plot to kill Sikh Dera chief foiled: Police". India Today. 9 November 2008.
193. "Punjab police sniff out major KCF plan to kill Dera chief – Times of India". The Times of India. 9 November 2008.
194. "8) Paramjit Singh Panjwar". rediff.com. 24 June 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
195. "Canadians are coming home after being imprisoned abroad for terrorism-related crimes". Global News. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
196. "Khalistan Commando Force search at Beta UM terrorism database". University of Maryland. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
197. "Terrorism Act 2000". Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
198. DATA & GRAPHICS: Population Of The Communications Management Units, page 8/15. Margot Williams and Alyson Hurt, NPR, 3 March 2011, retrieved 4 March 2011 from npr.org
199. "Wanted terrorist & Khalistan Commando Force chief Paramjit Panjwar shot dead in Pakistan's Lahore". The Print. 6 May 2023.