CESNUR

Last updated

CESNUR
Center for Studies on New Religions
Centro Studi sulle Nuove Religioni
Founded1988
Founder Massimo Introvigne, Jean-François Mayer, Ernesto Zucchini
TypePublic non-profit
Purpose"Promote scholarly research in the field of new religious consciousness, and are dedicated to exposing the problems associated with some movements, while defending the principles of religious liberty"
Headquarters Turin, Italy
Services Academic study of new religious movements
Membership
Private persons
Director
Massimo Introvigne
Key people
 Luigi Berzano, J. Gordon Melton, Eileen Barker, Giuseppe Casale, Massimo Introvigne, Michael Homer, Reender Kranenborg, Gianni Ambrosio
Website cesnur.org

The Center for Studies on New Religions (Centro Studi sulle Nuove Religioni), otherwise abbreviated as CESNUR, is a nonprofit organization based in Turin, Italy that focuses on the academic study of new religious movements and opposes the anti-cult movement. [1] It was established in 1988 by Massimo Introvigne, Jean-François Mayer, and Ernesto Zucchini.

Contents

CESNUR has been described as "the highest profile lobbying and information group for controversial religions". [2] CESNUR's scholars have defended such diverse groups as the Unification Church, the Church of Scientology, [2] and Shincheonji Church of Jesus, accused of having aided the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. [3]

CESNUR describes itself as an independent scholarly organization, but the organization has met with criticism for alleged personal and financial ties to the groups it studies; anthropologist Richard Singelenberg questioned in 1997 whether CESNUR is "too friendly and does not make enough critical comments about new religious movements and sects". [4] According to sociologist Stephen A. Kent, "many scholars, however, see both CESNUR and INFORM in a favourable light, and they share its criticism of the 'sect-monitors' in France, Germany, and Belgium." [2]

CESNUR publishes The Journal of CESNUR, focusing on the academic study of new religious movements, and Bitter Winter , a daily magazine on religious issues and human rights in China. [5]

History

Massimo Introvigne.jpg
CESNUR founder Massimo Introvigne
JGordonMeltonCover.png
CESNUR board member J. Gordon Melton

CESNUR was founded in 1988 at a seminar organized by Massimo Introvigne, Jean-François Mayer, and Ernesto Zucchini in Italy. [6] [7] Introvigne is an Italian intellectual-property attorney and sociology lecturer who also serves as the group's director. [8] A member of the Catholic conservative organization Alleanza Cattolica since 1972, Introvigne served as that group's vice president until 2016. [9] [10] Mayer is a Swiss historian specialized in new religious movements. [11] He was for a time a lecturer at University of Fribourg and in 2012, he was appointed by the Canton of Fribourg to prepare a report on the situation of religious communities there. [12] Zucchini is a Catholic priest, who became in 2009 professor of theology in the Theological School of the Diocese of Massa Carrara-Pontremoli in Italy and published and lectured about the Italian mystic Maria Valtorta and about the Jehovah's Witnesses. [13] [14]

Giuseppe Casale, a Catholic historian and Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Foggia-Bovino, was appointed as the first president of CESNUR. [15] [16] Later, Luigi Berzano became CESNUR's president. [17] Reviewing the proceedings of one of the first CESNUR conferences, French sociologist Jean Séguy wrote in 1988 that most participants were Catholic and presented the traditional Catholic view of phenomena such as Spiritualism and the New Age. [18]

Other members of CESNUR's board include Luigi Berzano, Gianni Ambrosio, Reender Kranenborg, Eileen Barker and J. Gordon Melton. [19] [20] Berzano, who later became CESNUR's president, [17] is a professor of sociology at the University of Turin. Ambrosio is an Italian sociologist who became in 2007 bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Piacenza-Bobbio. [21] Kranenborg is a Dutch Reformed theologian. [22] Barker is a sociologist who wrote The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing? (1984) and formed the Information Network Focus on Religious Movements (INFORM) in 1988. [23] Melton is Distinguished Professor of American Religious History at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. [24]

