Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan

Last updated

Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan
Leader Gurbachan Singh Manochahal (1984–1993)
Sukhwinder Singh Sangha (1990)
Rashpal Singh Chhandran (1990–1992)
Balwinder Singh (1993) Rattandeep Singh
(1993–1990s)
Dates of operation1984–1990s
MotivesThe creation of a Sikh independent state of khalistan in Punjab, as well as some districts of neighboring states of India.
Active regions India
Ideology Sikh nationalism
StatusNot Active

The Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan (BTFK) is a Sikh militant organization and was one of several major separatist organizations in the Khalistan movement during the insurgency in Punjab, India. The BTFK's main aim was to establish a Sikh homeland called Khalistan. At its peak, the BTFK's membership totaled 500 members and remained the strongest pro-Khalistan group in Tarn Taran Sahib, which was the epicenter of violence during the Punjab insurgency.

Contents

It was formed in 1984 by Gurbachan Singh Manochahal. In 1990, it split into two factions under the leadership of Sukhwinder Singh Sangha and Manochahal. [1] After Manochahal's death, the BTFK seem to have disbanded or splintered into factions. [2] It was listed in 1995 as one of the 4 "major militant groups " in the Khalistan movement. [3]

History

Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan had two main factions, one led by Gurbachan Singh Manochahal and the other faction led by Sukhwinder Singh Sangha. [1]

The BTF was a Sikh group fighting for an independent Sikh homeland. [4] Based in the state of Punjab, India, the BTF was described as one of the major Sikh revolutionary groups and reportedly the strongest revolutionary group in the Amritsar-Tarn Taran area. [5]

According to Cynthia Keppley Mahmood, who previously was a professor in Anthropology at University of Maine in Orono with expertise on Sikh revolutionary groups in Punjab, the BTF was founded in 1984 by Gurbachan Singh Manochahal, who was also head of the original Panthic Committee (30 December 1994). Manochal broke away from the original Panthic Committee to continue his independent command of the BTF after his leadership of the Panthic was challenged in 1988. [5] Manochal also maintained his own Panthic Committee for a while but was killed in 1991 or 1992. [5] Keppley Mahmood also indicated that membership of the BTF numbered in the hundreds at one point, and the BTF was considered among the most dangerous of the guerilla forces (30 December 1994). Keppley Mahmood noted that "relations" of suspected members were targeted by police and paramilitary personnel and much of the original force had been decimated. [5] Furthermore, Keppley Mahmood suggests that members of the BTF were scattered all over, but no one knows how many are left or whether there is a clear leader at this point. [5] Keppley Mahmood was unable to comment on the treatment of members of the BTF by the authorities upon their return to India, but noted that since the BTF has been a major target of counter-terrorism efforts, she would expect the reception of any known member to be "drastic". [5]

In the year 1991, Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan along with Khalistan Liberation Force and Dr. Sohan Singh (Head of Panthic Committee) etc. participated in the secret peace negotiations with India in the city of Ludhiana. These meetings were initiated by Union Minister of State for Home Subodh Kant Sahay on the orders of the then Prime Minister of India Chandra Shekhar. It is said that this peace effort was sabotaged by Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence. [6] Former Indian Intelligence Bureau Joint Director, Maloy Krishna Dhar stated in a press report published by The Hindu, that "Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and her ISI advisers were determined not to let peace succeed. [6] Pakistan's covert war in Jammu and Kashmir had exploded in 1990, and its establishment understood that the Punjab conflict tied down our troops, and threatened our logistical lines into Jammu and Kashmir."

Gurbachan Singh Manochahal was killed by the police on 1 March 1993. [7] [8] According to a 30 March 1993 UPI report, Balwinder Singh was appointed as BTF chief after Manochahal's death.

