Religion in South Africa

Religion in South Africa (2022 census ^[1] )

   Christianity (85.3%)

   Traditional faiths (7.8%)

   No religion (3.1%)

   Islam (1.6%)

   Hinduism (1.1%)

  Others (1.1%)

The Groote Kerk in Cape Town is the oldest existing church in southern Africa

Religion in South Africa is dominated by various branches of Christianity, which collectively represent around 85% of the country's total population.

South Africa is a secular state with a diverse religious population. Its constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Many religions are represented in the ethnic and regional diversity of the country's population.

History

A diverse variety of African Traditional Religions of the early Khoisan and later Bantu speakers were practiced in the region prior to contact with European seafarers and settlers. The first symbols of Christianity in southern Africa were in the form of crosses planted along the coast by early Portuguese seafarers. With the establishment of a trading post at the Cape of Good Hope by the Dutch in 1152, Christianity obtained a permanent foothold and gained converts among the indigenous population. This was reinforced by the arrival of the French Huguenots shortly thereafter. After the British occupations of the Cape in 1795 and 1806, this Christian tradition prevailed.

During the twentieth century the majority of people from European descent were Christian Protestants.

Islam was introduced by the Cape Malay slaves of the Dutch settlers, Hinduism was introduced by the indentured labourers imported from the Indian subcontinent, and Buddhism was introduced by both Indian and Chinese immigrants. Jewish settlers only began to arrive in numbers from the 1820s.

The Baháʼí Faith was introduced to South Africa in 1911. ^[2] The Baháʼí community decided to limit membership in its national assembly to black adherents when a mixed-race assembly was prohibited under Apartheid. As of 2010, it had the world's ninth largest population of Baháʼís, with nearly 240,000 members. ^[3]

The socially marginalized African Traditional Religion adherents have become more publicly visible and organised in a democratic post-apartheid South Africa and today number over 6 million, or approximately 15 percent of the population. ^[4]

Demographics

Census Information

The Census 2001 provided the most recent national statistics for religious denominations. ^{[5] [6] [7]} The Census 2011 form did not include any questions about religion due to low priority. ^[8] The 2016 Community Survey, and intercensal survey carried out by Statistics South Africa, reintroduced the religion question, and the results were reported in the pie chart.

Religion [7]	Denomination	1996		2001		%	2016 [9]		%
		Adherents	%	Adherents	%		Adherents	%
Christian	Subtotal	30,051,008	75.5	35,765,251	79.8		43,423,717	78.0
	Dutch Reformed churches	3,527,075	8.9	3,005,698	6.7
	Zion Christian churches	3,867,798	9.7	4,971,932	11.1
	Catholic churches	3,426,525	8.6	3,181,336	7.1
	Methodist churches	2,808,649	7.1	3,305,404	7.4
	Pentecostal/Charismatic churches	2,204,171	5.5	3,422,749	7.6
	Anglican churches	1,600,001	4.0	1,722,076	3.8
	Apostolic Faith Mission	1,124,066	2.8	246,190	0.5
	Lutheran churches	1,051,193	2.6	1,130,987	2.5
	Presbyterian churches	726,936	1.8	832,495	1.9
	iBandla lamaNazaretha	454,760	1.1	248,824	0.6
	Baptist churches	439,680	1.1	691,237	1.5
	Congregational churches	429,868	1.1	508,825	1.1
	Orthodox churches	33,665	0.1	42,251	0.1
	Other Apostolic churches	3,517,059	8.8	5,609,070	12.5
	Other Zionist churches	2,159,257	5.4	1,887,147	4.2
	Ethiopian type churches	800,897	2.0	880,414	2.0
	Other Reformed churches	386,456	1.0	226,495	0.5
	Other African independent churches	229,038	0.6	656,644	1.5
	Other Christian churches	1,263,914	3.2	3,195,477	7.1
Non-Christian	Subtotal	1,369,986	3.4	1,676,391	3.7		5,472,209	9.8
	Other non-Christian religions	193,830	0.5	269,200	0.6		1,513,899	2.7	[a]
	Islam	553,585	1.4	654,064	1.5		892,685	1.7	[10]
	Hinduism	537,428	1.4	551,669	1.2		561,268	1.0
	African Traditional Religion	17,085	0.0	125,903	0.3		2,454,887	4.4
	Judaism	68,058	0.2	75,555	0.2		49,470	0.1
No religion/not stated	Subtotal	8,385,603	21.1	7,378,137	16.5		6,754,792	12.1
	No religion	4,638,897	11.7	6,767,165	15.1		6,050,434	10.9
	Not stated	3,746,706	9.4	610,971	1.4		704,358	1.3
Total		39,806,597	100	44,819,778	100		55,650,718	100

