List of new religious movements

Last updated November 22, 2024

A new religious movement (NRM) is a religious, ethical, or spiritual group or community with practices of relatively modern^{[ clarification needed ]} origins. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may exist on the fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Academics identify a variety of characteristics which they employ in categorizing groups as new religious movements. The term is broad and inclusive, rather than sharply defined. New religious movements are generally seen as syncretic, employing human and material assets to disseminate their ideas and worldviews, deviating in some degree from a society's traditional forms or doctrines, focused especially upon the self, and having a peripheral relationship that exists in a state of tension with established societal conventions.^[1]^: 29^[2]^[3]

A NRM may be one of a wide range of movements ranging from those with loose affiliations based on novel approaches to spirituality or religion to communitarian enterprises that demand a considerable amount of group conformity and a social identity that separates their adherents from mainstream society. Use of the term NRM is not universally accepted among the groups to which it is applied.^[4] Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands worldwide. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and very few have more than a million.^[5]^: 17 Academics occasionally propose amendments to technical definitions and continue to add new groups.^[1]^: vii–xv

List

List of new religious movements
Name	Founder	Founded	Type	References
3HO	Harbhajan Singh Khalsa	1969	Sikh	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 131
Adidam, previously Free Daist Communion, Dawn Horse Fellowship, etc.	Adi Da	1972	Neo-Hindu-inspired	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 2–3^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 6–7^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^{: 146, 6–7}^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 25–28
Adonai-Shomo	Frederick T. Howland	1861	Adventist Communal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 707^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 28
Adonism	Franz Sättler	1925	Modern Pagan	^[6]^: 4
Adventures in Enlightenment, A Foundation	Terry Cole-Whittaker	1985	Religious Science	^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 28–29
Aetherius Society	George King	1954	UFO-Christian	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 3^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 29–31^[7]^: 25–26
The African Church	Jacob Kehinde Coker	1901	Anglican	^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 26^[8]
African initiated churches	Multiple	1800s	Syncretistic Christian-Indigenous	^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 26–27
African Theological Archministry, previously Order of Damballah Hwedo Ancestor Priests, Shango Temple, and Yoruba Temple	Walter Eugene King	1973	Afro-American Voodoo	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 934^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 31
Agasha Temple of Wisdom	Richard Zenor	1943	Spiritualism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 764^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 32
Agni Yoga (Roerichism)	Helena Roerich, Nicholas Roerich	1920	Neo-Theosophical	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 876^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 32^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 16–17^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 6
Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light	Abdullah Hashem	2015	Shia Islam-Millenarian	^{[Introvigne & Kotkowska 2024]}
Ahmadiyya	Mirza Ghulam Ahmad	1889	Messianic Islam	^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 32–33^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 27–28^{[Melton 2003]}^: 985^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 6
Aiyy Faith, previously Kut-Siur^: 62	Lazar Afanasyev alias Téris	1990	Modern Pagan Neo-Tengrist	^[9]^: 62^[9]^: 57
Aladura	Josiah Ositelu	1930	Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^{[Chryssides 2001]}^{: 28–29, 517}^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 7
Alamo Christian Foundation, a.k.a. Alamo Christian Church, Consecrated, Alamo Christian Ministries, and Music Square Church	Tony Alamo; Susan Alamo	1969	Fundamentalist Communal	^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 33–34^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 29^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 13^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 7
Altruria	Edward Biron Payne	1894	Christian Communal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 707^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 34–35
American Buddhist Movement		1980	Western Buddhism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1116^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 35–36
American Buddhist Society and Fellowship, Inc.	Robert Ernest Dickhoff	1945	Tibetan Buddhism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1102^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 36
American World Patriarchs	Uladyslau Ryzy-Ryski	1972	Eastern Orthodox	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 309^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 37–38
Amica Temple of Radiance	Ivah Berg Whitten	1932	Neo-Theosophical	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 876^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 38
Ananda Ashrama	Paramananda	1923	Neo-Hindu Neo-Vedanta	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 29–30
Ananda Marga	Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar	1955	Neo-Hindu Tantric	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1001^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 30–31^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 11^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 41^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 30–31^[10]^: 370
Ananda movement, incl. Ananda World Brotherhood Colonies and Ananda Church of Self-Realization	Kriyananda	1968	Neo-Hindu Self-Realization Fellowship	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 33–34
Anandamayee Sangha, officially, Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha	Anandamayi Ma	1920s	Neo-Hindu	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 32
Ancient British Church in North America	Jonathan V. Zotique	1976	Homosexually oriented Christian	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1142^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 43
Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis	H. Spencer Lewis	1915	Rosicrucianism	^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 42–43^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 31^{[Melton 2003]}^: 841^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 11
Ancient Teachings of the Masters (ATOM)	Darwin Gross	1983	Sant Mat Eckankar	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1054^{[Clarke 2006]}^{: 32–33, 508}^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 43
Anglo-Saxon Federation of America	Howard B. Rand	1928	British Israelism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 651^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 43–44^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 13
Ansaaru Allah Community	As Siddid Al Imaan Al Haahi Al Mahdi	1960s, late	Black Islam	^{[Melton 2003]}^{: 986–987, 986–987}^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 44
Ant Hill Kids, a.k.a. Holy Moses Mountain Family	Roch Thériault	1977	Seventh-day Adventist	^[11]^[12]
Anthroposophy (Anthroposophical Society)	Rudolf Steiner	1912	Western esotericism	^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 33–34^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 44–47^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 20^[13]^: 41
Antiochian Catholic Church in America	Gordon Mar Peter	1980s	Independent Catholic Monophysite	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 241^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 47
Antoinism	Louis-Joseph Antoine	1910	Christian Healing	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}
Apostles of Infinite Love, a.k.a. The Order of Magnificat of the Mother of God	Michel Collin, Jean-Gaston Tremblay	1961	Catholic	^[14]
Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean)	Samuel Heinrich Froehlich	1906	European Free-Church	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 548^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 47–48
Apostolic Christian Church of America	Samuel Heinrich Froehlich	1830	European Free-Church	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 548^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 47–48
Apostolic Church	Daniel Powell Williams	1916	Pentecostal	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 23^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 15
