Battle of Laukkai

Last updated
Battle of Laukkai
Part of Operation 1027 in the Myanmar civil war
Battle of Laukkai (November 2023 - January 2024).svg
  Gains made by anti-SAC forces
Date15 November 2023 – 5 January 2024
(1 month and 3 weeks)
Location
Laukkai
Laukkaing Township
China-Myanmar border
23°41′41″N98°45′52″E / 23.69472°N 98.76444°E / 23.69472; 98.76444
Result MNDAA victory
Territorial
changes		 MNDAA captures Laukkai and surrounding areas
Belligerents

Flag of Myanmar.svg State Administration Council

Flag of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army.svg Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army and allied forces
Commanders and leaders
Units involved

Flag of the Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) of Myanmar.svg  Tatmadaw

Three Brotherhood Alliance:

Strength
2,400+ [2] [3] Unknown
Casualties and losses
90+ killed
2,479 surrendered. [3] [2] 		Unknown
8+ civilians killed, 25+ injured. [4]

The Battle of Laukkai was a military offensive conducted by the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) encircling and capturing Laukkai, the capital of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone (Kokang SAZ) in northeastern Myanmar. The battle was part of the larger Operation 1027, a joint military operation conducted by the Three Brotherhood Alliance coalition of three ethnic armed organisations and part of the overall renewed civil war in Myanmar. [5]

Contents

Chinshwehaw, a key border town and main entrypoint into Kokang on the Lashio-chinshwehaw Road was seized on the first day of Operation 1027. [6] In the second half of November, the MNDAA encircled the town of Laukkai taking several key outposts. They began attacking in southeastern Laukkai city on 1 December. [7] On 3 December, they captured the Four Buddhist Statues Hill capturing all territory south of Laukkai. There was a brief respite in fighting in mid-December as peace talks were attempted. They were unsuccessful and on 18 December, fighting resumed north of Laukkai. The MNDAA captured key border towns and gates on 19 December and began pushing into the city. [8]

On 26 December, the Tatmadaw's military and the Border Guard Forces led by Bai Suocheng in Laukkai surrendered to the MNDAA. By 28 December, the MNDAA had taken control of most of the city. [4] [9] Remaining junta personnel surrendered on 4 January and up to 1000 personnel evacuated to Lashio. [10]

Background

Kokang and Myanmar's civil war

After the collapse of the Communist Party of Burma in 1989, Kokang became the autonomous First Special Region in Shan State. The MNDAA, then led by Peng Jiasheng, took control of the region and signed a ceasefire with Myanmar's armed forces, the Tatmadaw. In 2009, the Tatmadaw asked MNDAA to become a Border Guard Force under the army's direction. The MNDAA refused, and the armed forces ousted the group and took over the region during the 2009 Kokang incident. [11] In 2015, the MNDAA launched the 2015 Kokang offensive, causing the area to enter a state of emergency and a three-month period of martial law in response to fighting. [12]

After renewed civil war following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, the MNDAA's close ally the Arakan Army entered a ceasefire in November 2022. [13] A few days later, the State Administration Council military junta attacked the MNDAA using heavy weapons on a base near Chinshwehaw by the Chinese border. This assault continued into 2 December, reportedly sending 500 junta soldiers. [14]

Operation 1027

By October 2023, the Myanmar military found its resources increasingly strained following two years of persistent anti-junta efforts across various regions of Myanmar. [15] On 9 October, the military attacked a base, escalating the conflict with the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) one of the MNDAA's close allies and third part of the Three Brotherhood Alliance. [16] At the same time, fraud factories along the Chinese border had become a large issue with the junta working with Chinese gangs to traffic over 120,000 people into Myanmar and earning billions of dollars in revenue for the junta. To exert pressure, China worked actively with the Three Brotherhood Alliance to extricate and arrest Chinese citizens involved. [17] [18]

The Three Brotherhood Alliance declared the start of Operation 1027, on 27 October 2023 with the primary objectives of safeguarding civilians, asserting self-defence rights, maintaining control over territory, responding to artillery attacks and airstrikes, eradicating military rule and combating the widespread online gambling fraud. [19] [20] International observers have pointed to the influential role of China as a key factor in the operation's launch, while others have cautioned against reducing the motives of the rebels to simply an extension of China's wishes. [21] Analysts have highlighted that the cooperation between the PDFs and EAOs during Operation 1027 is a continuation of Myanmar's Spring Revolution, countering narratives that attribute its formation to Chinese influence. [22]

Kokang region within Shan State and Myanmar Kokang.svg
Kokang region within Shan State and Myanmar

