Charismatic movement

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The charismatic movement in Christianity is a movement within established or mainstream Christian denominations to adopt beliefs and practices of Charismatic Christianity, with an emphasis on baptism with the Holy Spirit, and the use of spiritual gifts ( charismata ). It has affected most denominations in the United States, and has spread widely across the world.

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The movement is deemed to have begun in 1960 in Anglicanism, (The Episcopal Church (in the United States) and spread to other mainstream Protestants denominations, including those American Protestants Evangelical Lutherans and Presbyterians by 1962, and to Roman Catholicism by 1967. Methodists became involved in the charismatic movement in the 1970s.

The movement was not initially influential in evangelical churches. Although this changed in the 1980s in the so-called Third Wave, the charismatic movement was often expressed in the formation of separate evangelical churches such as the Vineyard Movement—neo-charismatic organisations that mirrored the establishment of Pentecostal churches. Many traditional evangelical churches remain opposed to the movement and teach a cessationist theology.

History

The classic Pentecostalism movement usually traces its origin to the early twentieth century, with the ministry of Charles F. Parham [1] and the subsequent ministry of William Joseph Seymour and the Azusa Street Revival. [2] Its unique doctrine involved a dramatic encounter with God, termed baptism with the Holy Spirit. Some believed that speaking in tongues was evidence for having had this experience. [3]

Before 1955 the religious mainstream did not embrace Pentecostal doctrines. If a church member or clergyman openly expressed such views, they would (either voluntarily or involuntarily) separate from their existing denomination. However, by the 1960s many of the characteristic teachings were gaining acceptance among Christians within mainline Protestant denominations. [1]

The charismatic movement represented a reversal of the previous pattern, as those influenced by Pentecostal spirituality chose to remain in their original denominations. [4] The popularization and broader acceptance of charismatic teachings and ideas are linked to the Healing Revival that occurred from 1946 to 1958. The revivalists of the time, including William Branham, Oral Roberts, and A. A. Allen, held large interdenominational meetings which emphasized the gifts of the spirit. This global revival led to greater awareness and acceptance of Pentecostal teachings and practices. [5]

The high church wing of the American Episcopal Church became the first traditional ecclesiastical organization to be affected internally by the new movement. The beginning of the charismatic movement is usually dated to Sunday, April 3, 1960, when Dennis J. Bennett, rector of St Mark's Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, California recounted his Pentecostal experience to his parish; he repeated it on the next two Sundays, including Easter (April 17), during which many of his congregation also shared the experience of spirit. He was forced to resign. [6] [7]

The resulting controversy and press coverage spread an awareness of the emerging charismatic movement. The movement grew to embrace other mainline churches, where clergy began receiving and publicly announcing their Pentecostal experiences. These clergy began holding meetings for seekers and healing services, which included praying over and anointing of the sick. The charismatic movement reached Lutherans and Presbyterians in 1962. [8]

The Catholic Charismatic Renewal began in 1967 at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. [9] [10] Methodists became involved in the charismatic movement in the 1970s. [11]

The charismatic movement led to the founding of many covenant communities, such as Sword of the Spirit and Word of God. They are a force of ecumenism in that they have members from many major Christian denominations, such as Catholics, Lutherans, Anglicans, Reformed and Methodists, who live and pray together. [12] [13] [14]

Despite the fact that Pentecostals tend to share more in common with evangelicals than with either Roman Catholics or non-evangelical wings of the church, [15] the charismatic movement was not initially influential among evangelical churches. C. Peter Wagner traces the spread of the charismatic movement within evangelicalism to around 1985. He termed this movement the Third Wave of the Holy Spirit. [16] The Third Wave has expressed itself through the formation of churches and denomination-like organizations. These groups are referred to as "neo-charismatic" and are distinct from the charismatic movement of the historic Christian churches. [17] The Vineyard Movement and the British New Church Movement exemplify Third Wave or neo-charismatic organizations.

Beliefs

Charismatic Christians believe in an experience of baptism with the Holy Spirit and that spiritual gifts (Greek charismataχαρίσματα, from charisχάρις, 'grace') of the Holy Spirit as described in the New Testament are available to contemporary Christians through the infilling or baptism of the Holy Spirit, with or without the laying on of hands. [18] [19]

The charismatic movement holds that Baptism in the Holy Spirit is the "sovereign action of God, which usually occurs when someone with a disposition of surrender and docility, prays for a fresh outpouring of the Holy Spirit in his or her life." [18] [20] Additionally, "baptism in the Holy Spirit unleashes the Holy Spirit that is already present within us, by revitalizing the graces we received in the sacrament of Baptism." [20] Baptism with the Holy Spirit "equips and inspires the individual for service, for mission, for discipleship and for life." [18] [21] Rev. Brenton Cordeiro teaches that those who have received Baptism with the Holy Spirit "testify that the experience brought them to a new awareness of the reality and presence of Jesus Christ in their lives [as well as] a new hunger for the Word of God, the Sacraments and were filled with a renewed desire for holiness." [20]

Although the Bible lists many gifts from God through his Holy Spirit, there are nine specific gifts listed in 1 Corinthians 12:8–10 that are supernatural in nature and are the focus of and distinguishing feature of the charismatic movement: word of wisdom, word of knowledge, faith, gifts of healing, miraculous powers, prophecy, distinguishing between spirits, speaking in different tongues (languages), and interpretation of tongues.