Apostolic Church of Christ (Pentecostal)	Johnnie Draft; Wallace Snow	1969	Oneness Pentecostalism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 464^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 48
Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God	William Thomas Phillips	1920	Oneness Pentecostalism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 465^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 16
Arcane School, a.k.a. Lucis Trust	Alice and Foster Bailey	1923/1937	Neo-Theosophical	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 172–173}^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 217^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 38^{[Melton 2003]}^: 857
Arica School	Oscar Ichazo	1968	Sufism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 971^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 38–39^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 17
Art of Living Foundation, a.k.a. Association for Inner Growth and 'Ved Vignan Maha Vidya Preeth'	Ravi Shankar	1981/1982	Neo-Hindu	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 45–46^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1004
Arya Samaj	Dayananda Saraswati	1875	Neo-Hindu	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1004^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 40–41^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 45–46^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 18
Aryan Nations, a.k.a. Church of Jesus Christ–Christian	Wesley Swift	1940s, late	British Israelism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 654^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 91
Ásatrú Folk Assembly	Stephen McNallen	1970s	Modern Pagan Polytheistic reconstructionism Heathenry	^[15]
Assemblies of God	merger	1914	Pentecostal	^[16]^: 106^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 41–42^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 48^[16]^: 106
Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ	merger	1952	Apostolic Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 466^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 18
Assembly of Christian Soldiers	Jessie L. Thrift	1971	Christian Identity Ku Klux Klan	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1131^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 21
Assembly of Man	Franklin Merrell-Wolff	1928	Eastern and Western esotericism	^[17]
Association for Research and Enlightenment	Edgar Cayce	1931	Occult	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 31^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 42–43^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 21
Association of Vineyard Churches, a.k.a. Vineyard Movement	John Wimber	1982	Neo-charismatic Trinitarian Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 446^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 316
Aumism	Gilbert Bourdin	1969	Syncretistic Esoteric-Hinduism	^[18]^: 217^[18]^{: 222, 218}^[18]^: 215
Aum Shinrikyo, a.k.a. Aleph	Shoko Asahara	1987	Japanese, Japanese Buddhism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1073^[19]^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 23^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 44–45^[20]
Ausar Auset Society	R.A. Straughn	1970s, mid	Rosicrucianism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 842^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 24
Azali or Azali Babi	Subh-i-Azal	1863	Babism	^[21]^: 246
Bábism	Báb (Ali Muhammad Shirazi)	1844	Shia Islam-Millenarian	^[22]^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 58^[22]^[23]^: 180
Baháʼí Faith	Bahá'u'lláh (Mírzá Ḥusayn-'Alí Nuri)	1863	Babism-Millenarian	^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 48–49^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 58–56^{[Melton 2003]}^: 992^[24]^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 25–26^{[Miller 1995]}^{: 243–248}
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship	Bawa Muhaiyaddeen	1971	Sufism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 972^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 50–51
Bethel Ministerial Association	Albert Franklin Varnell	1934	Apostolic Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 466^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 32
Bible Presbyterian Church	Carl McIntire	1938	Reformed Presbyterian	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 370^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 33
Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ	schism	1957	Apostolic Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 466^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 77^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 34
Biosophy	Ignaz Paul Vitalis Troxler, F.W.J. Schelling	1806		^[25]^[26]
Blackburn Cult, a.k.a. Divine Order of the Royal Arms of the Great Eleven	May Otis Blackburn	1922	Modern Pagan New Thought	^[27]^: 1^[27]^: 35
Brahma Kumaris	Dada Lekhraj	1936/1937	Neo-Hindu	^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 56–57^[28]^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1006^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 89–91^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 37
Brahmo Samaj, a.k.a. Adi Dharm	Ram Mohan Roy	1828	Neo-Hindu Unitarian Universal	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 92–93^[29]^{: 1:1028–30, 93}^[30]
Brahmoism (Brahmo Dharma)	Debendranath Tagore	1848/1850	Neo-Hindu Unitarian Universal	^[30]^: 43–57
Branch Davidians	Benjamin Roden	1930	Seventh-day Adventist Shepherd's Rod	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 617^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 59^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 38
Branhamism	William M. Branham	1951	Pentecostal	^{[Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]}^: 37–40
Breatharians a.k.a. Inedia	Wiley Brooks	1970s	Hindu-influenced	^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 60–61^[31]^: 30
The Brethren (Jim Roberts group), a.k.a. The Body of Christ and The Garbage Eaters	Jimmie T. Roberts	1970, circa	Unclassified Christian Churches	^{[Melton 2003]}^{: 1131–1132}
British Israelism, a.k.a. Anglo-Israelism		1870s		^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 61–62^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 39–40
Brotherhood of the Golden Arrow (defunct)	Maria de Naglowska	1932	Occult Western esotericism Satanic	^[32]
Bruderhof, a.k.a. the Hutterian Brethren and Hutterian Society of Brothers	Eberhard Arnold	1920, circa	Communal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 709^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 63–64^[33]^: 709
Brunstad Christian Church	Johan Oscar Smith	1905	Evangelical Non-denominational Christian	^[34]^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 269–270}^[34]
Builders of the Adytum	Paul Foster Case	1922	Ritual magic	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 891^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 67–68^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 41–42
Burkhanism or Ak Jang	Chet Chelpan; Chugul Sarok Chandyk	1904	Altaian Millenarian-Indigenist Tengrist	^[35]
Cao Dai, a.k.a. Dai Dao Tam Ky Pho Do	Ngô Văn Chiêu, Lê Văn Trung	1919	Syncretistic Vietnamese Millenarian	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 61^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 69–70^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 44
Cargo cults		1885	Syncretistic Millenarian-Indigenist	^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 70^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 62^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 45
Carlebach movement	Shlomo Carlebach	1960s, late	Neo-Hasidic Rabbinic Judaism	^[29]^{: 7:4868–74}
Celestial Church of Christ	Samuel Oshoffa	1947	Indigenist Pentecostal	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 64^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 73
The Centers Network		1981		^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 73–74
Chabad, a.k.a. Chabad-Lubavitch	Shneur Zalman of Liadi	1775	Hasidic Rabbinic Judaism	^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 70^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 206,368
Charismatic Movement, a.k.a. neo-Pentecostalism		1950s/1960s	Charismatic Christian	^{[Clarke 2006]}^{: 106–108}^[36]^{[Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]}^: 70^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 78
Chen Tao, a.k.a. God's Salvation Church and God Saves the Earth Flying Saucer Foundation	Hon-Ming Chen	1955	UFO religion	^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 78–79^[37]
Cheondoism, a.k.a. Chendogyo	Choe Je-u	1905		^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 80–81
Cherubim and Seraphim, a.k.a. Sacred Cherubim and Seraphim Society and Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim	Moses Orimolade Tunolase	1925, circa	African Pentecostal	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 65^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 79
