List of ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar

Last updated

Cadets of the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) preparing for military drills at the group's headquarters in Laiza, Kachin State. Kachin Independence Army cadets in Laiza (Paul Vrieze-VOA).jpg
Cadets of the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) preparing for military drills at the group's headquarters in Laiza, Kachin State.

The following is a list of non-state armed groups involved in the internal conflict in Myanmar, officially called ethnic armed organisations (EAOs) by the government of Myanmar. [1]

Contents

Terminology

The term "ethnic armed organisation" (Burmese : တိုင်းရင်းသား လက်နက်ကိုင် အဖွဲ့အစည်း) emerged in Myanmar during the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement negotiations from 2013 to 2015. [2] Various other terms, including "ethnic organisation", "ethnic resistance force", and "ethnic rebel group" have also been used to describe ethnic armed organisations. These organisations typically:

Active

NameAbbreviationFoundedStrengthHeadquartersLocationAffiliationsNotes
ULA-AA Flag.svg Arakan Army AA2009 Laiza
ANC-AA Flag.svg Arakan Army (Kayin State) AA (Kayin)2010Mobile headquarters Kayin State
Fighting Peacock Flag.png All Burma Students' Democratic Front ABSDF1988 Manerplaw (until 1995) [8] Joined the CRPH / NUG after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état [9]
Flag of the Arakan Liberation Party.svg Arakan Liberation Army ALA1968 Sittwe Armed wing of the Arakan Liberation Party
Flag of ARSA.png Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army ARSA2013Mobile headquarters
  • Previously known as Harakah al-Yaqin
  • Accused of being allied to the Tatmadaw [14]
Flag of the Bamar People's Liberation Army.png Bamar People's Liberation Army BPLA2021Mobile headquartersEastern MyanmarCo-founded by activist Maung Saungkha
Chin National Army Flag.svg Chin National Army CNA1988Camp Victoria [17] Chin State
Joined the CRPH / NUG after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état [19]
CNO-CNDF Flag.svg Chin National Defence Force CNDF2021 Falam Chin State Armed wing of the Chin National Organisation [20]
Flag of Chin State.svg Chinland Defense Force CDF2021Mobile headquarters
Flag of DKBA.svgDKBA-5 Buddhist Flag Variant.svg Democratic Karen Buddhist Army – Brigade 5 DKBA-52010Sonesee MyaingArmed wing of the Klohtoobaw Karen Organization [10]
  • Also known as the Democratic Karen Benevolent Army
  • Split from the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army in 2010
  • Joined peace talks with Tatmadaw, leading the Kaw Thoo Lei Army to further split from the DKBA-5 in April 2022 to fight the Tatmadaw [10]
Kachin Independence Army flag.svg Kachin Independence Army KIA1961
 Kachin State, northern Shan State Holds and governs territory in Kachin State [24]
Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.svg Kamtapur Liberation Organisation KLO1995Taga, Sagaing (until 2019) [25] Part of the UNLFW Based in India and operates in Assam and West Bengal
Flag of Myanmar Border Guard Forces.pngFlag of DKBA.svg Karen National Army KNA2024 Shwe Kokko [27] Kayin State
Flag of the Karen National Defence Organisation.svg Karen National Defence Organisation KNDO1947
Affiliate of the Karen National Union
  • Signed ceasefires with the government in 2012 and 2015 [29]
  • Broke its commitment to the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement in response to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
Flag of the KNLA.svg Karen National Liberation Army KNLA1949
Broke its commitment to the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement in response to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
Flag of the Karenni Army.png Karenni Army KA1949Nya Moe [32] Kayah State
Karenni National People's Liberation Front flag.png Karenni National People's Liberation Front KNPLF1978Pankan Kayah State
  • Split from the Karenni Army
  • Signed ceasefire in 1989 and transformed into a BGF in 2009
  • Defected to anti-junta forces in June 2023
KNDF Flag.jpg Karenni Nationalities Defence Force KNDF2021Mobile headquarters
Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup KYKL1994Mobile Headquarters Sagaing Region Part of CorCom
  • Based in India and operates in Manipur
  • Has bases in and trained in Myanmar [35]
  • Unofficially allied with the Tatmadaw [36]
South Asian Communist Banner.svg Kangleipak Communist Party KCP1980Mobile Headquarters Sagaing Region Part of CorCom
  • Based in India and operates in Manipur
  • Has bases in and trained in Myanmar
  • Unofficially allied with the Tatmadaw [36]
KNLPflag.jpg Kayan New Land Army KNLP/A1964 Pekon Armed wing of the Kayan New Land Party
  • Signed a ceasefire agreement with the Tatmadaw in 1994
  • Despite aiding resistance groups, the KNLP/A is allied to the Tatmadaw
Karen National Union Flag.png Kawthoolei Army KTLA2022 Kayin State Broke away from the Karen National Union July 2022 [38]
KNU/KNLA Peace Council KPC2007 To-kawko Kayin State Not affiliated with the KNU or KNLA, despite its name
Flag of Bnei Menashe.svg Kuki National Army KNA(B)1988Mobile headquartersArmed wing of the Kuki National Organisation Based in India and operates in Manipur
Kuki-Chin National Front Flag.png Kuki-Chin National Army KCNA2017Mobile headquartersArmed wing of the Kuki-Chin National Front
Lahu flag.svg Lahu Democratic Union LDU1973 [42] Loi Lan [10] Shan State
