Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK)

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Dutch Reformed Church
Logo-of-the-dutch-reformed-church-ng-kerk orig.png
AbbreviationNGK
Classification Protestant
Orientation Reformed
Polity Presbyterian
Region South Africa,
Namibia,
Eswatini,
parts of Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia [1]
Branched from Dutch Reformed Church of the Netherlands
Separations Afrikaans Protestant Church (1987)
Congregations1,158 [2]
Members1,074,765 [2]
Ministers 1,602 [2]
Official website www.ngkerk.org.za

The Dutch Reformed Church (Afrikaans : Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk, abbreviated NGK) is a Reformed Christian denomination in South Africa. It also has a presence in neighbouring countries, such as Namibia, Eswatini, and parts of Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia. [1] In 2013 it claimed 1.1 million members and 1,602 ordained ministers in 1,158 congregations. [2]

Contents

The Nederduits in the denomination's Afrikaans name refers to the old nomenclature for the Dutch language, formerly written as Nederduitsch in Dutch. [3] This not to be confused with the literal translation Low German, which is a dialect in the north of Germany. It is therefore correctly referred to as the "Dutch Reformed Church" in South Africa.

Originating in the 17th century from the Dutch Reformed Church of the Netherlands, the NGK is the largest denomination within South Africa's Dutch Reformed tradition. Along with the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NHK) and the Reformed Churches in South Africa, it is considered one of the three sister churches of South Africa.

History

Origins in the Cape Colony

The Groote Kerk in Cape Town is the church building of the oldest existing congregation in southern Africa Groote Kerk Adderley Street Cape Town - Frontal view.JPG
The Groote Kerk in Cape Town is the church building of the oldest existing congregation in southern Africa
The interior of the Groote Kerk Grootekerk.jpg
The interior of the Groote Kerk

When the Dutch East India Company sent Jan van Riebeeck to start a Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, most of the company's employees were members of the Dutch Reformed Church. At first there were no ordained ministers from the Netherlands but only a sick comforter. In 1665, Johan van Arckel arrived in the Cape Colony and became its first minister. A consistory was formed but was still subject to the control of the classis (presbytery) of Amsterdam.

In 1688, 200 Huguenot refugees arrived at the Cape. Though at first allowed to hold services in French, they were eventually assimilated into the Dutch-speaking population and became members of the Dutch Reformed Church, which had a monopoly in territory controlled by the company. An exception was eventually allowed for a Lutheran church in Cape Town (many of the company's employees were German).

During the Napoleonic Wars, the British occupied the Cape Colony in 1795 to prevent the French from doing so. The French had occupied the Netherlands, and so the link between the church in the colony and the Amsterdam classis was broken. The first British occupation was temporary, but in 1806 a long-term occupation was undertaken. For the next century, the colony would be under British control. Ministers from the Netherlands were not as willing to serve in what was now for them a foreign country, and the British authorities were not keen to have them. Presbyterian ministers from Scotland were encouraged to serve the needs of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Cape. The church was semi-established, and the government helped with stipends of ministers.

Divisions (1853–1859)

The colony had expanded a long way beyond the Cape Peninsula in the preceding two centuries, both to the north and the east, and on the eastern frontier the Dutch farmers came into contact with Xhosa-speaking cattle herders. There were conflicts over grazing and water and cattle rustling across the frontier. The frontier farmers did not like the way the government in Cape Town handled the situation, and the ending of slavery in 1834 was another bone of contention.

Afrikaner Calvinism was developing a different worldview to that of the British rulers, and many farmers left the Cape Colony in the Great Trek during the 1830s and 1840s. The Dutch Reformed ministers generally tried to discourage them and, as the Dutch Reformed Church was the established church of the colony, did not initially provide pastoral ministry for the emigrant farmers, who eventually formed several independent republics in present-day South Africa. Several of the republics in the land beyond the Vaal ("Transvaal") eventually merged to form the South African Republic in 1852.