Children of Thunder	Glenn Taylor Helzer	2000	Latter-day Saint Movement	^[38]
Christ Apostolic Church	Joseph Ayo Babalola	1941	Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 479^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 82–83
Christadelphians, a.k.a. Thomasites	John Thomas	1844	Baptist family Restorationism	^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 81–82^{[Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]}^: 48^{[Melton 2003]}^: 107^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 50
The Christian Community, a.k.a. the Christian Community Church and Christengemeinschaft	Rudolf Steiner Friedrich Rittelmeyer	1922	Anthroposophy	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 70^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 83
Christian Identity, a.k.a. the Identity Movement	1870s	1940s	British Israelism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 652^[39]^: 48^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 138^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 84^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 291–92^[40]^: 387
Christian Reformed Church in North America	Gijsbert Haan	1857	Reformed Presbyterian	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 365^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 86
Christian Science, a.k.a. Church of Christ, Scientist	Mary Baker Eddy	1876	Christian Faith healing New Thought	^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 86–87.^{[Melton 2003]}^: 741^[41]
Christian World Liberation Front, a.k.a. the Spiritual Counterfeits Project	Jack Sparks, Fred Dyson, Pat Matrisciana	1969	Christian Fundamentalist-Millenarian	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 76^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 87–88
Church of All Worlds	Tim Zell, Lance Christie	1962	Witchcraft Modern Pagan	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 909^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 58^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 88–89
Church of Aphrodite (defunct)	Gleb Botkin	1938	Modern Pagan Goddess	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 911^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 58
Church of Bible Understanding	Stewart Traill	1971	Adventist Fundamentalist	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 79^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 89–90^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 59
Church of Euthanasia	Chris Korda, Robert Kimberk	1992	Parody Religion	^[42]
Church of Daniel's Band		1893	Non-Episcopal Methodism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 395^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 61
Church of Divine Science	Malinda Cramer	1888	New Thought Faith healing	^{[Miller 1995]}^: 326
Church of God in Christ	Charles H. Mason	1908	Pentecostal	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 85^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 62
The Church of God (Jerusalem Acres)	Grady R. Kent	1957	White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 437^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 62
Church of God Mountain Assembly	J.H. Parks, Steve N. Bryant, Tom Moses and William O. Douglas	1906		^{[Melton 2003]}^: 437^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 63, 65}
Church of God of Prophecy	Ambrose Tomlinson	1903		^{[Melton 2003]}^: 438^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 62–63
Church of God with Signs Following	George Went Hensley	1920s	Holiness Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 489^{[Chryssides 2006]}^{: 300–301}
Church of Israel	Dan Gayman	1974	British Israelism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 653^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 65
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints	Joseph Smith	1830	Latter-day Saint Movement-Millenarian
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)	Joseph Smith James Strang	1844	Latter-day Saint Movement	^[43]
The Church of Light	C.C. Zain	1932	neo-Hermetism	^{[Lewis 1998]}^{: 210–211}^[44]^{: 105–106}
Church of Satan	Anton LaVey	1966	Satanic	^{[Clarke 2006]}^{: 508–509}^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 91–92^{[Miller 1995]}^{: 401–410}
Church of the SubGenius	J.R. "Bob" Dobbs	1979	Parody
Church of the Creator	Grace Marama URI	1969	Liberal family	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 668
Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster or Pastafarianism	Bobby Henderson	2005	Parody	^[45]^[46]
Church of the Living Word, a.k.a. The Walk	John Robert Stevens	1954	Fundamentalist Occult	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 386^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 92–93
Church of the Lord (Aladura)	Josiah Ositelu	1930	Pentecostal Family	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 517^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 93
Church of World Messianity	Mokichi Okada	1934	Shinto Faith healing	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1120^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 94^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 94, 371}
Church Universal and Triumphant	Mark Prophet, Elizabeth Clare (Wolf) Prophet	1958	Theosophical Occult	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 97^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 94–95^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 281
Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles, also known as CARP	Sun Myung Moon	1955	Unification Church	^[47]^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 71^[48]
Commandment Keepers: Holy Church of the Living God	Arnold Josiah Ford	1924	Black Judaism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 951^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 180^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 74
Community Chapel and Bible Training Center	Donald Lee Barnett	1967	Latter Rain Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 496^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 75
Concerned Christians	Monte Kim Miller	1980s		^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 96^[49]
Conservative Judaism	Sabato Morais, Marcus Jastrow, H. Pereira Mendes	1887	Rabbinic Judaism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 943^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 76^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 97
Core Shamanism, The Foundation for Shamanic Studies	Michael Harner	1980	Neoshamanism	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 580^[50]
Covenant of the Goddess	merger	1975	Goddess Neopagan witchcraft Modern Pagan Wiccan	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 915^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 48–49^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 98^[51]
Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans	Margot Adler	1987	Neopagan witchcraft Modern Pagan	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 915^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 99^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 99
The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord	James D. Ellison	1970s, mid	British Israelism	^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 99–100^{[Melton 2003]}^: 654^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 78
Creativity	Ben Klassen	1970s, early	Pantheism, Agnostic Atheism, White Racialism	^[52]
Crossroads Movement		1970s		^{[Chryssides 2006]}^: 100^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 100
Cyberchurches		2000s, early	Non-denominational Christian	^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 103
Dalit Buddhist Movement, a.k.a. Navayana Buddhism	B.R. Ambedkar	1956	Neo-Buddhism	^[53]^[54]
Dances of Universal Peace	Samuel L. Lewis	1968		^[55]
Diamond Way	Ole Nydahl	1972	Tibetan Buddhism, New Age,	^[56]^[57]
Dianic Wicca	merger	1971	Neopagan witchcraft Modern Pagan Goddess Wiccan	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 916^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 84
Discordianism	Greg Hill, Kerry Wendell Thornley	1963	Absurdism Greek Mythology	^[58]
Eastern Lightning, a.k.a. the Church of Almighty God	Yang Xiangbin, Zhao Weishan	1991	Chinese house churches	^[59]^: 97^[60]^: 71^[61]^: 96^[59]^[60]^: 1
Eckankar or ECK	Paul Twitchell	1965/1971	Derived from Radha Soami, but denies connection	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 178–79^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^{: 144–146, 384}^{[Melton 2003]}^{: 1056, 144, 384, 144, 508}^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 91
Efficacious Spirit Teachings, a.k.a. Spirit Church and The Lingling Sect	Hua Xuehe	1986	Pentecostalism	^[62]^: 43^[63]^: 123^[62]^: 42^[64]^: 43