While Pentecostals and charismatics share these beliefs, there are differences. Many in the charismatic movement deliberately distanced themselves from Pentecostalism for cultural and theological reasons. Foremost among theological reasons is the tendency of many Pentecostals to insist that speaking in tongues is always the initial physical sign of receiving Spirit baptism. Although specific teachings will vary by denomination, charismatics generally believe that the Holy Spirit has already been present in a person from the time of regeneration and prefer to call subsequent encounters with the Holy Spirit by other names, such as "being filled". [19] [21] In contrast to Pentecostals, charismatics tend to accept a range of supernatural experiences (such as prophecy, miracles, healing, or "physical manifestations of an altered state of consciousness") as evidence of having been baptized or filled with the Holy Spirit. [22]

Pentecostals are also distinguished from the charismatic movement on the basis of style. [23] Also, Pentecostals have traditionally placed a high value on evangelization and missionary work. Charismatics, on the other hand, have tended to see their movement as a force for revitalization and renewal within their own church traditions. [24]

Cessationists argue these sign and revelatory gifts were manifested in the New Testament for a specific purpose, upon which once accomplished, these signs were withdrawn and no longer function. [25] Cessationists support this claim by suggesting there was a rapid decline in reports of such gifts from the time of the Church Fathers onwards. [26] Non-cessationists argue that testimonial claims of God doing signs, wonders and miracles can especially be found in the first three centuries of the church. [27] Sacramental charismatics also point out that the means of distribution of charismatic gifts in the early church, was not limited to the laying on of hands of the canonical apostles, but was tethered to the receptivity of prayer connected to the sacrament of baptism. [28] The Charismatic movement is based on a belief that these gifts are still available today.

Denominations influenced

Anglicanism

In the United States, Episcopalian priest Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influences. [29] Bennett was the rector at St Mark's Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, California, when he announced to the congregation in 1960 that he had received the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. [30] Soon after this he ministered in Seattle, where he ran many workshops and seminars about the work of the Holy Spirit. [31]

In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson, Trevor Dearing and others were in the vanguard of similar developments.[ citation needed ]

The Massey University conference in New Zealand in 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller. He invited Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky.[ citation needed ]

As of the early 21st century, a "charismatic evangelical" wing or school of thought is commonly identified in the Church of England, contrasted with the conservative evangelical, Anglo-Catholic and other tendencies. An influential local church in this movement has been London's Holy Trinity Brompton. Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury since 2013, has a background in charismatic evangelicalism. [32]

Lutheranism

Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro, California, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference was held in Minneapolis during those years. [33] Some Lutheran charismatics in the US formed the Alliance of Renewal Churches.

Richard A. Jensen's Touched by the Spirit (1974) played a major role in the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement. Other Lutheran charismatic leaders have been Harald Bredesen and Morris Vaagenes. In Finland the emergence of charismatic congregations has reversed, in some places, a decline in attendance among Lutheran congregations. [34]

Reformed

In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology, there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts ( charismata ) of the Spirit. [25] [35] Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies that could be perceived as overemotional, such as Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival.

Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the United States. In Great Britain the Newfrontiers churches and movement, founded by Terry Virgo, are among Reformed charismatic churches. [36]

Roman Catholicism

Praise and Worship during a Catholic charismatic renewal Healing Service. Tarxien erwieh.jpg
Praise and Worship during a Catholic charismatic renewal Healing Service.

In the United States the Catholic charismatic renewal was led by individuals such as Kevin Ranaghan and others at the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana. Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, which was founded by the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, a Catholic religious community, began hosting charismatic revivals in 1977.