Bhindranwala Tigers Force of Khalistan was found to be active in state of Punjab in the year of 1997. [9]

Ranjit Singh Gill alias Kuki was a Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan member. [10]

India arrested some of the Bhindranwala Tigers Force of Khalistan members in the year of 1999 as well. [11]

Notable Activities

  1. On November 11, 1985, Police and CRPF surrounded the hut where Gurbachan Singh Manochahal, head of BTFK, was staying. It is said the security forces kept their distance out of fear. Manochahal told police he needed a flashlight to open the lock of the door. Police slid a flashlight under the crack of the door. Manochahal opened the door and went charging out with his brother both holding assault rifles. The officers retreated after suffering heavy casualties. [12]
  2. On June 14, 1987, BTFK claimed responsibility for the killing of 12 and injuring 20 in Delhi in a shooting. BTFK said, “'Killings squads have reached (New) Delhi and they will take revenge for the November 1984 anti-Sikh riots.” [13] Surjit Singh Penta carried out the killings. [14] [15]
  3. On July 30, 1987, BTKF claimed responsibility for an attack on Hans Raj Sethi, a BJP representative on the New Delhi City Council. He was shot dead with 6 bullets. He was considered a “father figure” for the BJP and RSS in Delhi. They next walked up to Sudarshan Munjal, a BJP member, in his driveway and killed him. Surjit Singh Penta carried out the killings. [14] [15]
  4. Sukhwinder Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for killing 4 and injuring 4 on May 28, 1988, in Hoshiarpur for celebrating Operation Black Thunder. [16]
  5. Sukhwinder Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for killing 1 Nirankari in Phagwara. [17]
  6. Sukhwinder Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for killing 3 and injuring 2 people in 2 separate incidents for alleged blasphemy and anti-Sikh acts. [17]
  7. On January 1, 1989, BTFK Lieutenant General Satnam Singh claimed responsibility for killing 3 people and destroying 4 CRPF vehicles in Avan. [18]
  8. On April 8, 1989, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for killing 6 police informants of one family. [19]
  9. On June 24, 1989, Superintendent of Police (Operations) Avtar Singh Chhetra was killed in an encounter with 5 BTFK militants in Tarn Taran. The encounter was described as fierce and continued for many hours. Multiple officers died in it as well. All the militants were also killed. Chhetra had been accused of torturing militants. [20] [21]
  10. On the morning of June 25, 1989 KLF and BTFK members attacked Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) members at their meeting at Nehru Park in Moga. 21 RSS members were killed with a police officer, a paramilitary home guard and a couple dying of a bomb blast after the shooting leaving a total of 25 dead and 31-35 injured. It has since been renamed to Shahidi Park meaning Martyr Park. According to police Sikhs opened fire with automatic weapons from a van killing 21 and injuring many. According to survivors bullets were sprayed on everyone. They then left the scene. Soon after a powerful bomb blast occurred which killed 4, injured more, and caused damage. A second bomb also blew up after, but it caused no damage or injuries. A curfew was announced immediately following the incident. [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]
  11. On December 28, 1989, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha and fellow BTFK militants attacked a CRPF patrol and killed 4 jawans. [30]
  12. On February 6, 1990, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha killed 2 Punjab Police officers in Jagatpur and stole their weapons. Sangha said in a statement to the media that they have set up a checkpoint in Jagatpur and will stop all officers attempting to cross. [31]
  13. On February 16, 1990, KCF, BTFK (Sangha), BKI, and SSF collectively claimed responsibility for an explosion in Phillaur that killed Inspector Harcharan Singh Soori and Assistant Sub-Inspector Ram Moorti on the 11th. The bomb also wounded 2 Sergeants. The explosion happened in an armoured and guarded police training facility. Both were put in a special armoured room for extra safety, but were killed at 9 pm from an explosion within their room. Both officers had been accused of torturing Sikhs. Inspector Soori had survived a previous assassination attempt in 1988. [32] [33]
  14. On March 2, 1990, KCF faction chief Gurjant Singh Rajasthani and BTFK chief Gurbachan Singh Manochahal claimed responsibility for killing Amritsar Jail Superintendent Pyara Lal. They claimed he tortured Sikhs in prison. [34]
  15. On March 16, 1990, BTFK and KCF claimed responsibility for destroying 2 police vehicles, killing 4 home guards, and inuring 2 home guards near Riaa. They also warned officers in nearby villages and cities to leave their jobs in 10 days or meet a similar fate. [31]
  16. On April 6, 1990, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for killing 5 BSF soldiers near Hoshiarpur. [35]
  17. On April 14, 1990, BTFK Lieutenant General Waryam Singh Boore Nangal claimed responsibility for killing one Assistant Sub-Inspector and taking his revolver near Batala. [36]
  18. On April 20, 1990, Satnam Singh Satta Cheena and Sukhwinder Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for killing Communist leader Hardev Singh. [37]
  19. On April 27, 1990, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for the Sarpanch of Bibi Pur, Ram Lal. Sangha said that he had joined Congress and for that was killed. [38]
  20. On May 25, 1990, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for killing Communist leader Kartar Chand near Nurpur Thana. [39]
  21. On May 25, 1990, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for killing a soldier named Bhag Singh in Uaid. Sangha claimed Bhag Singh was a rapists and thus killed as punishment. [39]