Because the NGK was seen by the trekkers as being an agent of the Cape government, they did not trust its ministers and emissaries, seeing them as part of the British Empire's attempts to annex the Boer Republics. A minister from the Netherlands, Dirk Van der Hoff, went to the Transvaal in 1853 and became the first minister of the newly established Dutch Reformed Church (NHK), which became the state church of the South African Republic in 1860.

Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk, Wolmaransstad. Wolmaransstad-NG Kerk-001.jpg
Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk, Wolmaransstad.

There were also religious divisions among the trekkers themselves. The more conservative ones (known as Doppers) were opposed to singing hymns that had not been determined to be scripturally sound in church. There was controversy in the Netherlands over hymn singing as well resulting in a group breaking away from the Dutch Reformed Church to form the Christian Reformed Churches. A minister from this group, Dirk Postma  [ af ], traveled to the South African Republic and was accepted as a minister of the NHK. After learning that he and his congregation could be required to sing these untested hymns, however, he and the Doppers broke away from the state church to form the Reformed Churches in South Africa (GK) in 1859. There were thus now three Dutch Reformed churches in what would become South Africa—the NGK (the Cape Synod), the NHK (the state church of the South African Republic), and the GK (led by Postma).

Expansion (1860s–1902)

In the NGK meanwhile there was more controversy over theological liberalism and conservatism. An evangelical revival led by Andrew Murray tipped the balance away from theological liberalism. One result of the revival was that many young men felt called to the ministry, and a seminary was opened at Stellenbosch. The NGK was thus no longer dependent on getting its clergy from overseas, and as most of the recruits to the ministry had emerged from the revival this was the dominant element. One of its features was a kind of Reformed "Lent", between Ascension Day and Pentecost, a custom that eventually spread beyond the confines of the NGK.

The revival also led to an interest in mission work which led to the establishment of the Dutch Reformed Mission Church for coloureds and the Dutch Reformed Church in Africa for blacks. These were segregated entirely from the white churches, but eventually united to form the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa. The NGK expanded from the Cape Colony, but in Natal and the two inland republics it set up separate synods that were at first loosely federated but later developed a closer relationship.

Following the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) the NGK played an important role in reconstruction and resisting the tendency of the British rulers to anglicise the Afrikaners. As the church ministers became increasingly involved in attempts to uplift the Afrikaner people, they also became politicised, and many became spokesmen for Afrikaner nationalism.

Recent history

Church of the Dutch Reformed Church in Keetmanshoop, Namibia Dunst Namibia Oct 2002 slide031.jpg
Church of the Dutch Reformed Church in Keetmanshoop, Namibia

The Church supported apartheid [4] and in 1982 was expelled from the World Alliance of Reformed Churches which declared apartheid to be a sin. [5] In 1986 during the General Synod the church changed its stance on apartheid and opened its doors to people of all races [6] (the Andrew Murray ministry within the Dutch Reformed Church, since its inception, had its doors open to people of different cultural backgrounds and ethnicities). After various processes the Church has been accepted back into the World Alliance of Reformed Churches.

In recent years, there have been efforts at reuniting the various branches of South Africa's Dutch Reformed tradition. From 6 to 8 November 2006, 127 representatives of the GK, the Uniting Reformed Church and the Dutch Reformed Church met at Achterbergh near Krugersdorp to discuss the reunification and how this can be realized. The Dutch Reformed Churches Union Act Repeal Act, 2008 of the Parliament of South Africa [7] has one of its objectives as to "remove obstacles in the unification process of the Verenigende Gereformeerde Kerk, Reformed Church of Africa and the Dutch Reformed Churches without legislative intervention". [8]

Doctrine and polity

Theologically, the Dutch Reformed Church is in the Reformed branch of Protestantism. It holds the Bible as authoritative Word of God by which all doctrine is judged. It has three doctrinal standards: the Belgic Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, and the Canons of Dordt. [9]

The NGK has a presbyterian polity with power divided between synods, presbyteries, and church councils. Church councils govern local congregations. Local churches are organised geographically into 146 presbyteries ("rings") which are further organized into synods. Every four years, the 10 synods come together and meet as the General Synod. The office of the General Synod is in Pretoria, Gauteng Province. [2]

There are ten synods, whose borders roughly resemble those of the provinces of South Africa plus Namibia. They are:

Current issues

Individual church councils may decide for themselves how specific current issues that are not dealt with in the six officially accepted confessions of faith are dealt with within the congregation. This can lead to widely differing approaches on issues such as marriage, gambling, sexuality, sins in general, social issues, etc. between congregations. Both the General Synod and the regional synods may pronounce an official statement on certain issues, which local church councils broadly follow. There can be marked differences between the synods with regard to social issues.