In a foreword to a 1983 book by Léon Joseph Cardinal Suenens, at that time the Pope's delegate to the Catholic charismatic renewal, the then Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), comments on the Post Second Vatican Council period stating,

At the heart of a world imbued with a rationalistic skepticism, a new experience of the Holy Spirit suddenly burst forth. And, since then, that experience has assumed a breadth of a worldwide Renewal movement. What the New Testament tells us about the Charisms—which were seen as visible signs of the coming of the Spirit—is not just ancient history, over and done with, for it is once again becoming extremely topical.

and

to those responsible for the ecclesiastical ministry—from parish priests to bishops—not to let the Renewal pass them by but to welcome it fully; and on the other (hand) ... to the members of the Renewal to cherish and maintain their link with the whole Church and with the Charisms of their pastors. [37]

In the Roman Catholic church, the movement became particularly popular in the Filipino, Korean, and Hispanic communities of the United States; in the Philippines; and in Latin America, mainly Brazil. Traveling priests and lay people associated with the movement often visit parishes and sing what are known as charismatic masses. It is thought to be the second-largest distinct sub-movement (some 120 million members) within global Catholicism, along with Traditional Catholicism. [38]

A difficulty is the tendency for many charismatic Catholics to take on what others in their church might consider sacramental language and assertions of the necessity of baptism in the Holy Spirit as a universal act. There is little to distinguish such baptism from the sacrament of confirmation. [39] In this regard, a Study seminar organized jointly in São Paulo by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and the Bishops Conference of Brazil[ which? ] raised these issues. Technically, among Catholics, the baptism of the Holy Spirit is neither the highest nor fullest manifestation of the Holy Spirit.[ vague ]

Thus baptism of the Spirit is one experience among many within Christianity (as are the extraordinary manifestations of the Spirit in the lives of the saints, notably St. Francis of Assisi and St. Teresa of Avila, who levitated). Because of this, Catholic charismatics do not hold this experience as dogmatically as do Pentecostals. [40]

Possibly, Padre Pio (now St. Pio) provides a modern-day Catholic example of this experience. Describing his confirmation, when he was 12 years old, Padre Pio said that he "wept with consolation" whenever he thought of that day because "I remember what the Most Holy Spirit caused me to feel that day, a day unique and unforgettable in all my life! What sweet raptures the Comforter made me feel that day! At the thought of that day, I feel aflame from head to toe with a brilliant flame that burns, consumes, but gives no pain." In this experience, Padre Pio said he was made to feel God's "fullness and perfection." Thus a case can be made that he was "baptized by the Spirit" on his confirmation day in 1899. It was one spiritual experience among many that he would have. [41]

The Compendium to the Catechism of the Catholic Church states:

160. What are Charisms? 799–801. Charisms are special gifts of the Holy Spirit which are bestowed on individuals for the good of others, the needs of the world, and in particular for the building up of the Church. The discernment of charisms is the responsibility of the Magisterium.

Recent Popes (John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul II and Francis) have all emphasised the importance of a deeper relationship with the Holy Spirit for all Catholics, and have spoken encouragingly to the Catholic charismatic renewal organisation on many occasions. On June 8, 2019, Pope Francis encouraged everyone in Charismatic Renewal "to share baptism in the Holy Spirit with everyone in the Church." [42] On June 6, 2019, the CHARIS (Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service) service was officially inaugurated by Pope Francis. CHARIS has a "public juridic personality" within the Roman Catholic Church and has come into being as a direct initiative of the highest ecclesiastical authority, Pope Francis. [43] The primary objectives of CHARIS are "To help deepen and promote the grace of baptism in the Holy Spirit throughout the Church and to promote the exercise of charisms not only in Catholic Charismatic Renewal but also in the whole Church." [44]

Methodism

In the Methodist tradition (inclusive of the holiness movement), baptism with the Holy Spirit traditionally refers to the second work of grace subsequent to the New Birth and is called entire sanctification, in which original sin is removed and the person is made perfect in love (Christian perfection). [45] [46]

Entire sanctification, which may be received instantaneously or gradually, "cleanses the heart of the recipient from all sin (I John 1:7, 9; Acts 15:8, 9), sets him apart and endows him with power for the accomplishment of all to which he is called (Luke 24:49; Acts 1:8)." [47] [48]

When the Methodist movement was initiated, "many individuals in London, Oxford and Bristol reported supernatural healings, visions, dreams, spiritual impressions, power in evangelizing, [and] extraordinary bestowments of wisdom". [49] John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, "firmly maintained that the Spiritual gifts are a natural consequence of genuine holiness and dwelling of God's Spirit in a man." [49] As such, Methodist Churches hold to the theological position of continuationism. [49] With its history of promoting holiness and experiential faith, many Methodist congregations now engage in charismatic worship since the arrival of the charismatic movement to Methodism, though other Methodist connexions and their congregations eschew it. [50] [51]

In the latter case, the Pentecostal doctrine of a third work of grace accompanied by glossolalia is condemned by some connexions in the Methodist tradition, such as the Pilgrim Holiness Church, which teaches that the state of Christian perfection (in which a person is perfect in love) is the goal for humans: [48]