  22. On August 31, 1990, Sukhwindwer Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for killing a police constable. [40]
  23. On August 31, 1990, Sukhwindwer Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for destroying BSF jeeps and killing BSF near Nakodar. [40]
  24. On August 31, 1990, Sukhwindwer Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for killing a looter. [40]
  25. On August 31, 1990, Ranbir Singh, Lieutenant General of BTFK, claimed responsibility for capturing a police station in Majha and killing 6 police officers and injuring 5 officers in the capture. [40]
  26. On November 3, 1990, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha, Bikramjit Singh Nalra, Baljit Singh Khela, Manjit Singh, and Resham Singh Patiala were killed in a bloody battle in Bhullar. Over 20,000 CRPF, BSF, Police and other security personnel had surrounded the village. After many hours of battle Sangha and his associates were killed. According to Ajit thousands of security personnel were killed. At the time Sangha had a 2.2 million rupee reward on his head. [41] [42] [43]
  27. On November 24, 1990, at 9 am BTFK along with other militant groups part of the Sohan Singh Committee killed Superintendent of Police (Operations) Harjit Singh in a bomb blast at Tarn Taran. Sikh militants had been studying Harjit's travel routes for some time. A remote-controlled bomb had been placed on a road Harjit usually drove by to go to the doctor. When Harjit's lead security vehicles drove by and it was just his vehicle over the bomb it was detonated. In the explosion three of his security guards were killed and his vehicle was destroyed. Harjit's limbs were found over 100 meters away from the location of the explosion. A permanent curfew was put on the town after. A saying about the incident is, “He had a security vehicle in front of him and behind him, so he would be safe from all sides. But he didn’t count on his death coming from below”. Twenty-two days prior to his death Harjit had killed the chief of BTFK (S) Sukhwinder Singh Sangha along with four other militants. KLF, KCF, Babbar Khalsa, SSF, and BTFK (S) members held a meeting afterward pledging to kill Harjit within 31 days of Sangha's death. Major Singh of KCF was given the lead role in the killing. A famous kavishri ballad about this incident says, “24th November at exactly 9, for Sangha’s revenge Major Singh and his allies have arrived. Without wasting any time Kharkus have come to kill him… The 5 jathebandis [Groups] had said we would hit him hard… To become SSP he had done many misdeeds… Watch how with a computer system [remote-controlled bomb] Kharkus blow him up. Harjit’s wife watches his limbs blow up… Operation Shera has been done on the SP of Operation.” [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49]
  28. On June 6, 1991, BTFK member Dilsher Singh Shera killed Brij Bhushan Mehra, Punjab legislative speaker for 4 years and a senior Congress leader, in Amritsar as he travelled by car under security. His driver was killed and gunmen seriously injured. [50] [51] [52]
  29. On June 7, 1991, BTFK (Sangha), KLF, KCF (Panjwar), and SSF claimed responsibility for an assassination attempt on India's Home Minister Subodh Kant Sahay in Ludhiana. Kharkus made a bomb attack on his convoy. Sahay’s bulletproof vehicle flipped over, but he escaped with minor wounds. His driver and 1 bodyguard were seriously wounded. [53] [54] [52] [51] [55]
  30. On October 9, 1991, Superintendent of Police (Headquarters) Joginder Singh Kherawas killed by KLF and BTFK. Khera was ambushed in Ropar. Khera was one of the leading officers in the Punjab Police force. He was killed with nine commandos. [56] [57] [58]
  31. On July 3, 1992, BTFK Sangha members Jasmer Singh Lalli and Jaspal Singh Pal claimed responsibility for killing 4 police officers including 1 Head Constable near Panjkotla. They also injured a Superintendent of Police (SP) and 8 other officers. [59]
  32. On July 3, 1992, BTFK Sangha members Jasmer Singh Lalli and Jaspal Singh Pal claimed responsibility for killing 2 Indian Army soldiers and wounding 1 near Sanghol. [59]
  33. On July 3, 1992, BTFK Sangha members Jasmer Singh Lalli and Jaspal Singh Pal claimed responsibility for killing 1 Indian Army soldier near Kalewal. [59]
  34. On October 30, 1992, BTFK Sangha faction chief Satnam Singh Cheena claimed responsibility for killing 2 CRPF Jawans and injuring 3 in Davinda, Hosiarpur. [17]
  35. On October 30, 1992, BTFK Sangha chieg Satnam Singh Cheena claimed responsibility for a firing on a police station in Maehtithana. [17]
  36. On October 30, 1992, Satnam Singh Cheena claimed responsibility for killing an owner of a liquor shop. [17]
  37. On February 28, 1993, Gurbachan Singh Manochahal was killed in an encounter. The encounter began at 3:45 PM when DSP (Deputy Superintendent of Police) Dlibagh Singh and his men were fired upon by Manochahal and others. Dlibagh requested immediate assistance. Soon 2 quick reaction teams led by 2 different Majors and the Commanding officer of the Rashtriya Rifles, Colonel H.C Sah, arrived. So did many other senior officers. In 30 minutes over 225 army and police personnel began to cordon the area. [60] After defending himself for an hour with a machine gun, he was killed. The chief of the Punjab Police, Kanwar Pal Singh Gill later proclaimed, "Now I can say that we have finished militancy in Punjab." [61] [62] Manochahal killed 12 officers including DIG (Deputy inspector general) Ajit Singh. [63]
  38. A letter purporting to be from the BTFK claimed responsibility for a bomb blast in Jalandhar in September 2018. [64]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khalistan movement</span> Sikh independence movement in the Punjab region

