Australian nationalism is the ideology, movement and sentiment that emphasizes the identity, culture, and interests of Australia as a nation-state, asserting the identity of Australians as a distinct nation, regardless of its previously derivative and colonial status. [1] [2] It encompasses a range of beliefs and values that are often rooted in Australia's history, geography, and socio-political context. [3] Key elements of Australian nationalism include a sense of national pride, attachment to Australian symbols such as the flag and national anthem, and a focus on promoting Australia's sovereignty and independence. [4]
Historically, Australian nationalism emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as Australia moved towards federation and gained independence from British colonial rule, [2] [5] developing itself in three pivotal historical traditions: the labour movement, the republican movement and nativism. [6] It was shaped by factors such as the experiences of early settlers and the desire for a distinct Australian identity separate from British influence. [2] [7]
By the early 19th century, Australia was governed as a series of six largely self-governing colonies that were spread across the continent and were part of the British Empire. [8] The name Australia was popularised by explorer Matthew Flinders and first used officially by Governor Macquarie. [9] Some historians have described the first emergence of an Australian national movement in the mid-19th century. [10] Attempts to coordinate governance had failed in the 1860s due to a lack of popular support and lack of interest from the British government, but by the 1880s, and with the rise of nationalist movements in Europe, the efforts to establish a federation of the Australian colonies began to gather momentum. The British government supported federation as a means to cement British influence in the South Pacific. [11]
Figures like William Wentworth, John Dunmore Lang and Banjo Patterson championed Australian identity during the colonial era.
Nationalistic sentiments increased as a result of Australia's participation in the First and Second World Wars, with concepts such as "mateship" becoming a cornerstone of Australian nationalism. [12]