Elan Vital, formerly Divine Light Mission	Hans Ji Maharaj	1920s	Derived from Sant Mat, but denies connection	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1055^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 384^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 508^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 85–86, 167}^[28]^: 126^[65]^: 156
Emin	Raymond Armin	1971	New Age
End Time Survivors Jesus Christians	David McKay	1981	Fundamentalist Millennialism	^[66]^[67]
Esoteric Nazism		1940s, late	Occult Western esotericism	^[13]^[68]^: 17
Est (Erhard Seminars Training)	Werner Erhard	1981	Human Potential Movement Self religions	^[69]^[70]^: 193^[71]^[72]^{: 167, 171–172}^[5]^: 35^[73]^{[Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]}^{: 108, 107–108}^[1]^: 44^[28]^{: 126–127}
Evangelical Association of the Israelite Mission of the New Universal Covenant	Ezequiel Ataucusi Gamonal	1968	Syncretistic Messianic Judaism-Indigenist	^[74]
Evangelical Methodist Church	J.H. Hamblen	1946	Non-Episcopal Methodist	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 396^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 97
Falun Gong	Li Hongzhi	1992	Qigong movement	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1126^[75]
The Family, a.k.a. Santiniketan Park Association & Great White Brotherhood	Anne Hamilton-Byrne	1963	New Age	^[76]
Family International, previously the Children of God, the Family of Love and the Family	David Berg	1968	Fundamentalist, Jesus movement, countercultural evangelical	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 133^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 185^[77]^[28]^: 126^[77]
Fellowship of Isis	Olivia Robertson	1976	Modern Pagan Goddess	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 888^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 103
Fellowships of the Remnant	Denver Snuffer Jr.	2013	Latter-day Saint Movement
Feraferia	Frederick Adams	1967	Modern Pagan Goddess	^[78]
Feri Tradition	Victor Henry Anderson, Cora Anderson	1960, circa	Goddess Neopagan witchcraft Modern Pagan Wiccan	^[79]
Findhorn Foundation	Eileen Caddy, Peter Caddy, Alexis Edwards, Roger Benson	1963	Christian-Anthroposophistical-Rosicrucian	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 138^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 104
Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas	W.E. Fuller	1898	Black Trinitarian Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 482^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 104
First Satanic Church	Karla LaVey	1997	Satanic	^[80]^: 701
Followers of Christ	Marion Reece (or Riess)	1800s, late	Unclassified Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1137^[81]
Fourth Way	George Gurdjieff	1913–1916	Esoteric Esoteric Sufism	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 245–47^[13]^: 42^{[Miller 1995]}^{: 259–266}
Fraternitas Rosae Crucis	Paschal Beverly Randolph	1858	Rosicrucianism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 843^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 108
Fraternity of the Inner Light	Dion Fortune	1924	neo-Hermeticism Esoteric Christianity	^{[Clarke 2006]}^{: 217–219}
Freedomites		1902		^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 272
Fundamentalist Christianity		1800s, late	Christian	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 113–114}
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints	Lorin C. Woolley	1929	Latter-day Saint Movement	^[82]
General Church of the New Jerusalem	schism	1890	Swedenborgianism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 763^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 117
The Genesis II Church of Health and Healing	Jim Humble	2009/2010	UFO-New Age inspired Pseudoscience	^[83]^[84]^[85]^[86]
Gentle Wind Project	John "Tubby" Miller and Mary "Moe" Miller	1980	Spiritualism	^[87]
Ghost Dance	Wovoka	1889	Native American Indigenist Fundamentalist	^[88]^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 119
Global Peace Foundation	Hyun Jin Moon	2007	Unification Church	^[89]^[90]
Goddess movement		late 1960s	Modern Pagan	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 240–42^[91]
Godianism, a.k.a. Chiism	K.O.K. Onyioha	1949	African Indigenist Modern Pagan	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 242–43
Grail Movement	Oskar Ernst Bernhardt	1924	Syncretistic Christian New Age Channeling	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 786^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 122–123}
Hanuman Foundation	Richard Alpert (Ram Dass)	1974/1980	Neo-Hindu	^{[Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]}^: 51^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 178^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1013^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 129
Happy Science (Kofuku-no-Kagaku)	Ryuho Okawa	1986	Japanese	^[92]
Heaven's Gate formerly Human Individual Metamorphosis and Total Overcomers Anonymous	Marshall Herff Applewhite, Bonnie Lu Nettles	1973	Syncretistic Christian New Age UFO religion	^[93]^[94]^: 17^[93]^[95]^: 71
Hikari no Wa	Fumihiro Joyu	2007	Aum Shinrikyo	^[96]^: 29
Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy	Swami Rama	1971	Hindu	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1014^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^{: 183–184}^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 133
House of Israel	David Hill a.k.a. Rabbi Edward Washington	1972	Black Hebrew Israelites	^[97]
Humanistic Judaism	Sherwin Wine	1965	Nontheistic Rabbinic Judaism	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 288–89
Human Sacrifices Sect of Nacozari	Silvia Meraz	2009	Santa Muerte	^[98]
Huna	Max Freedom Long	1936	New Thought New Age Hawaiian religion	^{[Lewis 1998]}^{: 406–407}
I AM Activity	Guy Ballard, Edna Anne Wheeler Ballard	1930s, early	Neo-Theosophical	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 873^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 138
Iglesia ni Cristo	Felix Manalo	1913, formally 1914	Restorationism Nontrinitarian Fundamentalist	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 292–93
Independent Fundamental Churches of America	R. Lee Kirkland	1922	Unaffiliated Fundamentalist	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 179^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 142
Indian Shaker Church	John and Marry Slocum	1881	Native American and Christian	^[88]
Insight Meditation Society	Jack Kornfield, Sharon Salzberg, Joseph Goldstein	1976	Theravada	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1067^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 143
International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), a.k.a. Hare Krishna movement	A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada	1966	Hindu	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 199
International House of Prayer, a.k.a. IHOP or IHOPKC	Mike Bickle	1999	Charismatic Movement Post-tribulational Historic premillennialism
International Church of the Foursquare Gospel	Aimee Semple McPherson	1923	White Trinitarian Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 451^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 108
International Community of Christ, a.k.a. Church of the Second Advent (CSA) and Jamilians	Eugene Douglas Savoy	1972	New Age	^{[Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]}^: 139
Iriadamant	Pierre Doris Maltais	1973	Animism Native American Spiritual ecology	^[99]
Isha Foundation	Jaggi Vasudev	1992	Hindu	^[100]
ISKCON Revival Movement (IRM)	?	2000	Neo-Hindu ISKCON	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}
Ivanovism (the Ivanovites)	Porfiry Ivanov	1933	Syncretistic Modern Pagan Slavic Native Faith	^[101]^{: 128–145}
Jediism		2000s	Star Wars -inspired New Age	^[102]^: 62^[102]^: 62
Jehovah's Witnesses	Charles Taze Russell	1870	Adventist Bible Students Nontrinitarian	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 637^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 150, 152–153}
Jesus Army, a.k.a. "Jesus Fellowship Church" and "Bugbrooke Jesus Fellowship"	Noel Stanton	1977	Fundamentalist Communal	^[10]^{: 149–163}^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 153
Jesus Movement		1960s, late	Fundamentalist	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 196^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 153^[103]
Jewish Renewal	Zalman Schachter-Shalomi	1970s, mid	Neo-Hasidic Rabbinic Judaism Syncretistic	^[29]^{: 7:4868–74}
Jews for Jesus	Moishe Rosen	1970	Fundamentalist Messianic Judaism	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 197^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 155
John Frum		1936	Syncretistic Millenarian	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 197^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 155
Joy of Satan Ministries	Andrea Maxine Dietrich	2002	Satanism Theism	^[104]^: 448
Kabbalah Centre	Philip Berg	1970s	Kabbalist New Age	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 322–23
Karma Triyana Dharmachakra	the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa	1976	Tibetan Buddhism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1108^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 157–158.}