The Khalistan movement is an independence movement seeking to create a separate homeland for Sikhs by establishing an ethno‐religious sovereign state called Khalistan in the Punjab region. The proposed boundaries of Khalistan vary between different groups; some suggest the entirety of the Sikh-majority Indian state of Punjab, while larger claims include Pakistani Punjab and other parts of North India such as Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Shimla and Lahore have been proposed as the capital of Khalistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Babbar Khalsa</span> Militant organization

Babbar Khalsa also known as Babbar Khalsa International, is a Khalistani militant organisation that aims to create an independent nation-state of Khalistan in the Punjab region of South Asia. It has used armed attacks, assassinations and bombings in aid of that goal, and is deemed to be a terrorist entity by various governments. Besides India, it operates in North America and Europe, including Scandinavia.

Talwinder Singh Parmar Sikh militant from India (1944–1992)

Talwinder Singh Parmar was a Sikh militant and the mastermind of the 1985 Air India Flight 182 bombing, which killed 329 people. It was the worst single incident of aviation terrorism in history until the September 11 attacks in the United States. In addition, another bomb was meant to explode aboard Air India Flight 301 in Japan the same day, but it exploded while the plane was still grounded, killing two people. Parmar was also the founder, leader, and Jathedar of Babbar Khalsa International (BKI), better known as Babbar Khalsa, a Sikh militant group involved in the Khalistan movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khalistan Commando Force</span> Sikh Khalistani organisation

The Khalistan Commando Force (KCF) is a Sikh Khalistani militant organisation operating in the state of Punjab, India with prominent members based in Canada, United Kingdom and Pakistan. Its objective is the creation of a Sikh independent state of Khalistan through armed struggle. KCF is also responsible for many assassinations in India, including the 1995 assassination of Punjab Chief Minister Beant Singh. It is designated as a Terrorist Organisation by the Government of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khalistan Liberation Force</span> Sikh militant group