Other Estimates

A 2012 Win-Gallup International Religiosity and Atheism poll indicated that the number of South Africans who consider themselves religious decreased from 83% of the population in 2005 to 64% of the population in 2012. ^[11] However, an Ipsos Mori Poll of 2017 showed 88% declare that religion was an important part of their lives. ^[12]

A 2015 study estimated some 6,500 believers from a Muslim background have converted into Christianity and numbers have increased recently. ^[13]

The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Trends) estimated in 2010 that 82.0% of South Africans identified as Christian, 7.1% identified with indigenous religions, 5.4% identified as agnostic, 2.4% identified as Hindu, 1.7% identified as Muslim, 0.5% identified as Baháʼí, 0.3% each identified as Buddhist and atheist, 0.2% identified as Jewish, and less than 0.1% identified with each other group. ^[14]

According to the World Values Survey, between 1981 and 2001, South Africa was one of only three societies to see an increase in religious participation, and it was the leader among these, with churchgoing increasing by 13% in that period, from 43% of people surveyed to 57% being churchgoers. ^[15]

In South Africa today, 85.3% of South Africans identify as Christians. StatSchriA data has provided that Northern Cape, 97.9%, and Free State, 95.5%, provinces have the highest percentage of Christians. ^[16] In addition, the General Household Survey has found that 56.4% of people who identify as Christian rapport to church weekly ^[17]

Christianity

Sangoma performing a traditional baptism in Alexandra, Johannesburg

Main article: Christianity in South Africa

Christianity is the dominant religion in South Africa, with 85.3% of the population in 2022 professing to be Christian. No single denomination predominates, with mainstream Protestant churches, Pentecostal churches, African initiated churches, and the Catholic Church all having significant numbers of adherents. Importantly, there is significant and sustained syncretism with African Traditional Religion among most of the self-professed Christians in South Africa. ^[18] Of the total national population of 62 million, 52.8 million or 85.3% identified as members of a Christian denomination. ^[19]

Zion Christian Church

Main article: Zion Christian Church

The Zion Christian Church (or ZCC) is the largest African initiated church in Southern Africa. The church's headquarters are at Zion City Moria in Limpopo Province, South Africa (Northern Transvaal).

According to the 1996 South African Census, the church numbered 3.87 million members. By the 2001 South African Census, its membership had increased to 4.97 million members. ^[7] (More recent official statistics are unavailable, since the last South African Census – 2011 – did not ask any questions about religious affiliation.)

Protestantism

Main article: Protestantism in South Africa

The history of Protestantism in South Africa dates back to the initial European settlement on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. Since then, Protestantism has been the predominant religion of the European settlers and today, of South Africa as a whole. The largest Protestant denomination in the country is Pentecostalism, followed by Methodism, Dutch Reformed and Anglicanism.

Influence of Christianity in Post-apartheid Dispensation

According to the General Household Survey published in 2015; 86% of the South African population identifies as someone who correlates with the Christian faith. ^[17] This could be rooted in the Christian church giving a blessing to the system of apartheid that made its early projects prideful of their Christian identity. That led to the Christian faith’s competition to suffer under the apartheid: people were persecuted, rituals and traditions were disrupted, and lands were taken away from people. ^[17] This history indicates that there is a strong trust toward Christianity, which is still evident today as a high percentage of people still identify as somewhat associated with the religion.