On the first day of Operation 1027, the MNDAA seized control of the border town of Chinshwehaw and blocked the Lashio-Muse Highway and Lashio-Chinshwehaw Road to prevent the regime from bringing reinforcements along these routes. [6] On 1 November, the junta detained over 200 foreign nationals in a border guard post near Laukkai as leverage to prevent the growing Three Brotherhood Alliance presence from attacking the city or its key military outposts. [23] On 12 November 2023, 127 junta soldiers from the 129th Infantry Battalion stationed in Laukkai and their family members surrendered to the MNDAA within the city. [24] On the same day, martial Law would be declared across northern Shan State, including in Laukkai Township. [25] The State Administration Council further announced that junta-aligned Kokang SAZ chairman Myint Swe would be temporarily replaced by Brigadier General Tun Tun Myint. Tun Tun Myint was previously the commander in charge of northern Shan State operations. The move was suggested to be in anticipation of Operation 1027 moving towards Laukkai. [1]

Battle

Initial fighting

Sign at entrance of Laukkai Laukkaing.jpg
Sign at entrance of Laukkai

Over the second half of November, the MNDAA encircled the city by capturing a number of junta outposts. The junta found it difficult to retain its foothold after losing Chinshwehaw, which was a key entry point into the Kokang SAZ along the main Lashio-Chinshwehaw road. The Chinese embassy in Yangon urged citizens to leave Laukkai and the city was mostly deserted by 1 December. On 1 December, the MNDAA started penetrating the Tong Chain neighbourhood in southeastern Laukkai and focused fire on military targets as hundreds of civilians still remained trapped in the city. [7]

On 3 December, the MNDAA attacked the military's outpost on Four Buddhist Statues Hill immediately south of Laukkai. The battle lasted eight hours as the junta had a substantial presence on the hilltop base. This was the last junta outpost between the Brotherhood Alliance and Laukkai proper. The following day, the MNDAA separately attacked retreating junta soldiers who had abandoned positions in north of the city [26] On 6 December 2023, The MNDAA completed capturing the Four Buddhist Statues Hill outpost and established control of the southern side of Laukkai. Remaining junta troops were positioned north of the city, keeping it well-guarded. [27]

Chinese-brokered ceasefire talks

On either 7 or 8 December, China allegedly held talks with the Three Brotherhood Alliance in Kunming, Yunnan regarding the fate of Laukkai. [4] According to an alleged leaked draft consensus, the Brother Alliance and Lieutenant General Min Naing of the junta agreed on a ceasefire by the end of December, making political arrangements between the MNDAA and the SAC to "return to the Old Street". "Old Street" was literal translation of the Chinese name for the city and the details of the consensus was left vague. [28]

A few days later on 11 December, China helped to hold peace talks between the Tatmadaw and various rebel groups in the North, including the alliance. The talks focused on Operation 1027 generally but also discussed the fate of Laukkai. [29] According to the junta, the talks went positively and announced plans for a follow-up meeting at the end of the month. [30] The Brotherhood Alliance announced later on 13 December that these peace talks "lasted only 10 minutes" and vowed to continue fighting. [31]

Resumption of fighting

On the evening of 18 December, the Myanmar Air Force carried out three airstrikes on MNDAA targets in Htin Par Keng, a village directly north of Laukkai's northern city gates. [32] Junta troops stationed in Laukkai shelled the village after the initial airstrikes, continuing shelling and using airstrikes well into the following evening. Many remaining residents continued to shelter in their homes. [33]

Yanlonkyine Gate on the China-Myanmar border Myanmar-China Border Yanlonkyine Gate.jpg
Yanlonkyine Gate on the China-Myanmar border
Flag of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army Flag of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army.svg
Flag of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army

On 19 December, the MNDAA gained control of the Yanlonkyaing border gate (Border Point 122) on the Chinese border with Nansan, Yunnan, three miles north of Laukkai. [32] [8] The MNDAA also seized Border Point 125, a smaller border crossing and site of an IDP camp with 30,000 people. MNDAA forces took down the Flag of Myanmar and raised the flag of the MNDAA at the Chinese border. [8]

As the battle moved into the city, regime forces fired artillery at the city on 25 December killing 8 civilians and injuring 24 others in the Tong Chain neighbourhood hotel. [4] On 26 December, 90 soldiers of the Tatmadaw's 55th Light Infantry Division and BGF troops reportedly surrendered to the MNDAA, while another 90 junta troops were killed in previous fighting. Some local Border Guard Forces under warlord Bai Suocheng also surrendered. Bai was the former deputy commander of the MNDAA who switched allegiances in 2008 to take control of the Kokang SAZ under the Tatmadaw's directive. [2] After the surrender, the MNDAA took over the police compound and the junta's military presence dropped significantly. MNDAA troops began patrolling the city and posting videos on TikTok to demonstrate their control. Two days later on 28 December, the MNDAA had taken control of most of the city. [4]