The Khalistan Liberation Force (KLF) is a Khalistani militant organisation operating in the Punjab with prominent members based in Canada, United Kingdom and Pakistan. Its objective is the creation of a sovereign Sikh nation‐state of Khalistan through armed struggle. It is responsible for numerous assassinations, abductions, and military engagements with the Indian Armed Forces during the Insurgency in Punjab. The KLF is also listed as a designated terrorist group by India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sukhdev Singh Babbar</span> Founding leader of Babbar Khalsa

Jathedar Sukhdev Singh Babbar was the militant and co-leader of Babbar Khalsa (BK), a Sikh militant organisation involved in the pursuit of creating a Sikh nation named as "Khalistan" and generally believed responsible for the 1985 bombing of Air India Flight 182, although Sukhdev was never named as being involved. BK was founded by Talwinder Singh Parmar, himself, and Amarjit Kaur. He commanded BK continuously for 14 years until he was killed in 1992. He was a member of the AKJ.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dashmesh Regiment</span>

The Dashmesh Regiment is a militant group, and is part of the Khalistan movement to create a Sikh homeland called Khalistan via armed struggle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Labh Singh</span> Leader of Khalistan Commando Force

Sukhdev Singh Dhillon, best known as General Labh Singh and also known as Sukha Sipahi and just Labh Singh, was a former Punjab police officer turned militant who took command of the Khalistan Commando Force after its first leader, Manbir Singh Chaheru, was arrested in 1986.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manbir Singh Chaheru</span> Indian Khalistan Commando Force leader

Bhai Manbir Singh Chaheru Also known as General Hari Singh was the Indian founder and first leader of the Freedom fighter's organisation Khalistan Commando Force.

From 1984 to 1995, the state of Punjab in northern India was engaged in a power struggle between the militant secessionist Khalistan movement and Indian security forces. The Indian government responded to the escalating Punjab insurgency by launching Operation Blue Star in 1984, storming the Harmandir Sahib, or Golden Temple complex in Amritsar—the center of Sikh religious and spiritual life, where some militant groups had retreated. The Operation was controversial and resulted in death of hundreds of civilians, militants and soldiers. After Sikh bodyguards assassinated Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, a state wide massacre ensued.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gurbachan Singh Manochahal</span> Sikh leader (1954–1993)

Gurbachan Singh Manochahal was Jathedar of Akal Takhat Sahib who founded the Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan in 1984.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala</span> Sikh militant from India (1966–1992)

Bhai Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala was a Sikh separatist and the third Jathedar of the Khalistan Liberation Force. Budhsinghwala's organization, KLF, was one of the most active and main Sikh separatist groups during the insurgency in Punjab, India. Budhsinghwala had KLF join the Sohan Singh Panthic Committee and partnered with Khalistan Commando Force (Panjwar), Babbar Khalsa, Bhindranwale Tiger Force (Sangha), and Sikh Student Federation (Bittu) in militant actions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gurdev Singh Kaunke</span> Sikh leader (1949–1993)

Gurdev Singh Kaunke was a Sikh priest who served as the acting Jathedar of the Akal Takht from 1986 to 1993.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toofan Singh</span> Sikh militant from India

Jugraj Singh, better known as Toofan Singh, was a militant member of the Khalistan Liberation Force who was born in 1971 in Sri Hargobindpur, Punjab, India. According to police records, he was allegedly involved in 150 killings. He was killed in an encounter with police on 8 April 1990.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarbat Khalsa (1986)</span> Sikh community, as well as a special group of initiated Sikhs

The Sarbat Khalsa of 1986 was one congregation of the Guru Khalsa Panth, including the Damdami Taksal, Akal Takht, Panthic Committee (Manochahal), Panthic Committee (Zaffarwal), Kharku Sikhs, Tarna Dal (Hariabelan), Tarna Dal, Bidhi Chand Dal and the Shiromani Budha Dal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gurdeep Singh Deepa</span> Deputy Chief of Khalistan Commando Force

Gurdeep Singh Deepa Heran Wala, commonly known as just Gurdeep Singh Deepa, was a revolutionary and the Jalandhar area commander and deputy chief of Khalistan Commando Force. By the time of his death, Gurdeep Singh Deepa was wanted in 217 killings and 37 robberies of vehicles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sukhwinder Singh Sangha</span> Sikh militant in India (1965–1990)

Sukhwinder Singh Sangha was a Sikh militant (kharku), the head of a faction of Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan during the insurgency in Punjab, India.