New Mon State Party flag.svg Mon National Liberation Army MNLA1958Ye Chaung PhyaArmed wing of the New Mon State Party Signed the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement in 2018, along with the Lahu Democratic Union [43] [44] [45]
New Mon State Party flag.svg Mon National Liberation Army (Anti-Military Dictatorship) MNLA-AMD2024Unknown Mon State Armed wing of the New Mon State Party (Anti-Dictatorship)
  • Split from MNLA on 14 February 2024
  • Joined anti-junta forces after leaving the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement
Flag of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army.svg Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army MNDAA1989Mobile headquarters Shan State (Kokang)
Flag of Myanmar's Royal Dragon Army.svg Burma National Revolutionary Army MRDA2022 Pale Sagaing Region Formerly known as the Myanmar Royal Dragon Army
Flag of the NDAA.png National Democratic Alliance Army NDAA1989 Mong La Shan State Split from the Communist Party of Burma after its dissolution
Myanmar National Liberation Army Flag.svg National Liberation Army NLA2023 Tamu Township Sagaing Region (Tamu Township)Formerly the PDF Tamu Battalion 3
Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg National Socialist Council of Nagaland
  • NSCN-K
  • NSCN-K-AM
  • NSCN-K-YA
  • NSCN-IM
1980
Part of the UNLFW
  • Based in India and operates primarily in Northeast India
  • Signed a ceasefire agreement with India in 2001 [52] and Myanmar in 2012 [53]
  • Consists of several factions
Flag of the Pa-O National Organisation.svg Pa-O National Army PNA1949 Taunggyi Shan State Armed wing of the Pa-O National Organisation
Flag of the Pa-O National Liberation Army.svg Pa-O National Liberation Army PNLA2009Camp LaybwerArmed wing of the Pa-O National Liberation Organisation Split into a pro-peace talk and anti-junta faction in January 2024 [10]
Flag of PDF Myanmar.svg People's Defence Force PDF2021Armed wing of the National Unity Government (NUG)
  • Formed in May 2021 after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
  • Consists of several local resistance groups and other newly-formed anti-junta ethnic militias, such as the Karenni People's Defence Force and the Chinland Defence Force
Pdfkalay.png People's Defence Force (Kalay) PDF (Kalay)2021 Kalay Sagaing Region Part of the People's Defence Force
Flag of the People's Liberation Army (Myanmar).png People's Liberation Army PLA2021Armed wing of the Communist Party of Burma The Communist Party of Burma rearmed itself and announced the creation of its new armed wing, the People's Liberation Army, in late 2021. [57] [58]
Bandera FPRM Manipur.png People's Liberation Army of Manipur PLAM1978 Manipur Part of CorCom
  • Based in India and operates in Manipur
  • Unoffically allied with the Tatmadaw [60]
Flag of People's Revolution Alliance (Magway).svg People's Revolution Alliance (Magway) PRA (Magway)2021Mobile headquarters
People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak PREPAK1977Mobile headquarters Sagaing Region Part of CorCom
  • Based in India and operates in Manipur
  • Has bases in and trained in Myanmar
  • Unofficially allied with the Tatmadaw [36]
Flag of the Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (since 2021).png Rohingya Solidarity Organisation RSO1982 [62]
  • Mainly active in the 1990s, militarily defunct by 1998
  • Alleged by the Tatmadaw to have had connections with the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in the early 2000s
  • Reestablished after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
  • Accused of being allied to the Tatmadaw [63]
Flag of the Shanni Nationalities Army.svg Shanni Nationalities Army SNA2016Mobile headquarters Kachin State Allies with the Shan State Army (RCSS) and the Tatmadaw
Flag of the Shan State Army-North.svg Shan State Army (SSPP) [lower-alpha 1] SSPP/SSA1971Wan Hai Shan State Declared war on the junta on 20 February 2024, after previously accepting a ceasefire in 2012.
SSA-S.svg Shan State Army (RCSS) [lower-alpha 1] RCSS/SSA1996 Loi Tai Leng Split from the Mong Tai Army in 1995
Infobox LNDP flag(1).jpg Lisu Ethnic Militia LEM/LNDP2013 Myitkyina Kachin State Armed wing of the Lisu National Development Party
  • Allied with the Tatmadaw
  • "People's Militia" created by the LNDP
  • Militia leader U Shwe Min was killed 7 March, 2024
Flag of Student Armed Force.svg Student Armed Force SAF2021Mobile headquarters
Flag of the Ta'ang National Liberation Army.svg Ta'ang National Liberation Army TNLA1992Mobile headquarters Shan State Governs the Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone
Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg United Liberation Front of Asom-Independent ULFA-I1979Taga, Sagaing (until 2019) [25] Part of the UNLFW
  • Based in India and operates in Assam
  • Pro-truce faction disbanded in 2023 after signing a peace agreement with the Indian government
Bandera UNLF.svg United National Liberation Front UNLF1964 Manipur Part of CorCom
  • Based in India and operated in Manipur
  • Signed ceasefire agreement with the Indian government in 2023
United Wa State Army flag.png United Wa State Army UWSA1989 Pangkham Shan State Governs the Wa Self-Administered Division (Wa State) [70]
Flag of the Wa National Army.svg Wa National Army WNA1969 Homein Shan State Signed a peace agreement with the government in August 1997
Flag of Zomi Re-unification Organisation.svg Zomi Revolutionary Army ZRA-EC1997 Churachandpur Armed wing of the Zomi Revolutionary Organisation
  • Based in India and operates in Manipur and Mizoram
  • Signed a ceasefire with India in 2005
  • Accused of being allied with the Tatmadaw [72]