In 1995 the French Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France, after the events of the Order of the Solar Temple, published a critical report on cults. This was followed by similar reports by other governments. CESNUR claimed these texts relied excessively on information supplied by the anti-cult movement and criticized them publicly, particularly through a book called Pour en finir avec les sectes. [25] Canadian scholar Susan Jean Palmer wrote that the title, translated as "To Put an End to the Sects", had a double meaning and was "deliberately misleading", as, rather than to sects of cults, the authors wanted to put an end to governmental criticism of them. [25] French sociologists Jean-Louis Schlegel and Nathalie Luca reviewed the book critically, noting that while the authors were right in criticizing some mistakes of the Parliamentary report, CESNUR had moved with the volume from a scholarly to a militant advocacy position and to a one-sided defense of cults. [26] [27] According to Palmer, the book upset the French authorities so much so that one of its co-authors, French historian Antoine Faivre, was placed by the police under temporary arrest (garde à vue), accused of having disclosed confidential details about the persons interviewed by the Parliamentary Commission, although he was detained for a few hours only and a judge later dropped the charges. [28]

Organization

According to its official website, CESNUR "is a network of independent but related organizations of scholars in various countries, devoted to promote scholarly research in the field of new religious consciousness, to spread reliable and responsible information, and to expose the very real problems associated with some movements, while at the same time defending everywhere the principles of religious liberty." [19] The Italian authorities[ who? ] recognized CESNUR as a public non-profit organization in 1996 and were contributors to CESNUR projects. [29] Other sources of income include book royalties and member contributions. [29] [30]

While established by a group composed mostly of Catholic scholars, CESNUR is not affiliated with any religious group or denomination and has from the outset included scholars of various religious persuasions. [29] CESNUR is critical of concepts like mind control, thought reform and brainwashing, asserting that they lack scientific and scholarly support and are mainly based on anecdotal evidence. [2]

In a 2018 history of the academic study of new religious movements, American scholar W. Michael Ashcraft described CESNUR as "the largest outlet currently supporting research on NRMs." [31] In 2018, The Korea Times described CESNUR as "the largest international association of scholars specializing in the study of new religious movements." [32]

Activities and publications

Since 2017, CESNUR has published The Journal of CESNUR, a periodic about new religious movements. [33] CESNUR sponsors yearly conferences in the field of new religions. [34] The 2019 conference at the University of Turin included over 200 attendees. [35] [33] The journal's articles are typically sourced from CESNUR's annual conferences. [33] The journal is open access, and Introvigne is the founder and lead editor. [33] Benjamin E. Zeller noted in 2020 that, while too recently founded to give a proper analysis, the journal's articles tended to disproportionately focus on East Asia. [33]

Introvigne has spoken before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. [2] He testified on behalf of Scientologists in a criminal trial in Lyon. [2] In 1995, Introvigne argued that Order of the Solar Temple members who died by mass suicide had acted on their own initiative as opposed to being victims of the leader's manipulations. [36] In 1997, Melton appeared as an expert witness on behalf of the Singapore branch of the International Churches of Christ, arguing that the group was not a "cult". The testimony garnered attention for Melton's admission on cross-examination that he had publicly made similar claims about Peoples Temple, responsible for 918 deaths in Jonestown, Guyana. [37] [38]

In 2001 and 2006 CESNUR published two editions of its encyclopedia of religions in Italy. [6]

Bitter Winter

Bitter Winter was launched in May 2018 as an online magazine which covers religious freedom and human rights in China. [39] [40] [41] According to the magazine it is supported by volunteer contributions and is published daily in five languages. [40]

Some of the magazine's correspondents were arrested in late 2018 by the authorities for their work documenting and publicizing antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party. [42] [43] [44] [45] The United States Department of State in the chapter on China of its 2019 Human Rights Report noted that, among 45 Bitter Winter contributors the magazine reported had been arrested in 2018, in 2019, 4 of the 22 detained in Xinjiang were released, and among the 23 detained in Henan, Fujian, Zhejiang and Shanxi, "several had been released after indoctrination training," while "online media reported that police tortured" those arrested in Fujian. [46]

The same United States Department of State quoted repeatedly Bitter Winter as "an online magazine on religious liberty and human rights in China" in the China section of its 2018 International Religious Freedom Report. [47] The American evangelical magazine World called Bitter Winter "a thorn in the side" of the Chinese Communist Party, and reported that in a secret document "the Chinese government has called Bitter Winter an 'overseas hostile website' [境外敌对网站] and instructed its intelligence agency, the Ministry of State Security, to investigate the group." [48] [49]