Those who teach that some special phenomena such as speaking with unknown tongues constitutes a witness to the Baptism with the Spirit expose themselves and their hearers to peril of dangerous fanaticism. Perhaps no wiser counsel has been given on this matter then that of John Wesley who wrote long before the modern "tongues" movement appeared: "The grounds of a thousand mistakes is the not considering, deeply that love is the highest gift of God - humble, gentle, patient love - that all visions, revelation, manifestations whatsoever are little things compared to love. It were well you should be thoroughly sensible of this. The heaven of heavens is love. There is nothing higher in religion; there is in effect, nothing else. If you look for anything but more love you are looking wide of the mark, you are getting out of the royal way. And when you are asking others, "Have you received this or that blessing," if you mean anything but more love you, you mean wrong; you are leading them out of the way, and putting them upon a false scent. Settle it then in your heart, that from the moment God has saved you from all sin, you are to aim at nothing but more of that love described in the thirteenth chapter of First Corinthians. You can go no higher than this till you are carried into Abraham's bosom." ―Doctrine, Pilgrim Holiness Church [48]

Charismatic Methodists in the United States allied with the Good News caucus and those in Great Britain have been supported by the Lay Witness Movement, [52] which works with Methodist Evangelicals Together. [50] In the United Methodist Church, the charismatic apostolate Aldersgate Renewal Ministries was formed "to pray and work together for the renewal of the church by the power of the Holy Spirit". [53] It runs events at local United Methodist, Free Methodist and Global Methodist churches, as well as the Methodist School for Supernatural Ministry. [53]

Moravianism

Some members of the Moravian Church accepted certain elements from the charismatic movement as it spread. [54]

Adventism

A minority of Seventh-day Adventists today are charismatic. They are strongly associated with those holding more "progressive" Adventist beliefs. In the early decades of the church charismatic or ecstatic phenomena were commonplace. [55] [56]

Eastern Orthodoxy

The charismatic movement has not exerted the same influence on the Eastern Orthodox Church that it has on other mainstream Christian denominations. Although some Eastern Orthodox priests have advanced Charismatic practice in their congregations, the movement is seen as incompatible with Orthodoxy by writers within the church. For instance, an article published in the journal Orthodox Tradition says,

"There is nothing Orthodox about the charismatic movement. It is incompatible with Orthodoxy, in that it justifies itself only by perverting the message of the Fathers, suggesting that the Church of Christ needs renewal, and indulging in the theological imagery of, Pentecostal cultism." [57]

Some priests forward charismatic renewal in the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese, the Brotherhood of St. Symeon, and other Orthodox churches. [58]

There was a charismatic movement among Evangelical Eastern Orthodox Christians in Russia with Laestadian Lutheran influences (the Ushkovayzet), whose practitioners were known as Hekhulites or Hikhkhulites. [59] Laestadian charismaticism has been attributed to influences from the shamanistic ecstatic religious practices of the Sámi, many of whom are Laestadians today.[ citation needed ]

Nondenominational

An evangelical charismatic worship service at Lakewood Church, Houston, Texas, in 2013 Lakewood worship.jpg
An evangelical charismatic worship service at Lakewood Church, Houston, Texas, in 2013

The movement led to the creation of independent evangelical charismatic churches more in tune with the revival of the Holy Spirit. These churches are often nondenominational. Calvary Chapel, Costa Mesa, California, was one of the first evangelical charismatic churches, founded in 1965. [60] Victory Outreach International was founded in east Los Angeles in 1967. In the United Kingdom, Jesus Army, founded in 1969, is an example of the influence outside the United States. [61] Many other congregations were established in the rest of the world. [62]

Theologians and scholars

See also

Related Research Articles

Pentecostalism or classical Pentecostalism is a Protestant Charismatic Christian movement that emphasizes direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Spirit. The term Pentecostal is derived from Pentecost, an event that commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and other followers of Jesus Christ while they were in Jerusalem celebrating the Feast of Weeks, as described in the Acts of the Apostles.

The Holiness movement is a Christian movement that emerged chiefly within 19th-century Methodism, and to a lesser extent influenced other traditions such as Quakerism, Anabaptism, and Restorationism. Churches aligned with the holiness movement teach that the life of a born again Christian should be free of sin. The movement is historically distinguished by its emphasis on the doctrine of a second work of grace, which is called entire sanctification or Christian perfection. The word Holiness refers specifically to this belief in entire sanctification as an instantaneous, definite second work of grace, in which original sin is cleansed, the heart is made perfect in love, and the believer is empowered to serve God. For the Holiness movement, "the term 'perfection' signifies completeness of Christian character; its freedom from all sin, and possession of all the graces of the Spirit, complete in kind." A number of Christian denominations, parachurch organizations, and movements emphasize those Holiness beliefs as central doctrine.