Catholicism

Main article: Catholic Church in South Africa

The Catholic Church in South Africa is part of the universal Catholic Church composed of the Roman Rite and 22 Eastern Rites, of which the South African church is under the spiritual leadership of the Southern African Catholic Bishops Conference and the pope based in Vatican City. It is made up of 26 dioceses and archdioceses plus an apostolic vicariate.

In 1996, there were approximately 3.3 million Catholics in South Africa making up 6% of the total South African population. Currently, there are 3.8 million Catholics. ^[20] 2.7 million are of various black African ethnic groups, such as Zulu, Xhosa, and Sotho. Coloured and white South Africans each account for roughly 300,000. ^[21] Most white Catholics are English speaking. The majority are descended from Irish and Italian immigrants. Many others are Portuguese settlers who left Angola and Mozambique after they became independent in the 1970s, or their children. The proportion of Catholics among the predominantly Calvinist white Afrikaans speakers, or South African Indians, is extremely small.

Minority Religions

Islam

Main article: Islam in South Africa

Islam in South Africa is a minority religion, practiced by less than 1.6% of the total population, according to estimates ^{[ by whom? ]}. It has grown in three phases. The first phase brought the earliest Muslims as part of the involuntary migration of slaves, political prisoners and political exiles from Africa and Asia (mainly from the Indonesian archipelago) that lasted from about 1652 to the mid-1800s. The second phase was the arrival of Indians as indentured laborers to work in the sugar-cane fields in Natal between 1860 and 1868, and again from 1874 to 1911. Of the approximately 176,000 Indians of all faiths who were transported to the Natal province, almost 7-10% of the first shipment were Muslims.

The third phase, following the end of Apartheid, has been marked by the wave of African Muslims that have arrived on the shores and borders of South Africa. Recent figures estimate the number as between 75,000 and 100,000. Added to this are a considerable number of Muslims from India and Pakistan that have arrived as economic migrants. ^[22] Although, the majority of South African Muslims are Sunni, smaller numbers are Ahmadi, particularly in Cape Town. ^[23]

The Auwal or Owal Mosque built in 1794, is a mosque in the Bo-Kaap neighbourhood of Cape Town, South Africa, it is recognised as the first mosque established in the country. It is also believed that Sheikh Yusuf of Macassar was the first person to introduce the Quran in South Africa.

Hinduism

Hindu festival Holi celebrations in South Africa

Main article: Hinduism in South Africa

Hinduism is found in various provinces of South Africa, but primarily in KwaZulu-Natal. Approximately 1.22% or 551,669 of the South African population professed to be Hindu, according to the 2001 census. ^[24] This is the largest concentration of Hindus in Africa after Mauritius.

It is unclear when the first Hindus settled in parts of South Africa. The vast majority of current Hindus in South African provinces are descendants of indentured laborers brought in by the British colonial government, from 1860 to 1919, to work in plantations and the mining operations owned by European settlers. ^[25] Many came from Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar, and some from other states of India. Early Hindu settlements in South Africa suffered discrimination, abuse and persecution. ^{[26] [27]} Hindu Indians were among the people who were referred to as coolies, ^[28] racially segregated, and their discrimination continued through the Apartheid era until 1994.

The first Hindu temples were in operation in the 1870s. Some South African local governments banned temple building and property ownership by Hindus in 1910s. ^[29] Modern South Africa has many Hindu temples, and its Hindu community observes major festivals of Hinduism such as Deepavali. ^[30]

Baháʼí Faith

Main article: Baháʼí Faith in South Africa

The Baháʼí Faith in South Africa began with the holding of Baháʼí meetings in the country in 1911. ^[31] A small population of Baháʼís remained until 1950 when large numbers of international Baháʼí pioneers settled in South Africa. In 1956, after members of various tribes in South Africa became Baháʼís, a regional Baháʼí Assembly which included South Africa was elected. Later each of the constituent countries successively formed their own independent Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly. In 1995, after a prolonged period of growth and oppression during Apartheid and the homelands reuniting with South Africa, the Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly of South Africa was formed. In 2005 Baháʼís were estimated at about 240,100 adherents. ^[3]