Criticism

In a 1996 piece in Charlie Hebdo , French essayist Renaud Marhic accused CESNUR of being "a scientific screen used to relay [Introvigne's] theses to the complacent media". [50] Scholars Stephen A. Kent and Raffaella Di Marzio have argued that CESNUR's representation of the brainwashing controversy is one-sided, polemical and sometimes without scholarly value, while anthropologist Richard Singelenberg questioned in 1997 whether CESNUR is "too friendly and does not make enough critical comments about new religious movements and sects". [4] [2] [51] Kent further observed: "Many German and French officials working on issues related to religious 'sects' and human rights do not see CESNUR and Introvigne as neutral parties in the ongoing debates... Consequently, other people and organizations have damaged their reputations (rightly or wrongly) among these officials by associating too closely with CESNUR". [2] Later on, Raffaella Di Marzio changed her mind and became a collaborator of CESNUR. [52] According to Kent, "many scholars, however, see both CESNUR and INFORM in a favourable light, and they share its criticism of the 'sect-monitors' in France, Germany, and Belgium." [2]

CESNUR again met with controversy when one of the scheduled speakers at the 1997 CESNUR conference, who was to present scholarship on the religious group New Acropolis, was discovered to be a member of the very group she purported to study. [53] Michiel Louter writing for Dutch magazine De Groene Amsterdammer opined: "It is difficult to believe that CESNUR-director Introvigne was not up-to-date on her membership in the group". [53] The participation of the New Acropolis speaker to the conference was canceled after the connection was publicly reported by Dutch publication Trouw . [4] [36]

In 2001, French journalist Serge Garde  [ fr ] accused CESNUR of "systematic interventions in favor of sects brought to justice", naming Jehovah's Witnesses, Scientology, Order of the Solar Temple, the Unification Church and Aum Shinrikyo and opined that "all the sects know they can count on CESNUR". [54]

Aum Shinrikyo sarin gas attack of 1995

In the aftermath of the 1995 sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, CESNUR board member J. Gordon Melton and occasional CESNUR conference speaker James R. Lewis flew to Japan at the expense of Aum Shinrikyo; they then held press conferences in Japan stating their belief that the group did not have the ability to produce sarin and was being scapegoated. [55] [56] [57] [58] Melton later revised his judgment. [58] A paper mentioning the investigation was presented at the 1995 CESNUR conference. [59] [36]

Though CESNUR director Massimo Introvigne defended what he termed the "much maligned" investigation, others in the field felt that the scholars' defense of Aum Shinrikyo led to a crisis of confidence in religious scholarship when Aum's culpability was proven. [53] [58] [60] [59] Scholar Ian Reader disputed Introvigne's defense, writing "the case in hand certainly shows that some scholars are capable of saying what those who call on them want them to say, even when the evidence points the other way". [58]

Eastern Lightning and the murder of Wu Shuoyan

In 2018, Bitter Winter was criticized for its sympathetic coverage of Eastern Lightning, a group regarded as a cult in China. [61] Introvigne discussed in Bitter Winter the 2014 murder of Wu Shuoyan, attributed by Chinese authorities to Eastern Lightning. [62] [63] He supported the position first presented in articles of the Chinese daily The Beijing News in 2014, [64] [65] then advocated in 2015 by Australian scholar Emily Dunn, [66] that the perpetrators were not members of Eastern Lightning at the time of the murder. This position was described in 2020 by reporter Donald Kirk as common among scholars. [67] However, while Dunn wrote that the two leaders of the group that committed the murder "started out as members of Eastern Lightning (in 1998 and 2007 respectively), [but] they had outgrown it" and were no longer part of the sect in 2014. [66] Introvigne, based on a different interpretation of the same Chinese sources quoted by Dunn, argued, both in Bitter Winter and in his 2020 book Inside The Church of Almighty God, that they had never been members of Eastern Lightning. [68]

Mainstream reporting held that in 2002, members of Eastern Lightning kidnapped 34 members of the China Gospel Fellowship and held them captive for two months, with the aim of coercing them to join Eastern Lighting. [69] Introvigne, however, suggested in 2018 that China Gospel Fellowship invented the story of the kidnapping as justification for the fact that many of its members, including national leaders, had converted to Eastern Lightning. [70] [71] In his 2020 book, he adopted a more nuanced position, suggesting that China Gospel Fellowship members described as "kidnapping" what was in fact "deception," as they were invited, and went voluntarily, to training sessions without being told that they were organized by Eastern Lightning. [72]