Oneness Pentecostalism is a nontrinitarian religious movement within the Protestant Christian family of churches known as Pentecostalism. It derives its name from its teaching on the Godhead, a form of Modalistic Monarchianism commonly referred to as the Oneness doctrine. The doctrine states that there is one God―a singular divine spirit with no distinction of persons―who manifests himself in many ways, including as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This stands in sharp contrast to the mainstream doctrine of three distinct, eternal persons posited by Trinitarian theology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Pentecostal Holiness Church</span> Pentecostal denomination

The International Pentecostal Holiness Church (IPHC) or simply Pentecostal Holiness Church (PHC) is an international Holiness-Pentecostal Christian denomination founded in 1911 with the merger of two older denominations. Historically centered in the Southeastern United States, particularly the Carolinas and Georgia, the Pentecostal Holiness Church now has an international presence. In 2000, the church reported a worldwide membership of over one million—over three million including affiliates.

In Christian theology, baptism with the Holy Spirit, also called baptism in the Holy Spirit or baptism in the Holy Ghost, has been interpreted by different Christian denominations and traditions in a variety of ways due to differences in the doctrines of salvation and ecclesiology. It is frequently associated with incorporation into the Christian Church, the bestowal of spiritual gifts, and empowerment for Christian ministry. Spirit baptism has been variously defined as part of the sacraments of initiation into the church, as being synonymous with regeneration, or as being synonymous with Christian perfection. The term baptism with the Holy Spirit originates in the New Testament, and all Christian traditions accept it as a theological concept.

Harold Vinson Synan was an American historian, author, and alliance leader within the Pentecostal movement. Synan published a total of 25 books, a majority related to Holiness, Pentecostal, and Charismatic movements. He served as General Secretary of the International Pentecostal Holiness Church and later as Chair of the North American Renewal Service Committee from 1985 to 2001. From 1994 - 2006 he served as Dean of the School of Divinity at Regent University in Virginia Beach, Virginia. In 2016, Synan moved back to Tulsa, Oklahoma, to re-join the faculty of Oral Roberts University as Interim Dean of the College of Theology and Ministry, where he served for two years. Following that he served as Scholar in Residence at Oral Roberts University where he worked closely with William M. Wilson, the president of ORU, the World Pentecostal Fellowship, and Empowered21.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catholic Charismatic Renewal</span> Movement within the Catholic Church that began in 1967

The Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR) is a movement within the Catholic Church that is part of the wider charismatic movement across historic Christian churches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian perfection</span> Process of achieving spiritual perfection

Within many denominations of Christianity, Christian perfection is the theological concept of the process or the event of achieving spiritual maturity or perfection. The ultimate goal of this process is union with God characterized by pure love of God and other people as well as personal holiness or sanctification. Other terms used for this or similar concepts include entire sanctification, holiness, perfect love, the baptism with the Holy Spirit, the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, baptism by fire, the second blessing, and the second work of grace.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Assemblies of God USA</span> Pentecostal Christian denomination

The Assemblies of God USA (AG), officially The General Council of the Assemblies of God, is a Pentecostal Christian denomination in the United States and the U.S. branch of the World Assemblies of God Fellowship, the world's largest Pentecostal body. The AG reported 2.9 million adherents in 2022. In 2011, it was the ninth largest Christian denomination and the second largest Pentecostal denomination in the United States. The Assemblies of God is a Finished Work denomination, and it holds to a conservative, evangelical and classical Arminian theology as expressed in the Statement of Fundamental Truths and position papers, which emphasize such core Pentecostal doctrines as the baptism in the Holy Spirit, speaking in tongues, divine healing and the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.

Finished Work Pentecostalism is a major branch of Pentecostalism that holds that after conversion, the converted Christian progressively grows in grace. On the other hand, the other branch of Pentecostalism—Holiness Pentecostalism teaches the Wesleyan doctrine of entire sanctification as an instantaneous, definite second work of grace, which is a necessary prerequisite to receive the baptism in the Holy Spirit. Finished Work Pentecostals are generally known to have retained the doctrine of progressive sanctification from their earlier Reformed roots, while Holiness Pentecostals retained their doctrine of entire sanctification from their earlier Wesleyan roots. William Howard Durham is considered to be the founder of Finished Work Pentecostalism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protestantism in the United States</span>

Protestantism is the largest grouping of Christians in the United States, with its combined denominations collectively comprising about 43% of the country's population in 2019. Other estimates suggest that 48.5% of the U.S. population is Protestant. Simultaneously, this corresponds to around 20% of the world's total Protestant population. The U.S. contains the largest Protestant population of any country in the world. Baptists comprise about one-third of American Protestants. The Southern Baptist Convention is the largest single Protestant denomination in the U.S., comprising one-tenth of American Protestants. Twelve of the original Thirteen Colonies were Protestant, with only Maryland having a sizable Catholic population due to Lord Baltimore's religious tolerance.