In a New Year's Day address, MNDAA commander Peng Daxun vowed to eradicate online scams in Kokang and noted that while they had taken most of Laukkai, Operation 1027 was still ongoing. Concerns grew over the fate of Laukkai as the junta typically bombed fallen towns into complete destruction. [34] On 3 January, junta artillery shells fired at Laukkai landed in China and injured 5 people in Zhenkang sparking protestation and a call for peace from China. [35]

Surrender and aftermath

On 4 January, the junta's military personnel surrendered their Laukkai operations headquarters and handed weapons and ammunition to MNDAA troops as they and their families evacuated the city. Up to 1000 regime troops, family and civil servants were evacuated to Lashio, which itself is surrounded by the Three Brotherhood Alliance. [36] According to The Irrawaddy, the surrender was mediated by China for a more stable border and pre-approved by the junta. Six brigadier generals, including commander of the Laukkai Regional Operations Command Moe Kyaw Thu, were evacuated to Lashio on a helicopter. All six were detained by the junta upon their arrival in Lashio. [37] On 20 January, a military tribunal in Naypyidaw sentenced three of the generals to death and the others to life imprisonment for the crime of "shamefully abandoning" their positions. [38] [39]

On 5 January 2024, The MNDAA gained full control of Laukkai, capital of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone following the mass surrender of the last junta forces and officials within the city. [10] [9] According to the MNDAA, 2389 junta personnel and about 1600 family members laid down their arms and surrendered. A junta spokesperson stated that they made the decision prioritizing the safety of their families. [3] The surrendering personnel and families who had not already left the previous day were evacuated to Lashio. [40]

Haigeng ceasefire

In the wake of these gains and the fall of Laukkai, on 12 January, China announced that it had negotiated another ceasefire between the junta and the Three Brotherhood Alliance, known as the "Haigeng Agreement". [41] The two sides agreed to disengage personnel and pledged not to compromise the safety of Chinese border residents. [42] According to the Brotherhood Alliance, they had agreed not to seize more towns in northern Shan and that the junta had agreed not to shell or strike that area. [43] However, the following day, the TNLA reported that the junta had broken their ceasefire agreement with airstrikes in various townships in Northern Shan, including Lashio Township and Kyaukme Township. [44]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kokang</span> Historically Chinese region in northeastern Myanmar

Kokang is a region in Myanmar. It is located in the northern part of Shan State, with the Salween River to its west, and sharing a border with China's Yunnan Province to the east. Its total land area is around 1,895 square kilometers (732 sq mi). The capital is Laukkai. Kokang is mostly populated by ethnic Kokang people, a Yunnanese descendant living in Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myanmar conflict</span> Ongoing insurgencies in Myanmar

Insurgencies have been ongoing in Myanmar since 1948, when the country, then known as Burma, gained independence from the United Kingdom. It has largely been an ethnic conflict, with ethnic armed groups fighting Myanmar's armed forces, the Tatmadaw, for self-determination. Despite numerous ceasefires and the creation of autonomous self-administered zones in 2008, armed groups continue to call for independence, increased autonomy, or federalisation. It is the world's longest ongoing civil war, spanning almost eight decades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Kokang incident</span> Ethnic conflict in Myanmar

The Kokang incident was a violent series of skirmishes that broke out in August 2009 in Kokang in Myanmar's northern Shan State. Several clashes between ethnic minorities and the Burmese military junta forces took place. As a result of the conflict, the MNDAA lost control of the area and as many as 30,000 refugees fled to Yunnan in neighbouring China.

Laukkai is the capital of Kokang Self-Administered Zone in the northern part of Shan State, Myanmar. It is located east of the Salween River, which forms part of Myanmar's border with the People's Republic of China at its upper reaches. It is about 10 miles (16 km) away from Nansan, China. In Laukkai, Southwestern Mandarin and Chinese characters are widely used, and the Chinese renminbi is in circulation. It is the main town of Laukkaing Township of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone. It is 117 miles (188 km) from Lashio and 42 miles (68 km) from Kongyan. Its population is 23,435. Laukkai is notorious for its gambling, prostitution, human trafficking and online scams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kokang Self-Administered Zone</span> Self-administered zone in Shan State, Myanmar

The Kokang Self-Administered Zone, as stipulated by the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar, is a former De facto self-administered zone in northern Shan State. The zone is intended to be self-administered by the Kokang people. Its official name was announced by decree on 20 August 2010. It is recognized as illegal by the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arakan Army</span> Insurgent group active in Rakhine State, Myanmar