Judaism

Main article: History of the Jews in South Africa

The history of the Jews in South Africa mainly began under the British Empire, following a general pattern of increased European settlement in the 19th century. The early patterns of Jewish South African history are almost identical to the history of the Jews in the United States but on a much smaller scale, including the period of early discovery and settlement from the late 17th century to the early 19th century. The community grew tenfold between 1880 and 1914, from 4,000 to over 40,000. During apartheid, a number of Jews were prominent in the Anti-Apartheid Movement, while others were instrumental in promoting the extension of diplomatic military ties between Israel and the country's white government. ^[32] South Africa's Jewish community differs from its counterparts in other African countries in that the majority have remained on the continent rather than emigrating to Israel (62% of the maximum 120,000 still remain). Among potential Jewish emigrants, many were likelier to select a destination popular among other South Africans, such as Australia. ^[33]

Mormonism

Main article: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa

Mormonism, the collective term for the Christian Latter-day Saint movement, first spread to Cape Colony when the first Latter-day Saint missionaries were sent to what is now South Africa. Jesse Haven, Leonard I. Smith and William H. Walker arrived in Cape Colony at Cape Town on 19 April 1853. The first Latter-day Saint branch was organized at Mowbray, Cape Town on 16 August 1853. When the missionaries tried to organize meetings, mobs would disperse them. Local preachers told their congregations not to feed or house the missionaries and encouraged new converts to leave the church. ^[34] Most members travelled or returned to the United States due to issues stemming from plural marriage, and in 1903 the mission to South Africa was reestablished and the Church has maintained a presence there since then.

Chinese Religious Practice in South Africa

A majority of the Chinese community in South Africa practices eclecticism – giving them the freedom to choose their religion and philosophical beliefs. Three social factors have affected the Chinese community's religiosity. First, the Chinese community is small in South Africa, so they are inserted in the category of "Asians." Second, The absence of unity in the community. During apartheid, the Chinese society did not have any government representation, which led to less programming to foster the education of their community – such as language and the rich heritage of Chinese cultural history. Third, materialism that is rooted in their first arrival in South Africa during the 1850s, where they searched for opportunities for their children's future. Hence, when the opportunity to grow as a community came, the Chinese community took advantage of it. ^[35]

In addition, South African education has restricted education facilities for the Chinese, which enabled Christian churches to convert people from the Chinese community. Chinese pupils from the beginning get exposed to Christian influences with prayers and hymns when they enroll in school. The Roman Catholic Church had a strong effect on this since they had a convent church for boys – the same case went for Anglicans. The parents who went to these schools encouraged their children to convert to their school's religion. ^[35]

Social Change

Since the rise of democracy, a majority of the religions existing in South Africa have been recognized. Such a practice began under democratic rule in South Africa. Upon this democratic rule, all religions are supposed to have equal footing in the eyes of the government and must be able to respect the practice of other religions. This practice was not present during the apartheid dispensation in which the Christian religion held more benefits and recognition from the government than any other religion present in the country. During dispensation, Christian leaders were dominant in the spiritual business of preaching and counseling. However, with the rise of democracy in South Africa, now other religions share influence in social and political affairs. ^[36]

Religion and Politics

According to a Pew Research Center report in 2010, 74% of South Africans agree that religion is a crucial part of everyday life. ^[37] As it can be seen in data such as this, religion is an integral part of South Africa’s culture. In addition to culture, religion has played an important role in politics as well. This role includes an appeal to different religious aspects in speeches, policies based on religious values, policies passed due to religious discrimination, political parties being based on religious ideas, and churches taking public stances on different political issues. Examples of religion and politics in South Africa intertwining include:

• The African National Congress which is one of South Africa’s main political parties having been founded in a Christian church. ^[38]
• Different Christian church leaders opposing each other regarding apartheid policies, and some of them engaging in public opposition or support of them (White Afrikaans led churches mostly in support) ^[38]
• Former president of South Africa Jacob Zuma stating that voting for the ANC would lead you to heaven. ^[38]
• Former president of South Africa Nelson Mandela stating that in the ANC, social and spiritual transformation cannot be separated. ^[39]
• The South African Council of Churches being led by Anglican Archbishop Desmond Tutu to oppose apartheid. ^[40]