Pentecostalism is a renewal movement within Protestant Christianity that places special emphasis on a direct personal relationship with God and experience of God through the baptism with the Holy Spirit. For Christians, this event commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the followers of Jesus Christ, as described in the second chapter of the Book of Acts. Pentecostalism was established in Kerala, India at the start of the 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swedish Pentecostal Movement</span> Protestant movement in Sweden

The Swedish Pentecostal Movement is a Pentecostal movement in Sweden. Many, but not all, of these, are members of the Pentecostal Alliance of Independent Churches, which was founded in 2001. The Pentecostal movement spread to Sweden by 1907 from the 1904–1905 Welsh Revival and the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles in 1906.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pentecostalism in Australia</span>

Pentecostalism in Australia is a large and growing Christian movement. Pentecostalism is a renewal movement within Protestant Christianity that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Spirit. It emerged from 19th century precursors between 1870 and 1910, taking denominational form from c. 1927. From the early 1930s, Pentecostal denominations multiplied, and there are now several dozen, the largest of which relate to one another through conferences and organisations such as the Australian Pentecostal Ministers Fellowship. The Australian Christian Churches, formerly known as the Australian Assemblies of God, is the oldest and longest lasting Pentecostal organisation in Australia. The AOG/ACC is also the largest Pentecostal organisation in Australia with over 300,000 members in 2018. Until 2018, Hillsong Church was one of 10 megachurches in Australia associated with the ACC that have at least 2,000 members weekly. According to the church, over 100,000 people attend services each week at the church or one of its 80 affiliated churches located worldwide.

The third work of grace, also called the third blessing, is a doctrine, chiefly associated with Holiness Pentecostalism, that refers to baptism with the Holy Spirit with speaking in tongues as evidence for the same. The baptism of the Holy Ghost is taught by Holiness Pentecostals to empower the Christian believer for service to God.

Protestant theology refers to the doctrines held by various Protestant traditions, which share some things in common but differ in others. In general, Protestant theology, as a subset of Christian theology, holds to faith in the Christian Bible, the Holy Trinity, salvation, sanctification, charity, evangelism, and the four last things.

Charismatic Christianity is a form of Christianity that emphasizes the work of the Holy Spirit and spiritual gifts as an everyday part of a believer's life. It has a global presence in the Christian community. Practitioners are often called charismatic Christians or renewalists. Although there is considerable overlap, charismatic Christianity is often categorized into three separate groups: Pentecostalism, the Charismatic movement, and the neo-charismatic movement.

Evangelical theology is the teaching and doctrine that relates to spiritual matters in evangelical Christianity and a Christian theology. The main points concern the place of the Bible, the Trinity, worship, salvation, sanctification, charity, evangelism and the end of time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holiness Pentecostalism</span> Branch of Pentecostalism

Holiness Pentecostalism is the original branch of Pentecostalism, which is characterized by its teaching of three works of grace: [1] the New Birth, [2] entire sanctification, and [3] Spirit baptism evidenced by speaking in tongues. The word Holiness refers specifically to the belief in entire sanctification as an instantaneous, definite second work of grace, in which original sin is cleansed and the believer is made holy, with the heart being made perfect in love.