When an issue has a wide range of opinions, the synods and the General Synod releases "discussion documents" which are intended to move the opinion of congregations in some direction.

Homosexuality

Milestone decisions about homosexuality were taken in 1967, 1982, 1986, 2004, 2015, 2016 and 2019. The 1986 and 2004 decisions were broadly similar to each other, but the 2015 decision was dramatically different, and was reported in the media under headlines such as "Gays now welcome in NG Church", even though strictly speaking homosexuals had been welcome since 1982. The 2016 decision reversed most of the 2015 decision; local congregations are still able to decide to support same-sex unions. In 2019, a secular court overturned the 2016 decision and allowed the blessing of same-sex unions to resume. [11]

Traditionally, and certainly prior to the end of Apartheid, the NG Church held the view that homosexuality is a mental health issue or a sinful state of being. No distinction was made between homosexuality and homosexual activity, as both were regarded as either a psychological illness or a deliberate decision to sin.

The 1982 General Synod declared that homosexual sex is sinful and that homosexuals may not participate in the Lord's Supper or become elders, deacons or pastors, regardless of whether they have sex. The 1986 General Synod confirmed that homosexual sex and homosexual relationships are sinful, but declared that homosexuals may use the Lord's Supper and may become elders, deacons or pastors, if they are otherwise eligible. The 1986 decision confirmed the existence of homosexuality as a sexual orientation, but labelled it a deviant form of sexuality.

By 1990, the mood was changing, and the 1990 General Synod appointed a committee to investigate the validity of the 1986 decision. The 1994 and 1998 General Synods did not deal with the issue. By the 2002 General Synod, the synod indicated that it was doubtful about the 1986 decision. The 1986 decision was formally withdrawn in 2004, although in practice the 2004 decision (which replaced the 1986 decision entirely) was the same as the 1986 decision. [12]

The church's previous stance on homosexuality was published in 2004, and confirmed by the 2007 and 2013 General Synods. The 2004 decision was that homosexuality is not a deviant form of sexuality, and that homosexuals may become active members of the church (including becoming ministers). The decision also states that homosexuals may not marry in the same gender, and that all sex outside of marriage is sinful. [13] Due to changes in South African legislation concerning marriage and civil unions, the 2007 General Synod clarified that it does not regard homosexual civil unions and homosexual legal marriages as "marriage", and that homosexuals may only become pastors if they don't have sex. [12]

The 2004 decision was formally withdrawn in 2015. The 2015 General Synod decided that sex outside of marriage is no longer sinful, as long as both partners live good Christian lives and are committed to each other. This applies to both homosexuals and heterosexuals. The church recognises South African civil unions, but does not regard legal marriage between homosexuals as Biblical marriage – instead, the church regards legally married homosexuals as simply having a formalised, committed sexual relationship. [14]

The 2015 decision caused a backlash of appeals and objections. In November 2015, the decision was suspended, initially to be discussed again at the 2017 General Synod. However, on 7 September 2016, the suspension was lifted and at the same time an Extraordinary Synod was called, which was held in November 2016. [15] [16] The extraordinary synod reversed much of the 2015 decision officially. [17] [18] [19]

Therefore, the current view on homosexuality of the NGK is:

