Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army

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Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
缅甸民族民主同盟军
မြန်မာ့အမျိုးသားဒီမိုကရက်တစ်မဟာမိတ်တပ်မတော်
Leader Pheung Daxun [1]
Dates of operation12 March 1989 (1989-03-12) – present
Active regions Kokang, Myanmar
Ideology Kokang Nationalism
Size6,000+ [2]
Part ofFlag of Myanmar National Truth and Justice Party(2020-).png Myanmar National Truth and Justice Party
Allies Northern Alliance [3]

Other allies

OpponentsFlag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg Union of Myanmar (until 2011)
Battles and wars Internal conflict in Myanmar
Designated as a terrorist group by Myanmar [4]
Flag Flag of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army.svg
Preceded by
Communist Party of Burma flag (1946-1969).png Communist Party of Burma
Succeeded by
Mongko Region Defence Army (split in 1995)
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
Simplified Chinese 缅甸民族民主同盟军
Traditional Chinese 緬甸民族民主同盟軍
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Miǎndiàn mínzú mínzhǔ tóngméng jūn

Clashes with the Tatmadaw resumed after the military coup, when the MNDAA, alongside its allies of the Brotherhood Alliance, the Arakan Army and Ta'ang National Liberation Army, attacked a police station south of Lashio, killing at least 14 police officers and burning the station to the ground. [19] MNDAA and TNLA further launched attacks in multiple locations in Northern Shan State on 4 and 5 May 2021, inflicting heavy casualties on the Myanmar military. [20]

The MNDAA were involved in Operation 1027 in October 2023, launching coordinated attacks and seizing governmental military outposts ranging from Lashio to Hopang Township in northern Shan State. [21] [22] On 28 October 2023 it was reported that Chinshwehaw had come fully under control of the MNDAA during the ongoing civil war. [23] On 5 January 2024, the MNDAA gained full control of Laukkai, the capital of Kokang, following a mass surrender of the last Burmese military junta forces. [24] [25] In the same day, the MNDAA claimed the "liberation" of Kokang. [26] On January 11, the junta and the Brotherhood Alliance reached a ceasefire under Chinese sponsorship in northern Shan State. [27] On June 25, the TNLA announced that it was resuming military operations against the junta in reaction to repeated ceasefire violations and launched simultaneous attacks in coordination with local PDF groups. [28] The same day, the MNDAA and its allies attacked several military bases around Lashio and began surrounding the city. [29] On 14 July, the group announced a four-day halt in fighting to avoid interfering with the third plenary session of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. [30]

On 2 September, the SAC declared the MNDAA as a terrorist group. [31]

2024 ceasefire

On 18 September, the MNDAA declared that they would not form alliances with the NUG or "foreign communities opposing China and Myanmar." They further declared the ceasing of all military action against the SAC junta, except in cases of self-defense. [32]

Criticism

MNDAA has held multiple public executions. The European Union condemned the executions "in the strongest term", calling them "an inhuman and degrading punishment that represents an ultimate denial of human dignity". [33] The group has also been accused of forcibly recruiting migrant workers as fighters and executing deserters. [34]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Also known as the Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army and Kokang Army.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kokang</span> Historically Chinese region in northeastern Myanmar

Kokang is a region in Myanmar. It is located in the northern part of Shan State, with the Salween River to its west, and sharing a border with China's Yunnan Province to the east. Its total land area is around 1,895 square kilometers (732 sq mi). The capital is Laukkai. Kokang is mostly populated by ethnic Kokang people, a Yunnanese descendant living in Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Kokang incident</span> Ethnic conflict in Myanmar

The Kokang incident was a violent series of skirmishes that broke out in August 2009 in Kokang in Myanmar's northern Shan State. Several clashes between ethnic minorities and the Burmese military junta forces took place. As a result of the conflict, the MNDAA lost control of the area and as many as 30,000 refugees fled to Yunnan in neighbouring China.

Laukkai is the capital of Kokang Self-Administered Zone in the northern part of Shan State, Myanmar. It is located east of the Salween River, which forms part of Myanmar's border with the People's Republic of China at its upper reaches. It is about 10 miles (16 km) away from Nansan, China. In Laukkai, Southwestern Mandarin and Chinese characters are widely used, and the Chinese renminbi is in circulation. It is the main town of Laukkaing Township of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone. It is 117 miles (188 km) from Lashio and 42 miles (68 km) from Kongyan. Its population is 23,435. Laukkai is notorious for its gambling, prostitution, human trafficking and online scams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pheung Kya-shin</span> Burmese army commander (1931–2022)

Pheung Kya-shin was the chairman of the Shan State Special Region No. 1 in Myanmar (Burma) and the leader of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) from 1989 to 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kokang Self-Administered Zone</span> Self-administered zone in Shan State, Myanmar

The Kokang Self-Administered Zone, as stipulated by the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar, is a former De facto self-administered zone in northern Shan State. The zone is intended to be self-administered by the Kokang people. Its official name was announced by decree on 20 August 2010. It is recognized as illegal by the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arakan Army</span> Insurgent group active in Rakhine State, Myanmar