References

  1. 1 2 Reid et al. 1990, pp. 241–242.
  2. ↑ Robeck, Cecil M. (2006) The Azusa Street Mission And Revival: The Birth Of The Global Pentecostal Movement, Thomas Nelson. ISBN   9780785216933, pp. 2, 12.
  3. ↑ Michael G. Moriarty (1992) The New Charismatics, Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN   978-0-310-53431-0, pp. 20, 70.
  4. ↑ Menzies & Menzies 2000, pp. 38–39.
  5. ↑ Moriarty, Michael (1992). The New Charismatics. Zondervan. pp. 40–51. ISBN   978-0-310-53431-0.
  6. ↑ Bill J. Leonard, Jill Y. Crainshaw, Encyclopedia of Religious Controversies in the United States, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 165
  7. ↑ "DENNIS BENNETT BIOGRAPHY". emotionallyfree.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
  8. ↑ Suenens, Leo Joseph (1978). Ecumenism and Charismatic Renewal: Theological and Pastoral Orientations. Servant Books. p. 21.
  9. ↑ Menzies & Menzies 2000, pp. 38–41.
  10. ↑ Csordas, Thomas J. (January 8, 2021). Language, Charisma, and Creativity: The Ritual Life of a Religious Movement. University of California Press. p. 272. ISBN   978-0-520-36602-2.
  11. ↑ Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (September 24, 2009). The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN   978-0-19-160743-1.
  12. ↑ Synan, Vinson (January 30, 2012). The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 Years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal, 1901-2001. Thomas Nelson. ISBN   978-1-4185-8753-6. The Word of God community in Ann Arbor, Michigan, had pioneered a model for denominational fellowships within an ecumenical covenant community, forming Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, and nondenominational fellowships.
  13. ↑ Brown, Candy Gunther (2011). Global Pentecostal and Charismatic Healing. Oxford University Press. p. 332. ISBN   978-0-19-539340-8.
  14. ↑ Lewis, Jeanne Gerlach (1995). Headship and Hierarchy. University of Michigan. p. 1. The Word of God is an ecumenical Christian charismatic community the majority of whose members live in Ann Arbor, Michigan ... the group was particularly influential within that part of the movement devoted to the creation of covenant communities, highly organized, tightly disciplined groups whose members are committed to live, pray, and work together on a daily basis
  15. ↑ Kay, William K (2004). "Pentecostals and the Bible" (PDF). Journal of the European Pentecostal Theological Association (1): 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019. Pentecostalism emerged out of the matrix of holiness and revivalist culture within the United States. In Britain its emergence was related to the evangelical edge of the church, whether this was established (Anglican) or nonconformist (for instance, the Salvation Army), though there were also elements of Keswick holiness adding to the acceptability of an experience rich religious movement.
  16. ↑ Menzies & Menzies 2000, pp. 43–44.
  17. ↑ Burgess, Stanley M; van der Maas, Eduard M, eds. (2002), "Neocharismatics", The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements , Grand Rapids: Zondervan, pp. 286–87.
  18. 1 2 3 Elwell, Walter A. (2001). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker Academic. p. 220. ISBN   978-0-8010-2075-9. The charismatic movement has affected almost every historic church and has spread to many churches and countries beyond the United States. ... Particular emphases are reflected variously in the charismatic movement. Baptism with the Holy Spirit. There is common recognition of baptism with the Holy Spirit as a distinctive Christian experience. It is viewed as an event wherein the believer is "filled with" the presence and power of the Holy Spirit. Baptism with the Holy Spirit is understood to result from "the gift of the Holy Spirit," wherein the Spirit is freely "poured out," "falls upon," "comes on," "anoints," "endues" the believer with "power from on high." ... Baptism with the Holy Spirit, accordingly, is not identified with conversion. It is viewed as an experience of being filled with the Holy Spirit that brings about powerful witness to Jesus Christ. Through this Spirit baptism the exalted Christ carries forward his ministry in the church and world.
  19. 1 2 Menzies & Menzies 2000, p. 39.
  20. 1 2 3 Cordeiro, Brenton (May 29, 2017). "Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Why Every Catholic Should Consider Receiving It". Catholic Link. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  21. 1 2 "Baptism in the Holy Spirit". Catholic Charismatic Renewal. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  22. ↑ Poloma, Margaret M; Green, John C (2010), The Assemblies of God: Godly Love and the Revitalization of American Pentecostalism, New York: New York University Press, p. 64, ISBN   978-0-8147-6783-2 .
  23. ↑ Saunders, Theodore 'Teddy'; Sansom, Hugh (1992), David Watson, a Biography, Sevenoaks: Hodder, p. 71.
  24. ↑ Menzies & Menzies 2000, p. 40.
  25. 1 2 Masters, Peter; Whitcomb, John (June 1988). Charismatic Phenomenon. London: Wakeman. p.  39. ISBN   9781870855013.
  26. ↑ Warfield, B B (1972). Counterfeit miracles. Banner of Truth Trust. p.  23. ISBN   085151166X . Retrieved December 10, 2019. "The connection of the supernatural gifts with the Apostles is so obvious that one wonders that so many students have missed it, and have sought an account of them in some other quarter. The true account has always been recognized, however, by some of the more careful students of the subject It has been clearly set forth, for example, by Bishop Kaye. 'I may be allowed to state the conclusion,' he writes, 'to which I have myself been led by a comparison of the statements in the Book of Acts with the writings of the Fathers of the second century. My conclusion then is, that the power of working miracles was not extended beyond the disciples upon whom the Apostles conferred it by the imposition of their hands.'
  27. ↑ Kydd, Ronald (1984). Charismatic Gifts in the Early Church. An Exploration into the Gifts of the Spirit during the first Three Centuries of the Christian Church. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers.