Progressive members of the clergy and laity have taken the denomination to court to restore the decision from 2015 and reject the reversal. [21] Although the decision was reversed, local congregations, as aforementioned, are able to make their own decisions. The church's reversal still "makes allowance for ministers and parishes to make their own decision around this. It is stated that no decision may be forced on any parish". [22] In 2019, the secular Gauteng High Court, in Pretoria ruled to reverse the 2016 decision and decided that ministers should bless same-sex unions and that gay and lesbian ministers could marry and be ordained. [23] [24] [25] This decision was reached, in part, on the basis that, while religious organizations have the religious freedom to define marriage, the 2016 decision was not made in accordance with the church's own proper process. [26] The General Secretary Gustav Claasse told the press that, despite the court decision the church will hold to its 2016 official stance against same-sex marriage. [27]

Abortion

Prior to 1994, the church's view on abortion was broadly aligned with South African legislation, namely that forced abortion was only acceptable if there was immediate danger to the mother's life, or if the conception was due to rape that had been reported to the police.

The 1982 General Synod declared that abortion is indefensible on both Biblical and scientific grounds, and that abortion is always "the termination of a life". [28] The church believes that life begins at conception, and that using contraceptives that cause a fertilised ovum to be expelled is therefore also sinful. [29]

At the 1986 General Synod, a proposal was considered to draw up a list of exceptional cases in which abortion might be allowable. After consultation with experts, including medical experts, the synod decided to base their stance on abortion solely on the Bible and not on medical evidence or on a list of exceptions.

By 1994, with the election of a new government and the adoption of a new constitution in South Africa, it became apparent that abortion on demand may be legalised, and the church was forced to re-examine and restate its stance. Abortion on demand became legal in South Africa in 1997.

The church's current decision on abortion was taken at the 1994 General Synod. The church regards all types of abortion as sinful, including involuntary abortion. However, in cases where abortion is "unavoidable", it is sufficient that the mother protest against the abortion, confess her guilt, and feel genuine remorse. [30] Assisting in an abortion is also sinful. [31]

An official publication from 1999, "Geloofsverklaring", which deals with various current issues, stated however that while abortion on demand is morally indefensible, abortion should not be denied in cases where it is the "lesser of two evils". [32]

Related Research Articles

Since the 1990s, the Anglican Communion has struggled with controversy regarding homosexuality in the church. In 1998, the 13th Lambeth Conference of Anglican bishops passed a resolution "rejecting homosexual practice as incompatible with Scripture". However, this is not legally binding. "Like all Lambeth Conference resolutions, it is not legally binding on all provinces of the Communion, including the Church of England, though it commends an essential and persuasive view of the attitude of the Communion." "Anglican national churches in Brazil, South Africa, South India, New Zealand and Canada have taken steps toward approving and celebrating same-sex relationships amid strong resistance among other national churches within the 80 million-member global body. The Episcopal Church in the U.S. has allowed same-sex marriage since 2015, and the Scottish Episcopal Church has allowed same-sex marriage since 2017." "Church of England clergy have appeared to signal support for gay marriage after they rejected a bishops' report which said that only a man and woman could marry in church." At General Synod in 2019, the Church of England announced that same-gender couples may remain recognised as married after one spouse experiences a gender transition. In 2023, the Church of England announced that it would authorise "prayers of thanksgiving, dedication and for God's blessing for same-sex couples."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reformed Church in America</span> Reformed Protestant denomination in the Dutch tradition

The Reformed Church in America (RCA) is a mainline Reformed Protestant denomination in Canada and the United States. It has about 104,921 members. From its beginning in 1628 until 1819, it was the North American branch of the Dutch Reformed Church.

The Dutch Reformed Church was the largest Christian denomination in the Netherlands from the onset of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century until 1930. It was the original denomination of the Dutch Royal Family and the foremost Protestant denomination until 2004. It was the larger of the two major Reformed denominations, after the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands was founded in 1892. It spread to the United States, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Brazil, and various other world regions through Dutch colonization. Allegiance to the Dutch Reformed Church was a common feature among Dutch immigrant communities around the world and became a crucial part of Afrikaner nationalism in South Africa.

