Kumina

Last updated
Kumina
Classification Afro-Jamaican
Region Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica
Origin Post-Abolition era
Jamaica
SeparationsKongo, Machunde, Mondongo, Moyenge

Kumina is a branch of the Myal religion, dance and music form. Kumina has practices that include secular ceremonies, dance and music that developed from the beliefs and traditions brought to the island by Kongo enslaved people and indentured labourers, from the Congo region of West Central Africa, during the post-emancipation era. [1] It is mostly associated with eastern Jamaica particularly the parish of St. Thomas Portland, St. Mary and St. Catherine, and the city of Kingston. [2]

Contents

The Myal Dance of Kumina also gives its name to a drumming style, developed from the music that accompanied the spiritual ceremonies, that evolved in urban Kingston. Like all Myal drumming styles Kumina has a great influence on Rastafari music, especially the Nyabinghi drumming, and Jamaican popular music. Count Ossie was a notable pioneer of the drumming style in popular music and it continues to have a significant influence on contemporary genres such as reggae and dancehall. [3]

The Kumina riddim is a dancehall riddim produced by Sly & Robbie in 2002. It has featured in recordings of over 20 artists including Chaka Demus & Pliers and Tanya Stephens. [3]

Definition

Kumina is a branch of the Myal Religion and is not the same as Pukkumina or Pocomania.

History

Kumina emerged through the practices of indentured labourers who were brought to Jamaica from the Kongo region of central Africa after the abolition of slavery. Kumina as a branch of the Myal religion differed from Zion Revivalism in rejecting the belief that the Bible should be the central authority behind worship. [4]

Beliefs and practices

The practices of Kumina in the Myal Religion are primarily linked to healing. [4] Healing ceremonies utilise singing, dancing, drumming, animal sacrifice, and spirit possession, with the intent of summoning spirits to heal the sick individual. [4] These elements are also found in Revivalism. [4]

Organization

Within the Kumina branch of the Myal Religion there are sub-branches or sub-communities which follows the general local character of pre-Christian religions in Jamaica. These communities are small family based communities or nations. Some nations include Mondongo, Moyenge, Machunde, Kongo, Igbo, and Yoruba. People from Kumina families are given the title Bongo. Marrying into a Bongo family is one avenue to become a part of a Kumina nation; special initiation is the other avenue. Kumina nations are led by a "King" and "Queen". Imogene "Queenie" Kennedy AKA Queenie III (c1920-1998) was a well-known Kumina Queen in the 20th century, born in St Thomas in the late 1920s she later moved to Kingston and then Waterloo, St Catherine. [5]

Influence on Rastafari

The use of cannabis or ganja in Kumina Myal ceremonies influenced the adoption of this plant as a sacrament in Rastafari [a religion that developed in Jamaica during the 1930s [6] ] and is a direct influence of the sacramental use in Kumina Myal ceremonies.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Stewart, Dianne M. (2005-07-07). Three Eyes for the Journey: African Dimensions of the Jamaican Religious Experience. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780198039082.
  2. ↑ Murrell, Nathaniel Samuel (2010-01-25). Afro-Caribbean Religions: An Introduction to Their Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Traditions. Temple University Press. ISBN   9781439901755.
  3. 1 2 Ryman, Cheryl (2014). "Kumina". In Horn, David; Shepherd, John (eds.). Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 9: Genres: Caribbean and Latin America. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   9781441132253.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011, p. 178.
  5. ↑ "Kumina Queen's Drum Repatriated To Jamaica". Jamaican Gleaner. 3 August 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  6. ↑ Edmonds 2012, p. 55.

Sources

  • Edmonds, Ennis B. (2012). Rastafari: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0199584529.
  • Fernández Olmos, Margarite; Paravisini-Gebert, Lizabeth (2011). Creole Religions of the Caribbean: An Introduction from Vodou and Santería to Obeah and Espiritismo (second ed.). New York and London: New York University Press. ISBN   978-0-8147-6228-8.
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