  28. ↑ McDonnell (o.s.b.), Kilian; Montague, George T. (1991). Christian Initiation and Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Evidence from the First Eight Centuries. Liturgical Press. ISBN   978-0-8146-5009-7.
  29. ↑ Balmer, Randall (2004), "Charismatic Movement", Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and Expanded Edition (2nd ed.), Waco: Baylor.
  30. ↑ Dennis J. Bennett, Nine O'Clock in the Morning (Gainesville; 1970. Reprinted 2001, 2004)
  31. ↑ "Anglican Pioneer in Renewal". Telus. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  32. ↑ Sherwood, Harriet; Siddique, Haroon (January 21, 2019). "I pray in tongues every day, says archbishop of Canterbury". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  33. ↑ Strand, Paul (December 28, 2017). "Charismatic Renewal Pioneer Larry Christenson Dies from Icy Fall". CBN News. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  34. ↑ Haapalainen, Anna (May 2015). "An emerging trend of charismatic religiosity in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland". Approaching Religion. 5 (1): 98–113. doi: 10.30664/ar.67568 . Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  35. ↑ Masters, Peter; Wright, Professor Verna (1988). Healing Epidemic. London: Wakeman Trust. p. 227. ISBN   9781870855006.
  36. ↑ "Presbyterian and Reformed Churches". tateville.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  37. ↑ Suenens, Léon Joseph (1983). Renewal and the Powers of Darkness (Malines document). Darton, Longman & Todd. ISBN   978-0-232-51591-6.
  38. ↑ Barrett, David, "Christian World Communions: Five Overviews of Global Christianity, AD 1800–2025", International Bulletin of Missionary Research, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 25–32.
  39. ↑ McDonnell, Killian; Montague, George T (1994), Christian Initiation and Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Evidence from the First Eight Centuries, Collegeville, MN: Michael Glazier Books.
  40. ↑ "Study Seminar organized in Brazil", L'Osservatore romano (Italian ed.), p. 4, November 4, 2005.
  41. ↑ Ruffin, C Bernard (1991), Padre Pio: The True Story, Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, pp. 312–13.
  42. ↑ "To participants in the International Conference of Leaders of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service - Charis (8 June 2019) | Francis". www.vatican.va. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
  43. ↑ "Memorandum | CHARIS". Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
  44. ↑ "Statuts_Charis (1).pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
  45. ↑ "Guidelines: The UMC and the Charismatic Movement". The United Methodist Church. 2012. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2019. The Methodists were also first to coin the phrase baptism of the Holy Spirit as applied to a second and sanctifying grace (experience) of God. (Cf. John Fletcher of Madeley, Methodism's earliest formal theologian.) The Methodists meant by their "baptism" something different from the Pentecostals, but the view that this is an experience of grace separate from and after salvation was the same.
  46. ↑ Stokes, Mack B. (1998). Major United Methodist Beliefs. Abingdon Press. p. 95. ISBN   9780687082124.
  47. ↑ Buschart, W. David (August 20, 2009). Exploring Protestant Traditions. InterVarsity Press. p. 194. ISBN   9780830875146.
  48. 1 2 3 "Doctrine". Pilgrim Holiness Church of New York, Inc. December 15, 2000. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
  49. 1 2 3 Živadinović, Dojcin (2015). "Wesley and Charisma: An Analysis of John Wesley's View of Spiritual Gifts". Andrews University Seminary Student Journal. 1 (2): 53–71.
  50. 1 2 Blumhofer, Edith Waldvogel; Spittler, Russell P.; Wacker, Grant A. (1999). Pentecostal Currents in American Protestantism. University of Illinois Press. p. 171. ISBN   9780252067563.
  51. ↑ "Tongues Speaking: Study Commission On Doctrine". Free Methodist Church. 1989. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  52. ↑ Methodist Evangelicals Together, Lay Witness Movement Archived December 4, 2017, at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 19, 2017
  53. 1 2 Richey, Russell E.; Rowe, Kenneth E.; Schmidt, Jeanne Miller (October 1, 2012). American Methodism: A Compact History. Abingdon Press. p. 232. ISBN   9781426765179.
  54. ↑ Sawyer, Edwin A. (1990). All about the Moravians: History, Beliefs, and Practices of a Worldwide Church. Moravian Church in America. p. 55. ISBN   978-1-878422-00-2.
  55. ↑ Patrick, Arthur (c. 1999). "Early Adventist worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Preliminary Historical Perspectives". Spiritual Discernment Conference. SDAnet AtIssue. Archived from the original on October 7, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
  56. ↑ Patrick, Arthur (c. 1999). "Later Adventist Worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Further Historical Perspectives". Spiritual Discernment Conference. SDAnet AtIssue. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
  57. ↑ "The Charismatic Movement and Orthodoxy". Orthodox Tradition. 1 (4&5): 29–32. Archived from the original on November 23, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  58. ↑ "What is Renewal?". Orthodox Christian Laity. July 30, 2013. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  59. ↑ "Karelian religious movement Uskhovayzet". Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  60. ↑ Douglas A. Sweeney, The American Evangelical Story: A History of the Movement, Baker Academic, U.S., 2005, pp. 150–51
  61. ↑ Simon Cooper, Mike Farrant, Fire in Our Hearts: The Story of the Jesus Fellowship/Jesus Army, Multiply Publications, England, 1997, p. 169
  62. ↑ "Understanding the Charismatic Movement". The Exchange – A Blog by Ed Stetzer. Archived from the original on August 25, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.

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