Defunct

NameAbbreviationFoundedDisbandedStrengthHeadquartersLocationAffiliationsNotes
Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front ARIF1986 [73] 1998Mobile headquarters
Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg National Democratic Front of Boroland NDFB19862020Taga, Sagaing (until 2019) [25] Part of the UNLFW
  • Based in India and operated in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh
  • After splitting into several factions, disbanded in 2020 after signing a peace agreement with the Indian government
Communist Party of Arakan CPA19622004Mobile headquarters Rakhine State Split from the Red Flag Communist Party
Communist Party of Burma flag (1946-1969).png Communist Party of Burma CPB19391989 Pangkham (until 1989) Shan State Armed wing dissolved in 1989
Flag of DKBA.svg Democratic Karen Buddhist Army DKBA19942010Mobile headquarters Kayin State
  • Signed a ceasefire agreement shortly after its formation in 1994 and disbanded in 2010
  • Split from the Karen National Union
God's Army 19972006Mobile headquarters Myanmar–Thailand border Surrendered to government forces in 2006
Kachin Independence Army flag.svg Kachin Defense Army KDA19612010 Kawnghka Shan State Originated as the Kachin Independence Army's 4th brigade
Mongko Region Defence Army MRDA1995 [77] [78] 2000 Mongko Split from the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
Mong Tai Army flag.svg Mong Tai Army MTA19851996 Homein Surrendered to the government in 1996
Monland Restoration Army MRA20012012 Sangkhlaburi Armed wing of the Hongsawatoi Restoration PartySurrendered to government forces in 2012
Flag of Jihad.svg Mujahideen None19471954 Mayu Rakhine State Majority of fighters surrendered to the government in the late 1950s and early 1960s
New Democratic Army – Kachin NDA-K19892009Pang Wa Shan State Signed a ceasefire agreement with the government in 1989 and transformed into a BGF in 2009
Communist Party of Burma flag (1939-1946) and (1946-1970).svg Red Flag Communist Party RFCP19481978Mobile headquarters Shan State Split from the Communist Party of Burma
Rohingya Liberation Party RLP19721974Mobile headquarters Rakhine State Insurgents fled across the border into Bangladesh after a massive military operation by the government in July 1974
Rohingya National Army RNA19982001 Cox's Bazar Armed wing of the Arakan Rohingya National Organisation (ARNO)
Rohingya Patriotic Front RPF19741980sMobile headquarters Rakhine State
Flag of the Shan State Army.svg Shan State Army SSA19641976Mobile headquarters Shan State
Shan State National Army.svg Shan State National Army SSNA19952005 Hsipaw Shan State Merged with the Shan State Army – South in 2005
Shan United Revolutionary Army flag.png Shan United Revolutionary Army SURA19601996 Homein
Flag of the VBSW.png Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors VBSW19992013Mobile headquarters Myanmar–Thailand border