Legislation

Post-apartheid South Africa's Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of religion, belief and opinion among other freedoms. The Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities (CRL Rights Commission) is a chapter nine institution established in 2004 to support democracy. ^{[41] [42]} Examples of constitutional sections that aid in religious practice include the preamble of the South African constitution which asks for God’s blessings, section 9 which is forbidding of religious discrimination, section 15 which provides freedom of faith, and section 31 which defends the right of people and institutions to practice their own religion. ^[40]

The new Constitution did not result in immediate reform of discriminatory legislation infringing on the right to religious freedom. Various legislative reforms have taken place or have been initiated since 1994 as a result of lobbying by disenfranchised groups.

The Civil Union Act, which came into effect on 30 November 2006, legalised same-sex marriage and also allowed for the legal designation of religious marriage officers without any religious restriction in accordance with the Constitution. Previously, religious marriage officers could only be legally designated as such "for the purpose of solemnising marriages according to Christian, Jewish or Mohammedan rites or the rites of any Indian religion" in accordance with the Marriage Act. In accordance with section 5 of the Civil Union Act, any religious organisation may apply to the Department of Home Affairs for designation as a religious organisation and when designated as such must formally nominate suitable candidates from within their organisation to be designated by the Department of Home Affairs as religious marriage officers for the purpose of solemnising marriages according to the rites of that religious organisation. ^[43]

The Witchcraft Suppression Act of 1957 based on colonial witchcraft legislation criminalises claiming a knowledge of witchcraft, conducting specified practices associated with witchcraft including the use of charms and divination, and accusing others of practising witchcraft. ^[44] In 2007 the South African Law Reform Commission received submissions from the South African Pagan Rights Alliance and the Traditional Healers Organisation requesting the investigation of the constitutionality of the act and on 23 March 2010 the Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development approved a South African Law Reform Commission project to review witchcraft legislation. ^{[45] [46]}

One of the SALRC's other new projects, the review of witchcraft legislation, will support the constitutional guarantee to freedom of religion, but will also serve to protect vulnerable groups. It is mostly women advanced in age that are persecuted as witches by communities holding traditional beliefs. These innocent victims are vulnerable to a double degree: as women and as older persons.

— South African Law Reform Commission Thirty Eighth Annual Report 2010/2011 ^[47]

The Christian holidays of Christmas Day and Good Friday remained in post-apartheid South Africa's calendar of public holidays. The CRL Rights Commission held countrywide consultative public hearings in June and July 2012 to assess the need for a review of public holidays following the receipt of complaints from minority groups about unfair discrimination. The CRL Rights Commission stated that they would submit their recommendations to the Department of Home Affairs, the Department of Labour, various Portfolio Committees and the Office of the Presidency. ^{[48] [49]}

Freedom of religion

In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom. ^[50]

Role of Women in Religious Practice

South Africa has made progress regarding women’s rights but has problems such as obstacles for women to hold positions of power, discrimination, rape, child marriage, genital mutilation, and domestic abuse. Regarding the secular world, in some conservative practices of religions such as Catholicism, Islam, and others there is a view of the women having a role of being responsible for the home, being caregivers, and being responsible for their children. This view of women as only for household roles and not leadership has some religions not allow women into religious leadership roles. ^[51]

Music and Dance in Religious Practice

Music and Dance have both played a vital role in religious practice in South Africa. They are derived from the same term -bina in many in several South African languages which reflects in their practice and culture. ^[52] Due to having a majority of Christian believers in the country, many Christian hymns and choruses could be seen being used in both churchgoing and in protests. For example, the songs Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika (God Bless Africa), Thuma Mina (Send Me, Oh Lord), and Makubenjalo kuthe kube kunaphakade (May it be so until eternity) were used secularly in the church, and for protest outside of it. ^[53] This usage of music for the practice of faith and protest against injustice is a result of music being an intrinsic part of South African culture.