On 3 October 1986, militants from the Khalistan Commando Force, led by Labh Singh, made an attempt on the life of Director General of Police in Punjab, India, Julio Ribeiro in Jalandhar within the Punjab Armored Police headquarters. Ribeiro was wounded in the attack along with his wife. Ribeiro's wounds were minor, but his wife was hospitalized. 2 officers were killed and 2 were seriously wounded in the attack. All the attackers escaped unhurt.

References

  1. 1 2 Chima, Jugdep S. (11 March 2010). The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN   978-93-5150-953-0.
  2. ↑ Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1 November 1996). Fighting for Faith and Nation. Series in Contemporary Ethnography. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 159 and others. ISBN   978-0-8122-1592-2.
  3. ↑ Martha Crenshaw, ed. (1 January 1995). Terrorism in Context. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 394 and others. ISBN   978-0-271-01015-1.
  4. ↑ AI August 1991, 172; AFP 25 November 1993; Documentation-Réfugiés 23 November – 6 December 1993, 8
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 AFP 25 November 1993; India Today 31 March 1993, 56
  6. 1 2 "Revisiting Punjab's secret search for peace". The Hindu . Chennai, India. 1 October 2007. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007.
  7. ↑ "The Milwaukee Sentinel – Google News Archive Search" . Retrieved 1 April 2015.[ permanent dead link ]
  8. ↑ "The Daily Gazette – Google News Archive Search" . Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  9. ↑ http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980104/00450654.html [ dead link ]
  10. ↑ "The Hindu : Beyond the law". Archived from the original on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. ↑ Bhindranwala Tigers Force of Khalistan
  12. ↑ Singh, Harjinder (2008). Game of Love. Akaal Publishers. pp. 199–202. ISBN   978-0-9554587-1-2.
  13. ↑ "Sikh radicals kill 12 with submachine guns - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  14. 1 2 "Sikh extremists staged coordinated attacks in the capital today,... - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  15. 1 2 Kanth, Amod K. (18 December 2020). Khaki in Dust Storm: Communal Colours and Political Assassinations (1980–1991) Police Diaries Book 1. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-93-88630-89-4.
  16. ↑ "ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਲਈ". ਪੱਤਰ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਕ. 29 May 1988.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਲਈ". Ajit.
  18. ↑ "Panjab Digital Library - Digitization of Des Pardes". www.panjabdigilib.org. p. 17. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  19. ↑ "Des Pardes - April 14 1989". www.panjabdigilib.org. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  20. ↑ WSN. "S.P. Shot Dead In Tarn Taran". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  21. ↑ "Police Commemoration Day: In remembering the slain, stories of loss, bravery — and belonging". The Indian Express. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  22. ↑ "Shahidi Park | District Moga, Government of Punjab | India" . Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  23. ↑ "SIKH MILITANTS FIRE ON HINDU GATHERING IN PUNJAB". The Washington Post .
  24. ↑ Swami, Praveen (29 March 2023). "Why does the ghost of Khalistan still haunt Punjab? Story of this father & son has answers". ThePrint. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  25. ↑ Sabha, India Parliament Rajya. Parliamentary Debates: Official Report. Council of States Secretariat. p. 127.
  26. ↑ Marwah, Ved (1997). Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India. HarperCollins. p. 393. ISBN   978-81-7223-251-1.
  27. ↑ Singh, Mohinder (2000). Punjab 1999: Political and Socio-economic Developments. Anamika Publishers & Distributors. p. 264. ISBN   978-81-86565-76-6.
  28. ↑ "Punjab militancy: 26 years on, Moga observes its 'darkest day'". The Times of India. 29 June 2015. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  29. ↑ World Sikh News (Punjabi) June 30, 1989