Coalitions

NameAbbreviationFoundedHeadquartersMembersNotes
Flag of the United Nationalities Federal Council.svg Federal Union Army FUA2011 Chiang Mai Armed wing of the United Nationalities Federal Council [86]
Northern Alliance NA-B2016 Laiza All four members of the Northern Alliance are also members of the Federal Political Negotiation and Consultative Committee.
Three Brotherhood Alliance 2019
United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia UNLFW2015Taga, Sagaing (until 2019) [25] Alliance of several Northeast India separatist groups active in Myanmar
Coordination Committee CorCom2011Alliance of several majority-Meitei separatist groups active in Northeast India with bases in Myanmar
4K Alliance 2023Alliance of ethnic Karen and Karenni rebel organisations

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Both the Shan State Progress Party and the Restoration Council of Shan State use "Shan State Army" as the name of their armed forces, so they're either distinguished by using the political organisation or adding North/South at the end

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References

  1. ↑ "Ethnic armed organisations' conference commences". President's Office of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Amara Thiha. "It's Time To Rethink Myanmar's Ethnic Armed Organizations". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  3. ↑ Parvez, Altaf (2 January 2022). "'We recognise the human rights and citizen rights of the Rohingyas'". Prothom Alo . Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  4. ↑ Davis, Anthony (1 February 2024). "Myanmar junta in a make-or-break Rakhine fight". Asia Times. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  5. ↑ "Internet Blackout Imposed on Myanmar's Restive Rakhine State". Agence France-Presse via Voice of America. 23 June 2019. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  6. ↑ "AA (Karen Region)". Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  7. ↑ "All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) | Myanmar Peace Monitor". mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  8. 1 2 3 "The Politics of Pressure: The 1990s and the Fall of Manerplaw". www.ibiblio.org. The Museum of Karen History and Culture. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  9. ↑ "All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) has entered a war with Myanmar's junta military". The Chindwin. 16 January 2022.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Rocky Start for New Bloc of Myanmar EAOs Formed to Join Junta Peace Talks". The Irrawaddy. 12 April 2024.
  11. ↑ "Arakan Liberation Party officer shot dead in Rakhine State capital". Myanmar Now. 18 September 2023.
  12. ↑ Olarn, Kocha; Griffiths, James (11 January 2018). "Myanmar military admits role in killing Rohingya found in mass grave". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  13. ↑ "'Beyond comprehension': Myanmar admits killing Rohingya". www.aljazeera.com. 11 January 2018. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  14. ↑ "Myanmar's Junta Plays Both Rakhine and Rohingya for Fools". The Irrawaddy. 26 March 2024.
  15. ↑ "တရုတ်နယ်စပ်က ရိုင်ဖယ်များနှင့် အားမာန်ပြည့်လာသည့် တပ်ဖွဲ့သစ်များ" [Armed groups rejuvenated by rifles from Chinese borderlands]. Irrawaddy (in Burmese). 6 June 2023.
  16. ↑ "Chin National Front | Myanmar Peace Monitor". 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  17. ↑ Fishbein, Emily (9 January 2023). "Chin nationalism 'blossoms' on northwestern front against junta". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Peace Process Overview | Myanmar Peace Monitor". mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  19. ↑ "Chin National Front Signs Deal with Myanmar's Shadow Govt". The Irrawaddy. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  20. ↑ Benezer, Salai. "Chin people form CNO, CNDF". BNI Multimedia Group. Burma News Internationational. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 "Armed ethnic groups | Myanmar Peace Monitor". www.mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 10 January 2013. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  22. ↑ "Peace may prove elusive as divisions sap strength of karen national union | Bangkok Post: news". www.bangkokpost.com. Bangkok Post. 14 October 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  23. ↑ "Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) | Myanmar Peace Monitor". mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  24. ↑ "Burma attack breaks Kachin truce near China border". BBC. 20 January 2013. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014. The rebels are seeking greater autonomy within Burma for ethnic Kachins who have had de facto control over a part of northern Burma for more than 50 years.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 "UNLFW: The new name for terror in NE". Times of India. 5 June 2015.
  26. ↑ "All Karen Border Guard Force units to be rebranded as The Karen National Army". Karen News. 2 March 2024.
  27. 1 2 "Kayin Border Guard Force celebrates ninth anniversary". Frontier Myanmar. 20 August 2019.
  28. ↑ "Ethnic Karen guerrillas in Myanmar leave a town that army lost 2 weeks ago as rival group holds sway". ABC News. 24 April 2024.
  29. ↑ "Myanmar Signs Historic Cease-Fire Deal With Eight Ethnic Armies". Radio Free Asia. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  30. ↑ "ชาติพันธุ์กระเหรี่ยง ต่อสู้เพื่อความฝัน "รัฐกะเหรี่ยง"". pptvhd36.com (in Thai). 30 March 2021. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  31. ↑ Burma center for Ethnic Studies, January 2012, "Briefing Paper No. 1" http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs13/BCES-BP-01-ceasefires(en).pdf Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
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