The Arakan Army, sometimes referred to as the Arakha Army, is an ethno-nationalist armed organisation based in Rakhine State (Arakan). Founded in April 2009, the AA is the military wing of the United League of Arakan (ULA). The Arakan Army are followers of Theravada Buddhism. It is currently led by Commander-in-Chief Major General Twan Mrat Naing and vice deputy commander-in-chief Brigadier General Nyo Twan Awng. It is the military wing of the Buddhist Rakhine ethnic people in Rakhine state where they are the majority. They seek greater autonomy from the Myanmar's central government and wants to restore the sovereignty of Arakan people. It was declared a terrorist organization in 2020 by Myanmar, and again by the State Administration Council junta in 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palaung State Liberation Front</span> Political party in Myanmar

The Palaung State Liberation Front is a political organization and armed group in Myanmar. Its armed wing is the Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Kokang offensive</span> 2015 military operations in Myanmar

The 2015 Kokang offensive was a series of military operations launched by the Myanmar Army in 2015 in Kokang in northern Shan State, Myanmar (Burma). Several clashes between the Myanmar Army and Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army had taken place from February to May 2015.

Bai Suocheng or Bai Xuoqian is a Kokang politician from Shan State, Myanmar. He was a former deputy commander of the Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army who later became the MP of the Amyotha Hluttaw representing Laukkai and first leader of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone. In 2024 he was extradited to China for running online and telephone scam centres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ta'ang National Liberation Army</span> Insurgent group in Shan State, Myanmar

The Ta'ang National Liberation Army is a political organization and armed group in Myanmar. It is the armed wing of the Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myanmar civil war (2021–present)</span> Ongoing armed conflict in Myanmar since the 2021 coup detat

The Myanmar Civil War, also known as the Burmese Civil War, Burmese Spring Revolution, or People's Defensive War, is an ongoing civil war since 2021. It began following Myanmar's long-running insurgencies, which escalated significantly in response to the 2021 military coup d'état and the subsequent violent crackdown on anti-coup protests. The exiled National Unity Government and major ethnic armed organisations repudiated the 2008 Constitution and called instead for a democratic federal state. Besides engaging this alliance, the ruling government of the State Administration Council, or SAC, also contends with other anti-SAC forces in areas under its control. Hannah Beech of The New York Times observed the insurgents are apportioned into hundreds of armed groups scattered across the country.

The following is a timeline of major events during the Myanmar civil war (2021–present), following the 2021 military coup d'état and protests. It was also a renewed intensity in existing internal conflict in Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myanmar National Truth and Justice Party</span> Kokang area political party

The Myanmar National Truth and Justice Party (MNTJP) is a political party in Myanmar. It is the political wing of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), an armed resistance group in the Kokang region of Myanmar. The MNTJP cooperates politically and militarily with other members of the Northern Alliance and the Three Brotherhood Alliance. It is also a member of the Federal Political Negotiation and Consultative Committee (FPNCC), which is led by the United Wa State Army (UWSA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation 1027</span> 2023–present anti-junta military operation in Myanmar

Operation 1027 is an ongoing military offensive conducted by the Three Brotherhood Alliance, a military coalition composed of three ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar: the Arakan Army (AA), Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), and Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA), allied with other rebel forces in the country, against the Tatmadaw, Myanmar's ruling military junta.

The Three Brotherhood Alliance ;, also known as Brotherhood Alliance, is an alliance between the Arakan Army, Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army, and the Ta'ang National Liberation Army formed in June 2019.

Peng Daxun, also known as Peng Deren, is a Burmese Kokang military leader serving as commander of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) since 2009. He is the son of Pheung Kya-shin, his immediate predecessor as commander of the MNDAA, and has waged a war against the Tatmadaw and government of Myanmar to reclaim control over Kokang.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Laukkai</span> 2023–2024 military offensive in Myanmar

The Battle of Laukkai was a military offensive conducted by the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) encircling and capturing Laukkai, the capital of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone in northeastern Myanmar. The battle was part of the larger Operation 1027, a joint military operation conducted by the Three Brotherhood Alliance coalition of three ethnic armed organisations and part of the overall renewed civil war in Myanmar.

On April 10, 2021, fighters from the Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) and Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) attacked a police station controlled by Tatmadaw, killing fourteen police officers. The Naungmon ambush was the first attack by the 3BA during the Myanmar civil war and after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Lashio</span> 2024 capture of Lashio by Myanmar rebels

The Battle of Lashio was an offensive conducted by the Three Brotherhood Alliance, along with other resistance forces, to capture the northern Shan city of Lashio. The headquarters for the Tatmadaw's Northeastern Command, the city was besieged by rebel forces following the collapse of the Chinese-mediated ceasefire that had paused the rebels' Operation 1027.