Another song where the connection of music and religion in South African society is apparent is the National Anthem of South Africa. In the National Anthem there is mention of God as a Father, a plea for God to take care of the people, and lament in result of previous and current suffering asking for God to come down and help the nation. ^[40]

Regarding dance, aside from Christianity, we also see a big amount of ancestral worship in which dance is used for different rituals involving healing, calling ancestral spirits, and divinity. Dancers are usually divided by sex, and have differences between each other depending on what groups perform and what the sex of the group is. ^[52]

See also

• South Africa portal
• Religion portal

• Religion in Africa
• Irreligion in South Africa
• Demographics of South Africa
• History of South Africa
• Traditional African religions
  • Bantu mythology
    • Zulu traditional religion
  • San religion
    • San healing practices
  • Traditional healers of Southern Africa

Notes

1. Buddhism 24 808, Bahaism 6 881, other 1 482 210

References

1. "Statistical Release - Census 2022" (PDF). statssa.gov.za. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
2. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of South Africa (2014). "History of the Baháʼí Faith in South Africa". Official Website. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of South Africa. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
3. "QuickLists: Most Baha'i (sic) Nations (2010)". Association of Religion Data Archives . 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
4. Wallace, Dale (2006). The Construction and Articulation of a Pagan Identity in South Africa: A Study of the Nature and Implications of a Contested Religious Identity in a Pluralistic Society (PhD). University of KwaZulu-Natal. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
5. "Table: Census 2001 by province, gender, religion recode (derived) and population group". Census 2001. Statistics South Africa. Archived from the original on 30 November 2006. Retrieved 27 April 2009. Select all 26 religions, click "Continue".
6. Religion codes in the 2001 census data
7. Census 2001: Primary Tables: Census '96 and 2001 compared (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2004. pp. 25–28. ISBN   0-621-34320-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
8. "Census 2011 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". statssa.gov.za. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
9. "Official Guide to South Africa 2018/19, People of South Africa". 2019. p. 15. Retrieved 25 March 2022. According to Stats SA's Community Survey 2016
10. "South Africa". United States Department of State. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
11. "Fewer religious people in SA – survey". news24.com. 10 August 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
12. "Importance of Religion or Faith". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
13. Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11: 14. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
14. "South Africa". The Association for Religion Data Archives. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
15. Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2011). Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide . United States of America: Cambridge University Press. pp.  74. ISBN   978-1-107-01128-1.
16. "South African Culture". Cultural Atlas. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
17. Struby, Calista (2018). "Church and State: The Impact of Christianity on South African Politics during and Post-Apartheid". SIT Digital Collections– via SIT Study Abroad.
18. Simpson, Diane (20 June 2011). "Syncretism in Two African Cultures". Totem: The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology. 2 (1).
19. "South Africa's people" (PDF). Pocket Guide to South Africa (2011/2012 ed.). Government of South Africa. p. 12. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
20. GCatholic.org
21. Catholics in RSA 1996 census statistics posted on the website of the Archdiocese of Bloemfontein.
22. Faizal Dawjee. "Muslims in the Struggle" . Retrieved 24 May 2013.
23. Abdulkader Tayob (1995). Islamic Resurgence in South Africa: The Muslim Youth Movement. Juta and Company. p. 104. ISBN   9780799216127 . Retrieved 31 May 2014.
24. "South Africa – Section I. Religious Demography". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
25. "Forced Labour". The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010.
26. R Huttenback (1976), Racism and Empire: White Settlers and Colored Immigrants in the British Self-Governing Colonies 1830-1910, Cornell University Press, ISBN   978-0801409745