The blessing or wedding of same-sex marriages and same-sex unions is an issue about which leaders of Christian churches are in ongoing disagreement. Traditionally, Christianity teaches that homosexual acts are sinful and that holy matrimony can only exist between two persons of the opposite sex. These disagreements are primarily centered on the interpretation of various scripture passages related to homosexuality, sacred tradition, and in some churches on varying understandings of homosexuality in terms of psychology, genetics and other scientific data. While various church bodies have widely varying practices and teachings, individual Christians of every major tradition are involved in practical (orthopraxy) discussions about how to respond to the issue.

The Anglican Church of Southern Africa, known until 2006 as the Church of the Province of Southern Africa, is the province of the Anglican Communion in the southern part of Africa. The church has twenty-five dioceses, of which twenty-one are located in South Africa, and one each in Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia and Saint Helena. In South Africa, there are between 3 and 4 million Anglicans out of an estimated population of 45 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methodist Church of Southern Africa</span>

The Methodist Church of Southern Africa (MCSA) is a large Wesleyan Methodist denomination, with local churches across South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho and Eswatini, and a more limited presence in Mozambique. It is a member church of the World Methodist Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa</span>

The Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa was formed by the union of the black and coloured Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk mission churches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Johan Heyns</span> South African theologian

Johan Adam Heyns (1928–1994) was an Afrikaner Calvinist theologian and moderator of the general synod of the Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk (NGK) in South Africa. He was assassinated at his home in Waterkloof Ridge, Pretoria.

Attitudes in Presbyterianism toward homosexuality vary, ranging from outright condemnation to complete acceptance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NHK)</span>

The Dutch Reformed Church in Africa is a Reformed Christian denomination based in South Africa. It also has congregations in Namibia, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Along with the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK) and the Reformed Churches in South Africa, the NHKA is one of the three Dutch Reformed sister churches of South Africa. The NHKA retains the old Nomenclature Nederduitsch, the word originally referring to the Dutch language. The word refers to the Low Saxon language today. The Dutch language remained the official language of the church until 1933 when the church started functioning almost exclusively in Afrikaans.

Marydale is a town in the Northern Cape province in western South Africa. Established in 1903 by the Dutch Reformed Church, Marydale was named after Mary Snyman, the wife of Mr GP Snyman, owner of the farm on which the town was laid out. The town is 76 km north-west of Prieska and lies near the N10 national road.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutch Reformed Church in Namibia</span>

The Dutch Reformed Church in Namibia is a Christian denomination in Namibia. It is one of ten synods of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK), and the only one outside South Africa. It covers all of Namibia except for the Eastern Caprivi Strip.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afrikaans Protestant Church</span> South African denomination

The Afrikaanse Protestantse Kerk, also known as AP Kerk, is a South African conservative Reformed Church federation with about 35,000 adherents. The federation consists of 210-240 congregations, mostly in South Africa, although the APK also includes 7 congregations in Namibia and one in London, England.

The Rev. Matthys Michielse du Toit was a Christian pastor in the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK).

The Johannesburg Reformed Church was the first congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK) to be founded in Johannesburg on August 14, 1887. All the congregations on the Witwatersrand stem from it, but by the 2010s, the NGK yearbook recorded only 90 in its ward which had long ceased to operate independently.

The Johannesburg East Reformed Church was a congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK) in the Johannesburg suburb of Doornfontein, just east of downtown. It is also known as the Irene Church after the sobriquet of its second and third churches on 1 Beit Street. Five weeks before its centennial, on June 1, 1997, Johannesburg East was absorbed by the Johannesburg Reformed Church (NGK), from whence it had seceded on July 8, 1897.

The Parkhurst Reformed Church was a congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK) that was active from 1944 to 1996 in the Johannesburg suburb of Parkhurst.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Potchefstroom Reformed Church (NGK)</span>

The Potchefstroom Reformed Church (in Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa, is the oldest congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa in what was then the Transvaal or South African Republic. At its founding in March 1842, it was the 28th congregation in what would later become South Africa and the tenth outside of the Western and Southern Cape Synod.

The Rustenburg Reformed Church is the oldest congregation of the Reformed Churches in South Africa (GKSA), founded in February 1859 by the denomination’s pioneer, Rev. Dirk Postma.