In 2019, CESNUR's Bitter Winter co-hosted in Seoul with Human Rights Without Frontiers a conference supporting the right of asylum of Eastern Lightning and Uyghur refugees from China living in South Korea. Members of Eastern Lightning and the Uyghur diaspora also spoke in the conference. [73]

Shincheonji and spread of COVID-19

On November 29, 2019, CESNUR co-organized a seminar in Seoul claiming that thousands of members of Shincheonji, a group many in South Korea regard as a cult, had been subject to forcible deprogramming. [74] Introvigne was among the speakers. [75]

Regarding the Shincheonji organization's association with a coronavirus outbreak in 2020, CESNUR and Human Rights Without Frontiers released a joint white paper claiming that, although Shincheonji made "mistakes" in its management of the crisis, the organization had also been discriminated against because of its unpopular status. [3] [76] The founder of Shincheonji had been prosecuted for his alleged responsibility in the spreading of the Covid, and has been acquitted on January 13, 2021. [77]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New religious movement</span> Religious community or spiritual group of modern origin

A new religious movement (NRM), also known as alternative spirituality or a new religion, is a religious or spiritual group that has modern origins and is peripheral to its society's dominant religious culture. NRMs can be novel in origin, or they can be part of a wider religion, in which case they are distinct from pre-existing denominations. Some NRMs deal with the challenges that the modernizing world poses to them by embracing individualism, while other NRMs deal with them by embracing tightly knit collective means. Scholars have estimated that NRMs number in the tens of thousands worldwide. Most NRMs only have a few members, some of them have thousands of members, and a few of them have more than a million members.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis</span> Rosicrucian organization

The Ancient and Mystical Order Rosæ Crucis (AMORC) is a Rosicrucian organization founded by Harvey Spencer Lewis in the United States in 1915. It has various lodges, chapters and other affiliated bodies in several countries. It operates as a fraternal order in the mystical Western Esoteric Tradition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">J. Gordon Melton</span> American religious scholar (born 1942)

John Gordon Melton is an American religious scholar who was the founding director of the Institute for the Study of American Religion and is currently the Distinguished Professor of American Religious History with the Institute for Studies of Religion at Baylor University in Waco, Texas where he resides. He is also an ordained minister in the United Methodist Church.

Cult is a lay term for a group perceived as requiring unwavering devotion to a set of beliefs and practices which are considered deviant outside the norms of society. Such groups are typically perceived as being led by a charismatic leader who tightly controls its members. It is in some contexts a pejorative term, also used for new religious movements and other social groups which are defined by their unusual religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs and rituals, or their common interest in a particular person, object, or goal. This sense of the term is weakly defined – having divergent definitions both in popular culture and academia – and has also been an ongoing source of contention among scholars across several fields of study.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Massimo Introvigne</span> Italian sociologist of religion (born 1955)

Massimo Introvigne is an Italian sociologist of religion, author, and intellectual property attorney. He is a co-founder and the managing director of the Center for Studies on New Religions (CESNUR), a Turin-based nonprofit organization which has been described as "the highest profile lobbying and information group for controversial religions".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">About–Picard law</span> French anti-cult law

The 2001 About–Picard law [abu pika:r], officially the loi n° 2001-504 du 12 juin 2001 tendant à renforcer la prévention et la répression des mouvements sectaires portant atteinte aux droits de l'homme et aux libertés fondamentales, is French legislation passed by the National Assembly in 2000. The law is targeted at movements deemed to be "cults" that "undermine human rights and fundamental freedoms", as well as "mental manipulation". The law has caused controversy internationally, with some commentators alleging that it infringes on religious freedom while proponents contend that it reinforces religious freedom.

The anti-cult movement, abbreviated ACM and also known as the countercult movement, consists of various governmental and non-governmental organizations and individuals that seek to raise awareness of religious groups that they consider to be "cults", uncover coercive practices used to attract and retain members, and help those who have become involved with harmful cult practices.

The Dialog Center International (DCI) is a Christian counter-cult organization founded in 1973 by a Danish professor of missiology and ecumenical theology, Dr. Johannes Aagaard (1928–2007).

Freedom of religion in France is guaranteed by the constitutional rights set forth in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

The academic study of new religious movements is known as new religions studies (NRS). The study draws from the disciplines of anthropology, psychiatry, history, psychology, sociology, religious studies, and theology. Eileen Barker noted that there are five sources of information on new religious movements (NRMs): the information provided by such groups themselves, that provided by ex-members as well as the friends and relatives of members, organizations that collect information on NRMs, the mainstream media, and academics studying such phenomena.

The APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control (DIMPAC/DITPACT) was formed at the request of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1983. The APA asked Margaret Singer, a leading theorist in cults and coercive persuasion, to chair a task force to "expose cult methods and tactics". Some examples that led to the task force's creation were the Manson family murders, Patty Hearst kidnapping, and the Jonestown massacre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Lightning</span> Chinese new religious movement

The Church of Almighty God, also known as Eastern Lightning, is a monotheistic new religious movement which was established in China in 1991. Government sources estimate the group has three to four million members.

The application of the labels "cults" or "sects" to religious movements in government documents usually signifies the popular and negative use of the term "cult" in English and a functionally similar use of words translated as "sect" in several European languages. Government reports which have used these words include ones from Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, and Russia. While these documents utilize similar terminology they do not necessarily include the same groups nor is their assessment of these groups based on agreed criteria. Other governments and world bodies also report on new religious movements but do not use these terms to describe them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James R. Lewis (scholar)</span> Author and academic (1949–2022)

James Roger Lewis was an American philosophy professor at Wuhan University. He was a religious studies scholar, sociologist of religion, and writer, who specialized in the academic study of new religious movements, astrology, and New Age.

The murder of Wu Shuoyan, sometimes called the Zhaoyuan McDonald's cult murder, occurred on May 28, 2014, in a McDonald's restaurant in Zhaoyuan, China. Footage of the murder was widely distributed and the crime generated considerable attention in China.

Heterodox teaching is a concept in the law of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and its administration regarding new religious movements and their suppression. Also translated as 'cults' or 'evil religions', "heterodox teachings" are defined in Chinese law as organizations and religious movements that either fraudulently use religion to carry out other illegal activities, deify their leaders, spread "superstition" to confuse or deceive the public, or "disturb the social order" by harming people's lives or property. What exactly these definitions mean has been interpreted in various ways since their establishment in 1999/2000. Organizations that are found by local police forces in the PRC to be distributing heterodox teachings are targeted for disruption, and its leaders and organizers are severely prosecuted.

The World Religions and Spirituality Project publishes academic profiles of new and established religious movements, archive material related to some groups, and articles that provide context for the profiles. It is referenced by scholars, journalists, and human rights groups to provide a scholarly representation of threatened communities.

The Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light is a new religious movement derived from Twelver Shia Islam. The leader of the religion is Abdullah Hashem Aba Al-Sadiq, an Egyptian American who claims to be the Qa'im and to have been appointed by name in the will of the Prophet Mohammed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdullah Hashem</span> 21st-century messianic religious figure

Abdullah Hashem Aba Al-Sadiq, also commonly known as Abdullah Hashem, is an Egyptian-American religious leader and founder of the Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light (AROPL).