27. Michelangelo van Meerten, in History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development, Editors: Peter Mathias and Nikolaj Tolorov, Volume 6, Originally published by UNESCO, Re-published by Routledge, ISBN   0-415-09310-4, pp. 72-75
28. Marina Carter and Khal Torabully (2002), Coolitude, Anthem Press, ISBN   1-84331-0031
29. Bhana and Brain (1990), Setting down roots: Indian Migrants in South Africa, 1860–1911, Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press
30. P.P. Kumar (2012), Hinduism in South Africa, in Elias Kifon Bongmba (Editor) – The Wiley Blackwell Companion to African Religions, ISBN   978-1405196901
31. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of South Africa (2014). "History of the Baháʼí Faith in South Africa". Official Website. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of South Africa. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
32. "P.W. Botha felt Israel had betrayed him". The Jerusalem Post . 2 November 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2006.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
33. "World Jewish Population – Latest Statistics" . Retrieved 5 April 2016.
34. Buckley, Jay H. (2012). "19. "Good News" at the Cape of Good Hope: Early LDS Missionary Activities in South Africa". In Neilson, Reid L.; Woods, Fred E. (eds.). Go ye into all the world: the growth & development of Mormon missionary work. ISBN 978-0-8425-2821-4
35. SONG, ARTHUR (1982). "Chinese Religion : The Chinese Community in Southern Africa". Religion in Southern Africa. 3 (1): 19–30. ISSN   0258-3224. JSTOR   24763759.
36. Makofane, K.; Botha, N. (2 December 2019). "Christianity and social transformation in post-apartheid South Africa: From prophetic quietism to signs of prophetic recovery". Acta Theologica (28): 88–103. doi: 10.18820/23099089/actat.sup28.6 . ISSN   2309-9089. S2CID   211001944.
37. Reconciliation, Forgiveness and Violence in Africa: Biblical, pastoral and ethical perspectives (1 ed.). African Sun Media. 2020. ISBN   978-1-928480-52-5. JSTOR   j.ctv1nzg1nz.
38. Beyers, Jaco (2015). "Religion as Political Instrument: The Case of Japan and South Africa". Journal for the Study of Religion. 28 (1): 142–164. ISSN   1011-7601. JSTOR   24805684.
39. Erasmus, Johannes C. (2005). "Religion and social transformation: A case study from South Africa". Transformation. 22 (3): 139–148. doi:10.1177/026537880502200303. hdl:10019.1/85305. ISSN   0265-3788. JSTOR   43052914.
40. Lebaka, Morakeng Edward Kenneth (13 March 2018). "Music of Politics and Religion Supporting Constitutional Values in South Africa". Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae. 44 (1). doi: 10.25159/2412-4265/2343 . ISSN   2412-4265.
41. "Chapter 9 – State institutions supporting constitutional democracy". info.gov.za. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
42. "Investigation and Conflict Resolution (ICR)". crlcommission.org.za. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
43. Civil Union Act 17 of 2006 Archived 9 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
44. Witchcraft Suppression Act 3 of 1957
45. "Sapra Appeal for legislative reform". vuya.net. 10 July 2007. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
46. Department of Justice and Constitutional Development. "Current Investigations: Progress Report; Project 135: Review of witchcraft legislation". justice.gov.za. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
47. "South African Law Reform Commission Thirty Eighth Annual Report 2010/2011" (PDF). justice.gov.za. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
48. "crl rights commission continues with the consultative community hearings on the possible review of public holidays". info.gov.za. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
49. "Fight over religious holidays". crlcommission.org.za. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
50. Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
51. Ernst, Julia L. (January 2016). "How Should the South African Constitutional Court Approach Tensions Between Women's Rights and Religious Rights?". New York Law School Review. 60– via New York Law School.
52. Goslin, Anneliese (2007). "The Role of Traditional Dance in South African Society". The Shield. 2– via Sindh University Journals Online.
53. Kloppers, Elsabé (31 March 2020). "Performing the sacred – Aspects of singing and contextualisation in South Africa". HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies. 76 (2): 9. doi:10.4102/hts.v76i2.5477. ISSN   2072-8050. S2CID   213648265.

Further reading

• Stephen Offutt, New Centers of Global Evangelicalism in Latin America and Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2015) focuses on El Salvador and South Africa. online review
• C. Jeannerat, D. Péclard & E. Morier-Genoud, Embroiled. Swiss churches, South Africa and Apartheid, Berlin: LIT Verlag (Coll. "Schweizerische Afrikastudien/Études africaines suisses"), 2011