The attempted assassination of Bai Yingneng was the first attack by the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) on Tatmadaw-aligned Kokang Border Guard Forces in Kokang, Myanmar. On February 5, 2021, MNDAA fighters ambushed a convoy transporting ousted governor Bai Yingmeng, the son of former Kokang leader Bai Suocheng, killing nine civilians and three of Bai's bodyguards.

References

  1. ↑ "Myanmar Peace Monitor - MNDAA". 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  2. ↑ "Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) » Myanmar Peace Monitor". 6 June 2013.
  3. ↑ Lynn, Kyaw Ye. "Curfew imposed after clashes near Myanmar-China border". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  4. ↑ https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/4/myanmar-regime-labels-key-ethnic-armed-groups-terrorist-organisations
  5. ↑ Ethnic group in Myanmar said to break cease-fire Archived 6 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Associated Press. 28 August 2009.
  6. ↑ Fredholm, Michael (1993). Burma: ethnicity and insurgency. Praeger. p. 205. ISBN   978-0-275-94370-7.
  7. 1 2 South, Ashley (2008). Ethnic politics in Burma: states of conflict. Taylor & Francis. p. 140. ISBN   978-0-203-89519-1.
  8. 1 2 Rotberg, Robert (1998). Burma: prospects for a democratic future. Brookings Institution Press. p. 169.
  9. ↑ Skidmore, Monique; Wilson, Trevor (2007). Myanmar: the state, community and the environment. ANU E Press. p. 69.
  10. 1 2 Shanty, Frank; Mishra, Patit Paban (2007). Organized crime: from trafficking to terrorism. ABC-CLIO. p. 70.
  11. ↑ A Failing Grade: Burma's Drug Eradication Efforts (PDF). Alternative ASEAN Network on Burma. 2004. ISBN   978-9749243343. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  12. ↑ Johnston, Tim (29 August 2009). "China Urges Burma to Bridle Ethnic Militia Uprising at Border". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  13. ↑ Mullen, Jethro; Mobasherat, Mitra. "Myanmar says Kokang rebels killed 47 of its soldiers". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  14. ↑ 果敢资讯网 (31 October 2023). 缅甸掸邦第一特区军事管制委员会对敌伪人员的通令（汉/缅） (in Chinese). 网易新闻. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  15. ↑ 果敢资讯网 (7 November 2023). （评论）缅伪政权统治果敢的十宗罪. 网易新闻. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  16. ↑ "Myanmar Kokang Rebels Deny Receiving Chinese Weapons". Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  17. ↑ "Deadly clashes hit Kokang in Myanmar's Shan state". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  18. ↑ "Myanmar rebel clashes in Kokang leave 30 dead". BBC News. 6 March 2017. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  19. ↑ Eckert, Paul (10 April 2021). "Ethnic Army Alliance Kills 14 Myanmar Police in Dawn Raid as Death Toll Mounts in Bago". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  20. ↑ "TNLA, MNDAA Claim to Have Killed Dozens of Myanmar Junta Troops in Shan State". The Irrawaddy. 5 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  21. ↑ Watch, Dawei (27 October 2023). "၁၀၂၇ စစ်ဆင်ရေးအဖြစ် ရှမ်းမြောက်ပိုင်းရှိ စစ်ကောင်စီ၏ စစ်ရေးပစ်မှတ်များကိုဝင်တိုက်" (in Burmese). Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  22. ↑ "Ethnic rebel alliance attacks military positions across northern Myanmar". Al Jazeera . 27 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  23. ↑ Zan, Hein Htoo (28 October 2023). "Ethnic Alliance Report Rapid Gains From Myanmar Junta Along Chinese Border". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  24. ↑ "MNDAA captures military command centre outside Laukkai, taking full control of city". Myanmar Now. 5 January 2024.
  25. ↑ "Myanmar Regime Raises the White Flag in Kokang Zone on China Border in Shan State". The Irrawaddy. 5 January 2024.
  26. ↑ "MNDAA Liberates Kokang From Myanmar Junta". The Irrawaddy. 6 January 2024.
  27. ↑ "Myanmar's military, ethnic armed groups agree to China-mediated truce". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  28. ↑ "TNLA Restarts Operation 1027 Against Myanmar Junta". The Irrawaddy. 25 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  29. ↑ "Myanmar's MNDAA Launches Offensive to Seize Northern Shan Capital". The Irrawaddy. 3 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  30. ↑ "MNDAA Announces Four-Day Halt in Fighting in Myanmar's N. Shan". The Irrawaddy. 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  31. ↑ Myanmar Junta Designates Brotherhood Alliance Members ‘Terrorist’ Groups. The Irrawaddy. September 4, 2024
  32. ↑ MNDAA Declares No Military or Political Alliance with NUG, Will Not Launch Offensives in Mandalay and Taunggyi Cities September 19, 2024. Mizzima
  33. ↑ "Video shows rebel group sentencing own fighters to death for 'abuse of power'". Radio Free Asia . 25 April 2024.
  34. ↑ "MNDAA Accused of Forcibly Recruiting Myanmar Migrants, Killing Deserters". The Irrawaddy. 16 May 2024. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
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