Keetoowah Society	Redbird Smith (co-founder)	1858	Native American Indigenist	^[88]
Kemetic Orthodoxy	Tamara Siuda	1988	Modern Pagan Polytheistic reconstructionism Kemetic	^[105]
Kerista	John Presmont	1956	Communal—After 1960	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 730^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 158
Kopimism	Isak Gerson	2012	Internet religion
Konkokyo	Bunjirō Kawate	1859	Japanese Shinto	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1122^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 161
Krishnamurti Foundations	Jiddu Krishnamurti	1928	Neo-Theosophical Universalism	^[106]
Kripalu Center (Kirpalu)	Amrit Desai	1966	Hindu	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1019^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 161
Lama Foundation	Steve Durkee	1967	Communal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 731^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 164
Latter Day Saint movement (Mormonism)	Joseph Smith	1830	Christian restorationism	^{[Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]}^: 187^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 190, 192}
Latter Rain Movement	George Hawtin, Percy Hunt	1946	Millenarian Pentecostal	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 209^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 165
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement	Paul S.L. Johnson	1920, circa	Adventist Bible Students	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 639^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 165
Lectorium Rosicrucianum	Jan van Rijckenborgh; Zwier Willem Leene; Catharose de Petri	1924	Rosicrucianism	^{[Clarke 2006]}^{: 338–339}^{[Melton 2003]}^: 844^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 165–166}
The Living Word Fellowship	John Robert Stevens	1951	Latter Rain Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 506^[107]
Local Church movement	Ni Shu-tsu (Watchman Nee)	1920s	Independent Fundamentalist Bible Students	^{[Melton 2003]}^{: 609–610}^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 169, 171}
Longhouse Religion	Handsome Lake alias Sganyodaiyoˀ	1797	Native American Indigenist	^[88]
Love Family, a.k.a. the Church of Jesus Christ at Armageddon and Love Israel	Paul Erdman	1969	Communal	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 216^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 90–91
Love Has Won	Amy Carlson	2005, circa	New Age	^[108]^[109]
Lumpa Church	Alice Lenshina	1953	African initiated church	^[110]
Mahikari	Kotama Okada	1959	Shinto	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1123^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 176
Makasol (Wind Nation), a.k.a. Paliau movement	Paliau Maloat	1970s, circa	Papuan Indigenist Millenarian countercultural	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 482–85
Manson Family	Charles Manson	1967	Millenarianism	^[111]
Maranatha Campus Ministries	Bob Weiner	1972	Pentecostal	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 223^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 178
Martinus' Spiritual Science	Martinus Thomsen	1932	Esoteric	^[112]^[113]^[114]
Mata Amritanandamayi Math	Mata Amritanandamayi	1981	Neo-Hindu	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 31–32^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 26–27
Mazdaznan	Otoman Zar-Adusht Ha'nish	1902	Zoroastrianism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 991^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 181
Meher Baba followers	Merwan Sheriar Irani	1921	Hindu-inspired	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 991^[65]
Mespilism		2000s	Buddhism, Paganism, New Age, Syncretism, Humanism	^[115]
Messianic Judaism		1960s	Judeo-Christian	^{[Clarke 2006]}^{: 397–99, 399}^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 184
Million Man March	Louis Farrakhan	1995	Nation of Islam	^[116]^: 245
Mita Congregation	Juanita García Peraza	1940	Deliverance Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 462^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 186
Modekngei (Ngara Modekngei)	Tamadad from Chol	1915, circa	Syncretistic Christian-Indigenous	^[117]
Monastic Order of Avallon	Henri Hillion de Coatmoc'han	1972	Modern Pagan	^[118]
Moody Church	Dwight L. Moody	1864	Fundamentalist Evangelical	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 602^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 186
Moorish Science Temple of America	Timothy Drew	1925	Black Islam	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 988^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 186, 188}
Moral Re-Armament	Frank N.D. Buchman	1921		^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 233^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 188, 190}
Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God	Credonia Mwerinde, Joseph Kibweteere	1989	Catholicism	^[119]^: 209^[119]^: 203^[119]^{: 213, 206}
Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness	John-Roger Hinkins	1971	Syncretistic Sant Mat and Eckankar-influenced	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 384^{[Clarke 2006]}^{: 412, 412–14}^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1054^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 194
Namdhari	Balak Singh	1800s, mid	Sikh	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 243^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 196
Narcosatánicos	Adolfo Constanzo	1985	Palo	^[120]
Nation of Islam	Elijah Muhammad	1930s, mid	Black Islam UFO religion	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 245^[121]
Nation of Yahweh	Hulon Mitchell, Jr.	1970s	Black Judaism	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 200^{[Melton 2003]}^{: 952–953}^[122]^: 217
National Spiritualist Association of Churches	Harrison D. Barrett, James M. Peebles, Cora L. Richmond	1893	Spiritualism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 772^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 197
Native American Church, a.k.a. Peyotism	Quanah Parker	1800–19th century	Native American Indigenist Entheogen groups	^[88]^{[Melton 2003]}^: 809^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 202
Native Ukrainian National Faith, a.k.a. RUNVira or Sylenkoism	Lev Sylenko	1960s, mid	Modern Pagan Slavic Native Faith	^[101]^: 130
Neo-charismatic movement		1980s, early	Charismatic Christian Nondenominational Christian	^[36]^: 286–87
Neo-Hinduism or Reform Hinduism		1830, circa	Hindu	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 435–36
Néo-Phare	Arnaud Mussy	2001	Esoteric, apocalyptic	^[123]
New Acropolis (Nouvelle Acropole)	Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi	1957	Neo-Theosophical Western esotericism	^{[Clarke 2006]}^{: 441–442}^[124]^: 217
New Apostolic Church	Heinrich Geyer	1863	Catholic Apostolic Church Unclassified Christian Churches	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1139^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 205
New Kadampa Tradition	Geshe Kelsang Gyatso	1970s, mid	Tibetan Buddhism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1112^[125]^{: 310–311}
The New Message from God	Marshall Vian Summers	1992	UFO religion	^[126]^[127]
New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn		1969	Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn Witchcraft Modern Pagan	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 923^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 207
New Thought	Phineas Parkhurst Quimby	1800s, mid	Metaphysical Faith healing	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 258^{[Miller 1995]}^{: 325–330}^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 208
Noahidism		1990s	Orthodox Judaism-inspired	^[128]^[129]^[130]^: 115
Nuwaubian Nation or United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors	Dwight York	1967	UFO religion, New Age, Christian, Jewish, Black supremacist	^[131]^[132]
Oahspe Faithists	John Ballou Newbrough	1882	UFO religion	^[133]
Odinism	Orestes Brownson	1848	Modern Pagan	^[134]
Oneida Community	John Humphrey Noyes	1848	Perfectionism	^[135]
Oneness Movement a.k.a. Oneness University	Kalki Bhagawan	1989	Indian religions-inspired New Age Neo-Hindu 2012 phenomenon-inspired	^[136]
Oomoto	Nao Deguchi	1899	Japanese Shinto-Millenarian	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 266^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 216
Open Bible Standard Churches	merger	1935	White Trinitarian Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 454^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 217
Opus Dei ^: 251	Saint Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer	1928	Roman Catholic	^[137]^[138]^: 251^[139]^[140]^{: 3, 122–123}^{[Clarke 2006]}^{: 427–428}^[28]^{: 126, 470–71}^[141]
Order of the Solar Temple	Joseph Di Mambro, Luc Jouret	1984	Rosicrucian	^[119]^: 130^[119]^: 125^[119]
Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.)	Carl Kellner; Theodor Reuss	1895/1906	Western esotericism Neo-Hermetism Thelema	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 430^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 270
Pentecostal Church of God		1919	Pentecostal	^[36]^[16]^: 109^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 225
Pentecostalism		1900s	Charismatic Christian	^[36]^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 224–25
People Unlimited, also known as Eternal Flame Foundation, People Forever, and CBJ	Charles Paul Brown, Bernadeane Brown, James Russell Strole	1982	Immortalism, Christianity	^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 95–96^[142]
Peoples Temple	Jim Jones	1955	Psychic-New Age	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 832^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 226^[143]
Philosophical Research Society	Manly Palmer Hall	1934	Occult	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 849^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 228
Pilgrims of Arès	Michel Potay	1974		^[144]
Plymouth Brethren	John Nelson Darby	1830	evangelical Millenarian	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 281^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 61^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 228–229}
Potter's House also known as: Christian Fellowship Ministries (CFM), The Door, Victory Chapel, Christian Center, Crossroads Chapel, etc.	Wayman Mitchell	1970	Pentecostal	^{[Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]}^: 51–52
The Process Church of the Final Judgment	Mary Ann MacLean and Robert de Grimston	1963	Satanism	^[145]^: 329
Quiverfull	Mary Pride	1985	Christian Natalism	^[146]
Radha Soami, also Radhasoami Movement or Sant Mat movement	Shiv Dayal Singh	1861	Sikh-derived or Syncretistic Sikh-Hindu or Sant Mat-inspired	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^{: 344–45, 344–45, 383–84}^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 507^{[Melton 2003]}^{: 1059, 507–509}
Radha Soami Satsang Beas	Baba Jaimal Singh	1891	Sant Mat Radha Soami	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 345^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1059^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 508^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 234
Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh	Kamta Prasad Sinha	1907	Radha Soami	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 344–45
Raëlism, a.k.a. Raëlian Church	Claude Vorilhon (Rael)	1973/1974	UFO religion	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 806^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 509–10^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 234
Rainbow Family, a.k.a. Rainbow Coalition	Barry Adams or Jesse Jackson	1960s, late	Communal Afro-American	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 732^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 511–12^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 234, 236}
Rajneesh movement, a.k.a. Osho movement	Rajneesh Chandra Mohan	1966	Indian religions-inspired Syncretistic	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 512–14^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 345–46^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1051^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 236, 238}
Ramakrishna Mission, a.k.a. Ramakrishna movement or Vedanta Society	Swami Vivekananda	1897	Neo-Hindu Neo-Vedanta	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 314^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 483–84^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 382^[147]^: 57–58
Ramtha's School of Enlightenment	J.Z. Knight	1977	New Age	^[148]^[149]^[150]
Rastafari	Leonard Howell, Joseph Hibbert, Archibald Dunkley, Robert Hinds	1920s/1935	Jewish and Christian-influenced Afro-centric	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 954^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 518–20^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 241,243^[151]
Reconstructionist Judaism	Mordecai Kaplan	1922	Rabbinic Judaism	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 523–25
Reform Judaism, a.k.a. Progressive or Liberal Judaism	Isaac Harby; Isaac M. Wise; others	1820s	Rabbinic Judaism	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 525–26
Reformed Druids of North America		1960s	Modern Pagan	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 299^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 244
Reiki, also Usui Shiko Ryoho System of Healing	Mikao Usui	1922	Energy medicine Japanese Buddhism	^{[Clarke 2006]}^{: 528–529}
Religious Science	Ernest Holmes	1948	New Thought	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 301^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 245–246}
Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism	Vladimir Megre	1997	Syncretistic Modern Pagan Slavic Native Faith	^[104]^: 442
Risshō Kōsei Kai	Nikkyo Niwano, Myoko Naganuma	1938	Nichiren Buddhist	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 248^[152]
The Rosicrucian Fellowship	Carl Louis von Grasshof	1909	Rosicrucianism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 845^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 249
Ruhani Satsang, a.k.a. Kirpal Light Satsang	Kirpal Singh	1948	Radha Soami	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 345^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 508
Sacred Name Movement	Clarence Orvil Dodd	1930s	Judeo-Christian (Judaizers) Nontrinitarian Church of God (Seventh-Day)	^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 543^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 251
Sadharan Brahmo Samaj	Anandamohan Bose, Sivanath Sastri, Umesh Chandra Dutta	1878	Brahmoism	^[30]^: 43–57
Sahaja Yoga	Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi	1970	Neo-Hindu	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1029^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 373–74^[153]
Saiva Siddhanta Church	Subramuniy	1957	Hindu	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 376–77^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1029^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 251
The Salvation Army	William Booth	1865	Holiness movement	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 419^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 252, 254}
Saminism, Samin movement^{: 207–240}	Samin Surosentiko	1889	Abrahamic religions Indigenist	^[154]^: 103^[155]^: 207
Sant Nirankari Mission	Baba Buta Singh Ji	1929, formally 1947	Sikh Nirankari	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 313^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 210
Santa Muerte Cult		1940s, late (or earlier)^[156]	Syncretic Folk Catholic	^[157]
Sathya Sai Baba movement or Sai Baba movement	Sathya Sai Baba	1950	Neo-Hindu	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^{: 389–90, 389}^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 545–47
Santo Daime	Mestre Irineu	1930s	Folk Catholic Spiritism Neoshamanic Entheogen groups	^[158]
The Satanic Temple	Lucien Greaves, Malcolm Jarry	2012	Satanic Nontheistic	^[159]^[160]^[161]^[162]^[163]
Science of Identity Foundation (SIF)	Chris Butler alias Jagad Guru Siddhaswarupananda	1977	Neo-Hindu ISKCON	^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 411–12
Scientology	L. Ron Hubbard	1955	UFO-Psychic New Age	^[164]^[165]^{[Melton 2003]}^: 816^{[Miller 1995]}^{: 385–392}^[28]^: 126^[166]
Sekta Niebo	Bogdana Kacmajora	1990	Christian	^[167]
Seicho-no-Ie	Masaharu Taniguchi, Fenwicke Holmes	1930	Japanese Religious Science-Shinto	^[92]^{[Clarke 2006]}^{: 568–569}
Self-Realization Fellowship	Paramahansa Yogananda	1935	Neo-Hindu	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1031^{[Jones & Ryan 2007]}^: 392–94^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 261
Semitic Neopaganism	Raphael Patai	1960s	Modern Pagan Polytheistic reconstructionism Feminism	^[168]
Seventh-day Adventist Church	Ellen G. White; Joseph Bates	1860	Adventist Millerite Seventh-day Sabbatarian	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 621^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 262
Seventh-day Adventist Reform Movement	schism	1925	Seventh-day Adventist	^{[Melton 2003]}^{: 622–623}^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 262–263}
Shakers	Ann Lee	1750s	Communal—Before 1960	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 724^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 263, 265}
Shengdao, a.k.a. Tongshanshe	Peng Tairong (Ruzun)	1900s, early	Chinese salvationist	^[169]^: 685
Shepherd's Rod, a.k.a. the Davidians, officially, the Davidian Seventh-day Adventist Association	Victor T. Houteff	1935	Seventh-day Adventist	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 619^{[Lewis 1998]}^: 189
Shiloh Youth Revival Centers	John J. Higgins, Jr.	1969	Communal—After 1960	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 734^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 266
Shinji Shumeikai, a.k.a. Shumei	Mihoko Koyama	1970	Church of World Messianity Faith healing	^[92]