  30. ↑ Ahmar, Moonis (2005). Violence and Terrorism in South Asia: Chronology and Profiles, 1971-2004. Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi. p. 148.
  31. 1 2 "Des Pardes Weekly March 9–16". www.panjabdigilib.org. pp. 6, 18. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  32. ↑ World Sikh News (Punjabi) February 16, 1990 Page 2, 5
  33. ↑ WSN. "2 more senior cops die in blast". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  34. ↑ World Sikh News (Punjabi) March 2, 1990 Page 2
  35. ↑ "Des Pardes Weekly March 31 - April 6". www.panjabdigilib.org. p. 7. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  36. ↑ "Des Pardes - April 14". www.panjabdigilib.org. p. 140. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  37. ↑ World Sikh News (Punjabi) April 20, 1990 Page 3
  38. ↑ World Sikh News (Punjabi) April 27, 1990 Page 4
  39. 1 2 World Sikh News (Punjabi) May 25, 1990 Page 3
  40. 1 2 3 4 "ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀਆਂ ਲਈਆਂ". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. 31 August 1990. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  41. ↑ "ਭਾਈ ਸੁਖਵਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸੰਘਾ ਅਤੇ ਸਾਥੀ ਮੁਕਾਬਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਹਲਾਕ". Ajit.
  42. ↑ Indo-US Shadow Over Punjab. International Human Rights Organisation. 1992. p. 82.
  43. ↑ Singh, Gurharpal; Talbot, Ian (1996). Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change. Manohar. p. 151. ISBN   978-81-7304-117-4.
  44. ↑ "Sikhs kill police superintendent, eight civilians - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  45. ↑ JPRS Report: Near East & South Asia. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1991. p. 30.
  46. ↑ Frontline. S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons. 1994. p. 41.
  47. ↑ "Punjab Police - Martyrs-Gallery". punjabpolice.org. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  48. ↑ Marwah, Ved (1997). Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India. HarperCollins. p. 400. ISBN   978-81-7223-251-1.
  49. ↑ The Indian Factories Journal. Company Law Institute of India Limited. 1997. pp. 22–24.
  50. ↑ Marwah, Ved (1997). Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India. HarperCollins. ISBN   978-81-7223-251-1.
  51. 1 2 Data India. Press Institute of India. 1991. p. 465.
  52. 1 2 "Being held under the shadow of the terrorists' gun, elections in Punjab may well backfire". India Today. 30 June 1991. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  53. ↑ https://tribuneindia.com/news/archive/arts/democracy-ushered-in-despite-low-turnout-347203 [ bare URL ]
  54. ↑ Crossette, Barbara (16 June 1991). "Extremists in India Kill 80 on 2 Trains As Voting Nears End". New York Times .
  55. ↑ Fineman, Mark (16 June 1991). "Sikhs Storm 2 Trains, Kill 110 in Punjab". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  56. ↑ "Martyr's Gallery". 15 February 2022. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  57. ↑ WSN. "Ropar SP; Inspector, 3 sons shot dead". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  58. ↑ Marwah, Ved (1997). Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India. HarperCollins. p. 428. ISBN   978-81-7223-251-1.
  59. 1 2 3 July 3, 1992 World Sikh News Page 3
  60. ↑ "After months of preparation, Punjab Police finally kills terrorist Gurbachan Singh Manochahal". India Today. 31 March 1993. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  61. ↑ "Indian police kill top Sikh guerilla". The Daily Gazette . 1 March 1993. p. 16.
  62. ↑ "Manochahal killed in encounter". The Indian Express . 1 March 1993. p. 1.
  63. ↑ Punjab, Committee for Coordination on Disappearances in (2003). Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab : Final Report. Sikh Students Federation. ISBN   978-99933-53-57-7.
  64. ↑ "ਭਿੰਡਰਾਂਵਾਲਾ ਟਾਈਗਰਜ਼ ਫ਼ੋਰਸ ਨੇ ਲਈ ਜਲੰਧਰ ਬੰਬ ਧਮਾਕਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ" ਭਿੰਡਰਾਂਵਾਲਾ ਟਾਈਗਰਜ਼ ਫ਼ੋਰਸ ਨੇ ਲਈ ਜਲੰਧਰ ਬੰਬ ਧਮਾਕਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ [Bhindranwala Tigers Force took responsibility for the Jalandhar blasts]. Rozana Spokesman (in Punjabi). 16 September 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.