References

  1. 1 2 Map of NGK Synods Archived 27 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine . NGK official website. Accessed 9 July 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 NGK official English website Archived 27 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 9 July 2014.
  3. ↑ Beknopt Nederduitsch taalkundig woordenboek, Petrus Weiland, Blusse en van Braam, 1829, page 236
  4. ↑ sahoboss (30 March 2011). "Dutch Reformed Church (DRC)". The church supported the system of apartheid, which institutionalized separation and stratification of the people of South Africa according to race. The social segregation of Black, Coloured and White people was reflected in the establishment of churches of these three groups. In the 1980s the church was expelled from the World Alliance of Reformed Churches for its support of apartheid. In 1986 the church showed its repentance by preaching for all members of all racial groups to pray under, one umbrella, thus making South African history by welcoming Black people back in the church. In spite of the end of apartheid, racial divides still exists within the church.
  5. ↑ Fasse, Christoph. "Overview of the worldwide reformed church". www.reformiert-online.net. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  6. ↑ Parks, Michael (22 October 1986). "Dutch Reformed Church in S. Africa OKs Integration". Los Angeles Times.
  7. ↑ Dutch Reformed Churches Union Act Repeal Act, No. 46 of 2008 Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Dutch Reformed Churches Union Act Repeal Bill
  9. ↑ Confessions of the NGK Archived 31 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Official English website. Accessed 14 July 2010.
  10. ↑ "Sinodes". Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  11. ↑ "Now Dutch Reformed Church won't appeal same-sex ruling". TimesLIVE. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  12. 1 2 http://www.kerkargief.co.za/doks/navorsing/Selfdegeslag1982_2015.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  13. ↑ "Homoseksualiteit". Archived from the original on 28 January 2015.
  14. ↑ "Algemene Sinode 2015". 8 October 2015.
  15. ↑ "Victory as NG Kerk lifts suspension of acceptance of gay unions". MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online. 9 September 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  16. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ↑ "NG Kerk". ngkerk.org.za. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  19. ↑ Collison, Carl. "A queer thing is going on in Southern Africa's churches". The M&G Online. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  20. ↑ "'It's now OK for me to have sex' | IOL News" . Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  21. ↑ "It's on! Eleven take Dutch Reformed Church to court over same-sex unions - MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online". MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  22. ↑ Collison, Carl. "LGBTI activists face uphill battle in getting churches to see the light". The M&G Online. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  23. ↑ "Dutch Reformed Church's decision not to recognise same-sex unions overturned | IOL News". www.iol.co.za. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  24. ↑ "Court says Dutch Reformed Church's gay pastors can have same-sex unions". www.sowetanlive.co.za. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  25. ↑ "South African court rules Dutch Reformed Church's gay marriage ban is unconstitutional". www.christianpost.com. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  26. ↑ Mitchley, Alex. "Same-sex marriages: Dutch Reformed Church's decision diminished gay congregants' integrity - court". News24. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  27. ↑ South African court rules Dutch Reformed Church’s gay marriage ban is unconstitutional, The Christian post, 8 March 2019
  28. ↑ "Beeld JOHANNESBURG FINAAL Dinsdag 22 Augustus 1995 Bl. 9: 'Droogskoonmaak' of moord: vrou se reg teenoor fetus s'n". Archived from the original on 11 December 2015.
  29. ↑ "Beeld JHB FIN Dinsdag 21 Augustus 1990 Bl. 16: Aborsiepil is 'moord'". Archived from the original on 11 December 2015.
  30. ↑ http://www.kerkargief.co.za/doks/navorsing/Aborsie.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  31. ↑ Van Vuuren, Marthinus (23 October 2007). "Dominee geskors oor egbreuk en aborsie". m24arg02.naspers.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015.
  32. ↑ "Beeld Johannesburg Finaal Saterdag 11 Desember 1999 Bl. 6: NG Kerk besin oor geloof in nuwe eeu 'Reik uit na armes, vlugtelinge' 'Aborsie soms aanvaarbaar'". Archived from the original on 11 December 2015.

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