References

  1. ↑ Chryssides, George D., ed. (2012). "CESNUR". Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 76. ISBN   978-0-8108-6194-7. LCCN   2011028298.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kent, Stephen A. (January 2001). "The French and German versus American debate over 'new religions', Scientology and human rights". Marburg Journal of Religion . 6 (1). University of Marburg: 15. doi:10.17192/mjr.2001.6.3742. ISSN   1612-2941.
  3. 1 2 "Human Rights without frontiers release white paper on Coronavirus". Risingbd.com. Dhaka. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 "Een sektencongres kan nooit rustig zijn" [A sect congress can never be quiet]. Trouw (in Dutch). 7 August 1997. Archived from the original on 25 March 2024.
  5. ↑ ""Bitter Winter", in Italia un nuovo quotidiano online su religione e diritti umani in Cina" ["Bitter Winter," a new online newspaper in Italy on religion and human rights in China]. La Stampa (in Italian). 14 April 2018.
  6. 1 2 Stausberg, Michael (2009). "The study of religion(s) in Western Europe III: Further developments after World War II". Religion . 39 (3): 261–282. doi:10.1016/j.religion.2009.06.001. S2CID   144600043.
  7. ↑ Arweck, Elizabeth (2006). Researching New Religious Movements: Responses and Redefinitions. London: Routledge. p. 28. ISBN   978-1138059887.
  8. ↑ Clifford, Ross (22 January 2016). John Warwick Montgomery's Legal Apologetic: An Apologetic for all Seasons. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p.  179. ISBN   9781498282338.
  9. ↑ "Alleanza Cattolica – Catholic Alliance – a deepening". Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
  10. ↑ Ippolito, Michele M. (28 April 2016). "Massimo Introvigne non è più il reggente nazionale vicario di Alleanza Cattolica" [Massimo Introvigne is no longer the vicar national regent of Alleanza Cattolica]. La Fede Quotidiana (in Italian). Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  11. ↑ Rosenfeld, Jean E. (April 1999). "Response to Mayer's "Our Terrestrial Journey is Coming to an End"". Nova Religio . 2 (2): 197–207. doi:10.1525/nr.1999.2.2.197. ISSN   1092-6690.
  12. ↑ "La première religion: l'individualisme" [The first religion: individualism]. LesObservateurs.ch (in Swiss French). 26 September 2012. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  13. ↑ Ricci, Rita (16 October 2016). "Alla scoperta dell'"Evangelo" di Maria Valtorta" [Discovering Maria Valtorta's "Gospel"]. ZENIT. Rome. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  14. ↑ Picariello, Angelo (12 December 1993). "No alla doppia appartenenza" [No to double membership](PDF). Avvenire. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  15. ↑ "Giuseppe Casale". Arcidiocesi di Foggia-Bovino. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  16. ↑ Flint, Donna (1990). "CESNUR Seminar on New Religious Movements". Religion Today . 6 (1): 15. doi:10.1080/13537909008580638.
  17. 1 2 "Diritti Umani e Libertà Religiosa: Istituzioni Europee ed Organismi Internazionali, no. 60" [Human Rights and Religious Freedom: European Institutions and International Bodies, no. 60](PDF). Governo Italiano, Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Servizio per i Rapporti con le Confessioni Religiose e le Relazioni Istituzionali. May 2013. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  18. ↑ Séguy, Jean (April–June 1991). "Review of Lo Spiritismo". Archives de sciences sociales des religions . 36 (74): 258–259. ISSN   0335-5985. JSTOR   30122503.
  19. 1 2 "About CESNUR - Cosa è il CESNUR". CESNUR. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  20. ↑ "Board". CESNUR. 11 September 2017.
  21. ↑ "L'Antonino d'oro 2009 al vescovo mons. Gianni Ambrosio" (Press release) (in Italian). Diocese of Piacenza and Bobbio. 11 June 2009.[ dead link ]
  22. ↑ Klass, Morton (2001). "Seeking Syncretism: The Case of Sathya Sai Baba". In Greenfield, Sidney M.; Droogers, André (eds.). Reinventing Religions: Syncretism and Transformation in Africa and the Americas. Latham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 213. ISBN   0-8476-8852-6.
  23. ↑ Gallagher, Eugene V. (1 July 2016). 'Cult Wars' in Historical Perspective: New and Minority Religions. Routledge. p.  27. ISBN   978-1-317-15667-3 – via Google Books.
  24. ↑ "J. Gordon Melton". Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  25. 1 2 Palmer, Susan J. (2011). The New Heretics of France: Minority Religions, la République, and the Government-Sponsored "War on Sects". New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xi-xiii and 215. ISBN   978-0-19-973521-1.
  26. ↑ Schlegel, Jean-Louis (June 1997). "Pourquoi on n'en finit pas avec les sectes" [Why we're still dealing with cults]. Esprit (in French). 233 (6): 98–112. JSTOR   24469793.