Shinnyo-en	Shinjo Ito, Tomoji Ito	1936	Japanese Japanese Buddhism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1081^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 266–267}
Shinreikyo	Kanichi Otsuka	1950, circa	Japanese Shinto Syncretistic	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1123^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 266
Shouters	Li Changshou	1965	Christianity	^[62]^: 45^[62]
Shri Ram Chandra Mission	Shri Ram Chandraji Maharaj	1945	Hindu	^[170]
Slavic Native Faith, a.k.a. Rodnovery or Slavic Neopaganism	Władysław Kołodziej, Jan Stachniuk	1920–30s	Modern Pagan Polytheistic reconstructionism	^[101]^{: 112–127}^[171]
Slavic-Hill Rodnovery	Aleksandr Belov	1980s	Modern Pagan Slavic Native Faith	^[171]^: 39
Soka Gakkai International	Tsunesaburo Makiguchi	1930	Japanese Nichiren Buddhism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1082^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 271^[172]
Spiritualism	Kate and Margaret Fox	1848	Psychic-Mediumship Metaphysical	^{[Miller 1995]}^{: 331–338}^[173]^: 248
Subud (Susila Budhi Dharma)	Muhammed Subuh	1933	Kejawèn neo-Sufism	^{[Clarke 2006]}^{: 607–608}^{[Miller 1995]}^{: 267–274}^[154]^: 101^{[Melton 2003]}^: 981^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 279
Sufi Ruhaniat International	Samuel L. Lewis	1968	neo-Sufism	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 342^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 279
Sukyo Mahikari	Sekiguchi Sakae	1978	Japanese Mahikari Syncretistic	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 344^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 281
Summum	Claude Rex Nowell	1975	Unclassified Christian	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1141^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 281
Sun Dance		1890	Native American Indigenist	^[88]
Syntheism	Alexander Bard	2012	Pantheist Humanist Netocratic	^[174]
Tenrikyo	Miki Nakayama	1838	Japanese Shinto	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1124^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 287–288}
Tensegrity	Carlos Castaneda	1995	Neoshamanism New Age	^[50]^{[Clarke 2006]}^: 581
Terasem	Martine Rothblatt	2004	Transhumanism	^[175]
Thelema, a.k.a. the A∴A∴ order	Aleister Crowley	1900s, early	Occult neo-Hermetism Western esotericism	^[13]^: 41–42
Theosophy or Theosophical Society, a.k.a. 1882 as Theosophical Society Adyar	Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge	1875	Occult Eastern and Western esotericism	^[13]^: 40–41^[176]^{[Clarke 2006]}^{: 624–625}^{[Miller 1995]}^{: 315–324}^[176]
Theosophical Society Pasadena	William Quan Judge	1895	Theosophical	^[176]^{: blz. 427}^{[Miller 1995]}^{: 315–324}
Tolstoyan primitivism	Leo Tolstoy	1901	Christian anarchism Pacifism	^[177]^: 672^[177]^: 672
Toronto Blessing	Randy Clark	1994	Neo-charismatic	^[10]^{: 122–123}^[178]
Transcendental Meditation (TM)	Maharishi Mahesh Yogi	1958	Neo-Hindu-inspired	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1045^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 292–293, 295–296}
Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly Friends of the Western Buddhist Order)	Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingwood)	1967	Neo-Buddhism	^[179]
True Buddha School	Lu Sheng-yen	1980s, late	Tibetan Buddhism Taoism	^[180]
True Russian Orthodox Church	Pyotr Kuznetsov	2007	Russian Orthodoxy Apocalypticism	^[181]
Twelve Tribes	Gene and Marsha Spriggs	1972	Messianic Jewish Communal—After 1960	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 737^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 212, 334–335}
Two by Twos, a.k.a. Cooneyites, Christian Conventions, the Workers and Friends, the Truth, etc.	William Irvine	1897	Independent fundamentalist family	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 611^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 298^{[Chryssides 2001]}^: 330^[182]
Umbanda	Zélio Fernandino de Moraes	1920	Spiritism	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 299^[183]
Unarius Academy of Science	Ernest Norman, Ruth Norman	1954	UFO Religion	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 300, 302–303}
União do Vegetal	Mestre Gabriel	1961	Spiritism Neoshamanic Entheogen groups	^[158]
Unification Church, a.k.a. the Moonies	Sun Myung Moon	1954	Syncretistic Christian	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 365^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 300, 302–303}
Unitarian Universalism	consolidation	1961	Unitarian Universalism	^{[Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]}^{: 308–310}^{[Chryssides 2006]}^: 335
United Holy Church of America	Isaac Cheshier	1900	Black Trinitarian Pentecostal	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 487^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 304
United House of Prayer for All People	Marcelino Manoel de Graca	1925	African American Pentecostal	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 371^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 304–305}
United Israel World Union	David Horowitz	1944	Other Jewish Groups	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 959^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 305
United Lodge of Theosophists	Robert Crosbie	1909	Theosophical	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 855^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 305
United Pentecostal Church International	merger	1945	Apostolic Pentecostals	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 476^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 287–306}
Unity Church	Charles Fillmore and Myrtle Fillmore	1889/1903	New Thought-Christian	^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 373^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^{: 306–307}
Universal Great Brotherhood	Serge Raynaud de la Ferriere	1940s, late	Other Theosophical Groups	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 883^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 310
Universal Life Church	Kirby Hensley	1962	Liberal Family	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 680^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 311
Universal White Brotherhood	Peter Deunov	1900	Other Theosophical Groups Esoteric Christianity	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 880^[184]
Urantia Foundation	William S. Sadler	1934	UFO religion Psychic New Age Christian occultist	^{[Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]}^{: 319–322}^{[Melton 2003]}^: 839^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]}^: 380
Vajradhatu	Chögyam Trungpa	1973	Tibetan Buddhism	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 1115^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 313
Vale do Amanhecer	Tia Neiva	1959	Spiritualism	^[185]
Volunteers of America	Ballington Booth, Maud Booth	1896	Holiness	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 420^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 316
Washat Dreamers Religion	Smohalla	1850	Native American Indigenist	^[88]
The Way International	Victor Paul Wierwille	1942	Independent fundamentalist family	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 608^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 318
The Way of the Livingness (Universal Medicine)	Serge Benhayon	1999	Neo-Theosophical and/or "Socially harmful cult".	^[186]^[187]^[188]
White Eagle Lodge	Lady Elizabeth Carey	1943	Other Theosophical Groups	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 884^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 319
Wicca	Gerald Gardner	1949, circa	Modern Pagan Neopagan witchcraft Occult	^[13]^: 55^{[Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]}^: 338^{[Miller 1995]}^{: 339–346}
Wotansvolk	David Lane	1990s	neo-völkisch paganism	^[189]
The Word Foundation	Harold W. Percival	1904, circa	Theosophical	^{[Melton 2003]}^: 856^{[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]}^: 320
World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church	Hyung Jin Moon, Yeon Ah Lee Moon	2015	Unification Church-based ultra-Orthodox/Fundamentalism	^[190]^[191]
Yiguandao	Wang Jueyi; Chang Thien Ran	1800s, late	Chinese salvationist-Millenarian	^[169]^{: 702–703}^{[Clarke 2006]}

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↑ See:
* Ramstedt 2007, p. 6. "How can one find a definition of 'New Age' that will serve to bring so many different features together? One major difficulty in defining 'New Age' is that different writers draw different boundaries. Paul Heelas, for example, includes a significant number of what he calls the 'self religions': groups like Landmark Forum (also known simply as The Forum, formerly est or Erhard Seminar Training) and Programmes Limited (formerly Exegesis). Some writers trace the New Age back to William Blake (1757–1827); others see it as originating in the 'hippie' counter-culture in the USA in the 1960s, while the scholar of the New Age, Wouter Hanegraaff, places it later still, regarding it as beginning in the second half of the 1970s."