The Arakan Army, sometimes referred to as the Arakha Army, is an ethno-nationalist armed organisation based in Rakhine State (Arakan). Founded in April 2009, the AA is the military wing of the United League of Arakan (ULA). The Arakan Army are followers of Theravada Buddhism. It is currently led by Commander-in-Chief Major General Twan Mrat Naing and vice deputy commander-in-chief Brigadier General Nyo Twan Awng. The Arakan Army states that the objective of its armed revolution is to restore the sovereignty of the Arakan people. It was declared a terrorist organization in 2020 by Myanmar, and again by the State Administration Council junta in 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army</span> Ethnic insurgent group in northern Myanmar

The Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) is an armed resistance group in the Kokang region of Myanmar (Burma). The army has existed since 1989, having been the first one to sign a ceasefire agreement with the Burmese government. The ceasefire lasted for about two decades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Kokang offensive</span> 2015 military operations in Myanmar

The 2015 Kokang offensive was a series of military operations launched by the Myanmar Army in 2015 in Kokang in northern Shan State, Myanmar (Burma). Several clashes between the Myanmar Army and Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army had taken place from February to May 2015.

Bai Suocheng or Bai Xuoqian is a Kokang politician from Shan State, Myanmar. He was a former deputy commander of the Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army who later became the MP of the Amyotha Hluttaw representing Laukkai and first leader of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone. In 2024 he was extradited to China for running online and telephone scam centres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ta'ang National Liberation Army</span> Insurgent group in Shan State, Myanmar

The Ta'ang National Liberation Army is a political organization and armed group in Myanmar. It is the armed wing of the Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF).

Konkyan is a town in Konkyan Township, Shan State of Myanmar. It is also a part of Kokang Self-Administered Zone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myanmar civil war (2021–present)</span> Ongoing armed conflict in Myanmar since the 2021 coup detat

The Myanmar Civil War, also known as the Burmese Civil War, Burmese Spring Revolution, or People's Defensive War, is an ongoing civil war since 2021. It began following Myanmar's long-running insurgencies, which escalated significantly in response to the 2021 military coup d'état and the subsequent violent crackdown on anti-coup protests. The exiled National Unity Government and major ethnic armed organisations repudiated the 2008 Constitution and called instead for a democratic federal state. Besides engaging this alliance, the ruling government of the State Administration Council, or SAC, also contends with other anti-SAC forces in areas under its control. Hannah Beech of The New York Times observed the insurgents are apportioned into hundreds of armed groups scattered across the country.

The following is a timeline of major events during the Myanmar civil war (2021–present), following the 2021 military coup d'état and protests. It was also a renewed intensity in existing internal conflict in Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myanmar National Truth and Justice Party</span> Kokang area political party

The Myanmar National Truth and Justice Party (MNTJP) is a political party in Myanmar. It is the political wing of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), an armed resistance group in the Kokang region of Myanmar. The MNTJP cooperates politically and militarily with other members of the Northern Alliance and the Three Brotherhood Alliance. It is also a member of the Federal Political Negotiation and Consultative Committee (FPNCC), which is led by the United Wa State Army (UWSA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation 1027</span> 2023–present anti-junta military operation in Myanmar

Operation 1027 is an ongoing military offensive conducted by the Three Brotherhood Alliance, a military coalition composed of three ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar: the Arakan Army (AA), Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), and Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA), allied with other rebel forces in the country, against the Tatmadaw, Myanmar's ruling military junta.

The Three Brotherhood Alliance ;, also known as Brotherhood Alliance, is an alliance between the Arakan Army, Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army, and the Ta'ang National Liberation Army formed in June 2019.

This is the list of important events happened in Myanmar in 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Lashio</span> 2024 capture of Lashio by Myanmar rebels

The Battle of Lashio was an offensive conducted by the Three Brotherhood Alliance, along with other resistance forces, to capture the northern Shan city of Lashio. The headquarters for the Tatmadaw's Northeastern Command, the city was besieged by rebel forces following the collapse of the Chinese-mediated ceasefire that had paused the rebels' Operation 1027.

The attempted assassination of Bai Yingneng was the first attack by the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) on Tatmadaw-aligned Kokang Border Guard Forces in Kokang, Myanmar. On February 5, 2021, MNDAA fighters ambushed a convoy transporting ousted governor Bai Yingmeng, the son of former Kokang leader Bai Suocheng, killing nine civilians and three of Bai's bodyguards.

Brigadier General Tun Tun Myint is a Burmese army general who surrendered to the MNDAA forces after the start of battles in Kokang Self-Administered Zone. He has served as the acting chairman of Kokang Self-Administered Zone (SAZ) and also the commander of the regional operations command. He, along with 2 other brigadier generals who were in charge of Laukkai's defense, were condemned to death by court martial for surrender.

References

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  32. 1 2 Myanmar Information Management Unit (September 2019). Laukkaing Myone Daethasaingyarachatlatmya လောက်ကိုင်မြို့နယ် ဒေသဆိုင်ရာအချက်လက်များ [Laukkaing Township Regional Information](PDF) (Report). MIMU. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
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