  27. ↑ Luca, Nathalie (1998). "Introvigne (Massimo), Melton (J. Gordon), eds. Pour en finir avec les sectes. Le débat sur le rapport de la commission parlementaire, compte rendu". Archives de sciences sociales des religions (in French). 102: 71–73. ISSN   0335-5985. JSTOR   30129293.
  28. ↑ Palmer, Susan J. (February 2008). "France's "War on Sects": A Post-9/11 Update". Nova Religio . 11 (3): 104–120. doi:10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.104.
  29. 1 2 3 Fautré, Willy (2006). "Non-state actors and Religious Freedom in Europe". In Andreopoulos, George J.; Kabasakal Arat, Zehra F.; Juviler, Peter H. (eds.). Non-State Actors in the Human Rights Universe. Kumarian Press. ISBN   978-0-415-30948-6.
  30. ↑ Clarke, Peter (2004). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. Routledge. p.  101. ISBN   978-1-134-49970-0.
  31. ↑ Ashcraft, W. Michael (2018). A Historical Introduction to the Study of New Religious Movements. Routledge. p. 236. ISBN   978-1-351-67083-8 . Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  32. ↑ Dong-hwan, Ko (14 November 2018). "Hundreds of Chinese religious asylum seekers rejected in Jeju". The Korea Times . Archived from the original on 30 October 2019.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 Zeller, Benjamin E. (17 April 2020). "New Religious Movements: A Bibliographic Introduction". Theological Librarianship. 13 (1). American Theological Library Association: 38–49. doi: 10.31046/tl.v13i1.564 . ISSN   1937-8904.
  34. ↑ Lewis, James R. (2014). Cults: A Reference and Guide. Routledge. p.  204. ISBN   978-1-317-54513-2.
  35. ↑ "A Torino oltre duecento studiosi al convegno del Cesnur sul nuovo pluralismo religioso" [In Turin, over two hundred scholars at the Cesnur conference on the new religious pluralism]. La Stampa (in Italian). 3 September 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  36. 1 2 3 van der Velde, Koert (5 August 1997). "Sekte-onderzoekers verblind door eigen inlevingsvermogen" [Cult researchers blinded by their own empathy]. Trouw (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 28 September 2019.
  37. ↑ Ooi Boon, Tan (17 July 1997). "Church not a cult, says expert witness". The Straits Times . p. 35. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2019– via NewspaperSG.
  38. ↑ "Why church wasn't considered cult". The Straits Times . 11 November 1997. p. 30. Retrieved 24 March 2024– via NewspaperSG.
  39. ↑ Lemaître, Frédéric (31 December 2019). "En condamnant un pasteur, la Chine réprime le protestantisme, en plein essor" [By convicting a pastor, China suppresses Protestantism, in full swing]. Le Monde (in French). Paris. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  40. 1 2 "About". Bitter Winter. 24 April 2018. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  41. ↑ Tatad, Francisco S. (5 October 2018). "Can the Church survive China's embrace?". The Manila Times . Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  42. ↑ Cielo, Settimo (29 December 2018). "Christmas Behind Bars In China, For the Martyrs of the Free Press". L'Espresso . Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  43. ↑ "Arrestati in Cina 45 giornalisti, trasmettevano notizie al magazine italiano "Bitter Winter"" [45 journalists arrested in China, they were broadcasting news to Italian magazine "Bitter Winter"]. La Stampa . 28 December 2018. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018.
  44. ↑ Lipes, Joshua (31 January 2019). "Media Outlet Monitoring Uyghur Persecution in China Vows to Continue Work Despite Ban, Arrests". Radio Free Asia . Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  45. ↑ "Chinese ministry of state security takes over the campaign against Bitter Winter". Human Rights Without Frontiers. 7 August 2018. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  46. ↑ U.S.Department of State (2020). "China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau) 2019 Human Rights Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  47. ↑ U.S.Department of State (2019). "China (includes Tibet, Xinjiang, Hong Kong, and Macau) 2018 International Religious Freedom Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  48. ↑ Cheng, June (20 December 2019). "Watchdog on the web". World Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  49. ↑ "Chinese Ministry of State Security Takes Over the Campaign Against Bitter Winter". Bitter Winter. 3 August 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  50. ↑ Marhic, Renaud (4 December 1996). "none". Charlie Hebdo (in French). No. 233. paravent scientifique servant à relayer ses thèses auprès des médias complaisants.
  51. ↑ Amitrani, Alberto; Di Marzio, Raffaella (April 1998). "'Brainwashing' in New Religious Movements: clarifying some issues" (Document). G.R.I.S.
