History of Asian Australians

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Asian Australian history is the history of Asian ethnic and racial groups in Australia who trace their ancestry to Asia. The term Asian Australian , was first used in the 1950s by European Australians who wanted to strengthen diplomatic and trade ties with Asia for the benefit of the Australian community. [1] The term was not originally used to describe or recognise the experiences of people of Asian descent living in Australia. It was only in the late 1980s and 1990s that the term "Asian Australian" was adopted and used by Asian Australians themselves to discuss issues related to racial vilification and discrimination. Today, the term "Asian Australian" is widely accepted and used to refer to people of Asian descent who are citizens or residents of Australia, though its usage and meaning may vary within the Asian Australian community. [1]

Contents

History of Asian Australians
Total population
Approximately 17.4% of the population (2021 census) [2] [upper-alpha 1]
Chinese Australians: 1,390,637
Indian Australians: 783,958
Filipino Australians: 408,836
Vietnamese Australians: 334,781
Nepalese Australians: 138,463
Korean Australians: 136,896
Pakistani Australians: 97,593
Sri Lankan Australians: 95,946
Thai Australians: 91,942
Indonesian Australians: 85,978
Japanese Australians: 78,049
Malaysian Australians: 61,308
Cambodian Australians: 57,096
Afghan Australians: 54,534
Regions with significant populations
Capital cities of Australia:
Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Darwin and Canberra
Australian towns and regions:
Notably Broome and the Torres Strait Islands [upper-alpha 2]
External territories of Australia:
Christmas Island and Cocos Islands (More than 90% of the total populations of the two territories) [upper-alpha 3]
Languages
Australian English  · Asian languages
Religion
Buddhism  · Christianity  · Hinduism  · Sikhism  · Islam  · East Asian religions  · Indian religions  ·other religions

Hostility to immigration

Hostility towards Asian immigration in Australia has a long history, dating back to the implementation of the "White Australia" policy in 1901. [9] This policy, which was in place until 1973, [10] consisted of laws and policies aimed at excluding non-white immigrants, particularly those from Asia, from settling in the country. [11] Despite efforts to reform or repeal the policy over the years, [12] the legacy of the White Australia policy and hostility towards Asian immigration has persisted in various forms, including instances of racism and discrimination towards Asian Australians [13]

Chronology

Early immigration

Around 4,000 years ago, genetic and archaeological evidence suggests contact and potential migration between India and Australia.This influx is believed to have influenced the genetic makeup of Aboriginal Australians. [14] [15] [16] [17]

17th century

Filipinos have been present in Australia since at least the 17th century, with some sources suggesting possible arrivals as early as the 16th century. [18] [19] [20]

19th century

20th century

21st century

Timeline of key legislation and judicial rulings

This is not an exhaustive list, and there may be other legislation and judicial rulings that are relevant to the history of Asians in Australia.

See also

Notes

  1. Number of ancestry responses classified within the "North-East Asian", "South-East Asian" and "Southern and Central Asian" groups under the Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups as a proportion of the total population. [3] Excludes North African and Middle Eastern Australians who are separately classified. Ancestry figures do not amount to 100% as the Australian Bureau of Statistics allows up to two ancestry responses per person. [4]
  2. Broome and the Torres Strait Islands were historically home to thousands of Asian migrants that settled in northern Australia as part of the pearling industry. These Asian migrants were of Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Malay and Sri Lankan (mostly Sinhalese descent). These migrants integrated into local society marrying Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders), which was very common at the time, and European Australians later on. Today, many long time residents in Broome and the Torres Strait Islands have partial Asian ancestry tracing back to these early migrants. [5]
  3. Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands was formerly administered as part of Singapore before it was transferred to Australia. The population of Christmas Islanders of full or partial Asian descent consists mainly of Australians of Singaporean descent, particularly Singaporean Chinese and Malay descent but also some individuals of Singaporean Indian descent. [6] [7] The majority of inhabitants on the Cocos Islands are the Cocos Malays, who are the indigenous people of Cocos Island. There are also minority populations of ethnic Chinese and Indian descent. [8]

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  1. According to the local classification, South Caucasian peoples (Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Georgians) belong not to the European but to the "Central Asian" group, despite the fact that the territory of Transcaucasia has nothing to do with Central Asia and geographically belongs mostly to Western Asia.