↑ Aupers, Stef (2005). "'We Are All Gods': New Age in the Netherlands 1960–2000". In Sengers, Erik (ed.). The Dutch and Their Gods: Secularization and Transformation of Religion in the Netherlands. Studies in Dutch Religious History. Vol. 3. Hilversum: Verloren. ISBN 978-90-6550-867-6.
↑ See:
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* Saliba 2003, p. 88. "Many of the new religions attract individuals by the promise of peace of mind, spiritual well-being, gratifying experiences, and material success. In so doing they stress their concern for the individual and highlight one's personal worth and self-development. This is especially so in human growth movements such as Scientology, The Forum (previously known as Erhard Seminar Training [EST]), and qualsi-religious encounter groups."
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↑ See"
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External links

Diskus The on-disk journal of international Religious Studies
Hartford Institute of Religious Research: New religious movements
Introvigne, Massimo (June 15, 2001). "The Future of Religion and the Future of New Religions" . Retrieved 2006-12-13.
Online texts about NRMs
SSSR Resolution on New Religious Groups
Hadden, Jeffrey K. and Douglas Cowan The New Religious Movements Homepage @The University of Virginia
Religious Movements in the United States: An Informal Introduction

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* Saliba 2003, p. 88. "Many of the new religions attract individuals by the promise of peace of mind, spiritual well-being, gratifying experiences, and material success. In so doing they stress their concern for the individual and highlight one's personal worth and self-development. This is especially so in human growth movements such as Scientology, The Forum (previously known as Erhard Seminar Training [EST]), and qualsi-religious encounter groups."

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v t e New religious movements
Major groups	Adi Dharm/Brahmoism Adventism CoG7 SDA Aetherius Society Ahmadiyya Lahore Ahmadiyya Ananda Marga Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis Anthroposophy Antoinism Armstrongism Bábism Baháʼí Faith Bible Students/Jehovah's Witnesses Black Hebrew Israelites Brahma Kumaris Branch Davidians Brotherhood of the Cross and Star Caodaism Chabad Noahidism Charismatic Christianity Pentecostal (Oneness) Charismatic Neo-charismatic Chinese salvationist religions Chinmaya Mission Christadelphians Christian Science Church of Divine Science Church of Scientology Church of the Guanche People Creativity Discordianism Falun Gong The Family International Friends of Man Fourth Way Fung Loy Kok Goddess Godianism Heaven's Gate Humanistic Judaism Iglesia ni Cristo International Peace Mission movement ISKCON Invitation to Life Jewish Renewal Kingdom of Jesus Christ Kopimism Latter Day Saints/Mormonism Maha Bodhi Society Messianic Judaism Modern paganism Druidry Heathenry Rodnovery Moorish Science Temple of America Nation of Islam New Acropolis New Apostolic Church The New Church New Confucianism New Kadampa Tradition New Thought Religious Science Unity Church Nuwaubian Nation Oomoto Opus Dei Palmarian Catholic Church Peoples Temple Pilgrims of Arès Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha The Process Church Raëlism Rajneesh movement Ramakrishna Mission Rastafari Risshō Kōsei Kai Sahaja Yoga Sant Mat Radha Soami Santa Muerte Santo Daime Satanism LaVeyan Church of Satan Temple of Set The Satanic Temple Theistic Joy of Satan Ministries Sathya Sai Baba Shakers Shambhala Buddhism Shri Ram Chandra Mission Soka Gakkai Spiritualism Spiritism Sukyo Mahikari Tenrikyo Thelema Theosophy Theosophical Society Transcendental Meditation True Buddha School Twelve Tribes communities Unarius Academy of Science Unification Church Unitarian Universalist Association United Submitters International Universal Church of the Kingdom of God Universal White Brotherhood Vipassana movement Eastern Lightning The Way International Weixinjiao Wicca Word of Faith World Mission Society Church of God
Notable figures	Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Noble Drew Ali Marshall Applewhite Herbert W. Armstrong Shoko Asahara Sri Aurobindo Báb Sathya Sai Baba Baháʼu'lláh Alice Bailey Chinmayananda Saraswati David Berg Helena Blavatsky Sri Chinmoy Aleister Crowley Mary Baker Eddy Josemaría Escrivá Louis Farrakhan Charles Fillmore Kelsang Gyatso Hak Ja Han L. Ron Hubbard Li Hongzhi David Koresh Anton LaVey Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi Lu Sheng-yen Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Meher Baba Nikkyō Niwano Sun Myung Moon Elijah Muhammad Nakayama Miki A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Phineas Parkhurst Quimby Raël Rajneesh Ramakrishna Prem Rawat Helena Roerich Charles Taze Russell Joseph Franklin Rutherford Ahn Sahng-hong Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar Menachem Mendel Schneerson Shiv Dayal Singh Joseph Smith Nirmala Srivastava Emanuel Swedenborg Rudolf Steiner Joseph W. Tkach Chögyam Trungpa Ellen G. White Poykayil Yohannan
By region	Pacific Northwest
Concepts	African-initiated church Buddhist modernism Chabad messianism Christian denomination Classifications of religious movements Conspiracy theories Cult Cybersectarianism Doomsday cult Heresy Hindu reform movements In-group favoritism Japanese new religions Neoshamanism New Age Open-source religion Polytheistic reconstructionism Prosperity theology Religious conversion Religious syncretism Schism Sect Self religion Spiritual evolution UFO religion
Public education	CESNUR INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements) World Religions and Spirituality Project
Scholarship	Academic study of new religious movements Anthropology of religion History of religion Journal of Contemporary Religion Nova Religio Philosophy of religion Psychology of religion Religious studies Sociology of religion When Prophecy Fails
Opposition	Anti-cult movement Christian countercult movement Anti-Mormonism Persecution of Ahmadis Persecution of Baháʼís Persecution of Falun Gong Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses Persecution of Rastafari Religious discrimination against modern pagans
Lists	Academic study In popular culture New religious movements