  52. ↑ Maffia, Camillo (13 May 2013). "Persecuzione e campagne anti-sette: intervista a Raffaella Di Marzio" [Persecution and anti-cult campaigns: interview with Raffaella Di Marzio]. Agenzia Radicale (in Italian). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  53. 1 2 3 Louter, Michiel (13 August 1997). "Kenners van het kwaad" [Knowers of Evil]. De Groene Amsterdammer (in Dutch). No. 33. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  54. ↑ Garde, Serge (27 June 2001). "Les liaisons dangereuses des universités lyonnaises" [The dangerous liaisons of Lyon universities]. L'Humanité (in French). Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  55. ↑ Reid, T. R. (5 May 1995). "Tokyo Cult Finds an Unlikely Supporter". The Washington Post .
  56. ↑ van der Velde, Koert (5 August 1997). "VU gastvrouw voor sektevriendelijk congres" [VU hostess for cult-friendly conference]. Trouw (in Dutch).
  57. ↑ Watanabe, Teresa (6 May 1995). "Alleged Persecution of Cult Investigated : Japan: U.S. activists visit Tokyo. They're concerned about treatment of sect suspected in subway attack". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  58. 1 2 3 4 Reader, Ian (April 2000). "Scholarship, Aum Shinrikyô, and Academic Integrity" (PDF). Nova Religio . 3 (2): 368–82. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  59. 1 2 Introvigne, Massimo (October 1998). "Blacklisting or Greenlisting? A European Perspective on the New Cult Wars". Nova Religio . 2 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1525/nr.1998.2.1.16 . Retrieved 15 July 2022– via CESNUR.
  60. ↑ Kent, Stephen A.; Krebs, Theresa (1999). "Clarifying Contentious Issues: A Rejoinder To Melton, Shupe, And Lewis" (PDF). Skeptic Magazine . Vol. 7, no. 1. pp. 21–26. Retrieved 25 May 2024– via skent.ualberta.ca.
  61. ↑ Pittman, Joann (28 December 2018). "Sorting Rumor from Fact? Look for the Red Chop". Chinasource. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  62. ↑ Introvigne, Massimo (20 September 2018). "The McDonald's Murder of 2014: The Crime The Church of Almighty God Did Not Commit". Bitter Winter. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  63. ↑ Salmon, Andrew (21 March 2019). "Chinese Christians live in fear, fleeing abroad". Asia Times . Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  64. ↑ "山东招远血案被告自白:我就是神" [Shandong Zhaoyuan blood case defendant confesses: I am God (machine translated)]. Sina News (in Chinese). 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  65. ↑ Xiao, Hui; Zhang, Yongsheng (22 August 2014). "一个 '全能神教'家庭的发展史" [History of the Family of Almighty God Group]. The Beijing News . Beijing. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  66. 1 2 Dunn, Emily (2015). Lightning from the East: Heterodoxy and Christianity in Contemporary China. Religion in Chinese Societies. Leiden Boston: Brill Publishers. p. 204. ISBN   978-90-04-29724-1.
  67. ↑ Kirk, Donald (9 February 2020). "These Chinese Christians Were Branded A Criminal 'Cult': Now They Have to Flee". The Daily Beast . Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  68. ↑ Introvigne, Massimo (2020). Inside The Church of Almighty God: The Most Persecuted Religious Movement in China. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 80–101. ISBN   978-0-19-008909-2.
  69. ↑ Henderson, Alex (7 April 2015). "6 modern-day Christian terrorist groups our media conveniently ignores". Salon.com . Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  70. ↑ Massimo, Introvigne (2018a). "Captivity Narratives: Did The Church of Almighty God Kidnap 34 Evangelical Pastors in 2002?" (PDF). The Journal of CESNUR. 2 (1): 100–110. doi:10.26338/tjoc.2018.2.1.6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2018.
  71. ↑ Porfiri, Aurelio (6 July 2018). "EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW WITH MASSIMO INTROVIGNE – A Bitter Winter". O Clarim. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  72. ↑ Introvigne, Massimo (2020). Inside The Church of Almighty God: The Most Persecuted Religious Movement in China. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 102–116. ISBN   9780190089092.
  73. ↑ "CHINA: Chinese religious persecution, harassment of refugees abroad denounced in Seoul". Human Rights Without Frontier. 24 June 2019. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  74. ↑ Rana, Dyvia (7 December 2019). "Seminar on Freedom of Faith and Human Rights Held By CESNUR and HRWF". Digpu News. Delhi. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  75. ↑ "International Experts Urge Democratic Countries To Pay Attention To Religious Suppression Of Minorities In South Korea". UAE Today. Dubai. 1 December 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  76. ↑ "Mener kristen sekt er utsatt for jakt på syndebukk for koronautbruddet" [Believes Christian sect is being scapegoated for the corona outbreak]. Vårt Land (in Norwegian). Oslo. Kristelig Pressekontor. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  77. ↑ Shin, Hyonhee (13 January 2021). "South Korea church leader acquitted on charge of blocking virus effort". Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2023.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.