Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God

Last updated

Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God
Founder
Origin1989
Separated from Catholic Church
Defunct2000

The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God (MRTC or MRTCG) was a religious movement founded by Credonia Mwerinde and Joseph Kibweteere in southwestern Uganda, notorious for the mass death of several hundred members of the group in a mass suicide in the year 2000. It was formed in 1989 after Mwerinde and Kibweteere claimed that they had seen visions of the Virgin Mary.

Contents

On 17 March 2000, followers of the religious movement died in a fire and a series of poisonings and killings, which were initially considered a mass suicide. That initial suspicion was revised to mass murder when hundreds of other bodies were discovered in pits at sites related to the movement that had died at least weeks prior to the event; the official conclusion was a mass murder, though this has been disputed by other commentators who argue that it was actually a mass suicide. Over 300 people died in the fire, while over 400 were discovered in the pits.

Background

The recent past of Uganda had been marked with political and social turmoil. The rule of Idi Amin, the AIDS pandemic, and the Ugandan Bush War wreaked havoc across the country. [1] [2] People became pessimistic and fatalistic, and the established Roman Catholic Church was backsliding, enveloped in scandals and the faithful were becoming dissatisfied. [1] In this void, many post-Catholic groups formed in the late eighties as a confused and traumatized populace turned to charismatic self-declared messiahs who renounced the authority of the government and the Church. [2] An example of this phenomenon was the Christian resistance group, the Holy Spirit Movement, which fought against the government of Yoweri Museveni. [1] The AIDs epidemic in Uganda has been viewed by scholars as particularly influential in its development; at the time, Uganda had one of the highest rates of HIV/AIDs infection in the world. [3] [4]

The MRTC has been classified as an African-initiated church; a highly diverse category of religious movements that stem from different Christian traditions. [4] [5] However, historian of religion Jean-François Mayer has argued that they cannot be only understood within this framework, owing to the fact that the group had connections to a network of Marian visionaries and many of its leaders were Catholic clergymen. [6] Marian apparitions were a popular phenomenon in Uganda and surrounding countries at the time. [7]

A former member of another unrelated sect, Paul Ikazire, would explain his motivation to join the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, "We joined the movement as a protest against the Catholic Church. We had good intentions. The church was backsliding, the priests were covered in scandals and the AIDS scourge was taking its toll on the faithful. The world seemed poised to end." [8]

History

Founding

The earliest origins of the movement have been traced back to Credonia Mwerinde's father Paolo Kashaku. In 1960 he claimed to have had a vision of his deceased daughter Evangelista, who told him that he would have visions of heaven. This prediction came to pass in 1988, when he saw Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and Saint Joseph. His daughter Credonia also had similar visions and was involved in a Virgin Cult. [9] In 1989 Kashaku instructed her to spread the message across Uganda on the orders of the Virgin Mary. In that year she would meet Joseph Kibweteere and tell him of their communications. [8]

Joseph Kibweteere claimed to have had a vision of the Virgin Mary in 1984. Credonia Mwerinde also claimed to have had a similar vision in a cavern near Kibweteere's house in Rwashamaire, Uganda. [9] In 1989 the two met and formed the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, [10] with the mission to spread the Virgin's message about the apocalypse. The group grew rapidly and also attracted several defrocked Catholic priests and nuns who worked as theologians, rationalizing messages from the leadership. Two of the arrivals were the excommunicated priests Paul Ikazire and Dominic Kataribabo. [8] Throughout the years, local Catholic officials attempted to reconnect with members of the MRTCG

The group, defiant towards its authority, diverged from the Catholic Church in order to emphasize apocalypticism and Marian apparitions. [11] [10] The group had been called an inward-looking movement that wore matching uniforms and restricted their speech to avoid saying anything dishonest or sinful. [1] The group lived in a self-sustaining commune in Kanungu District, Uganda, with the group growing their own food and running schools. Members of the group lived mostly in silence and used signs to communicate. [12]

Middle years

Relations with wider Kanungu society was initially tense; in October 1993 the group was kicked out by villagers, though this was only temporary. [10] The sect grew in importance with the arrival of Dominic Kataribabo, a respected and popular priest with a PhD from a university in the United States. In order to obtain more funds for the increasing number of disciples, Kibweteere sold his three other properties, car and milling machines. [9] By the late 1990s, the church had grown into a thriving community, set in pineapple and banana plantations. Members lived communally on land bought by pooling their assets, which they sold when they joined the Movement. Mwerinde claimed to receive messages from the Virgin Mary through a hidden telephone system that communicated through everyday objects. [9] In western Uganda they built houses for recruitment, indoctrination and worship, and a primary school. The year 2000 was settled on as the final, compelling date for the sect's predictions of the apocalypse. [8]

In 1992 the group was ordered out of Rwashamaire by village elders, and moved to Kanungu District, where Mwerinde's father offered an extensive property for their use. [9] The next year the group's school was closed due to a measles outbreak. In 1994, Paul Ikazire left the sect, taking with him approximately seventy members. [8] By 1997, according to a filing with the government, the Movement's membership was listed at nearly 5,000 people. In 1998, the Ugandan press reported that the Movement had been shut down for unsanitary conditions, use of child labor, and possibly kidnapping children, but the sect was allowed by the government to reopen. [13]

As the new millennium approached preparations for the end mounted. In 1999, the state-owned New Vision newspaper ran an interview with a teenage member. He said, "The world ends next year. There is no time to waste. Some of our leaders talk directly to God. Any minute from now, when the end comes, every believer who will be at an as yet undisclosed spot will be saved." [13]

Beliefs

The goals of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God were to obey the Ten Commandments and preach the word of Jesus Christ. They taught that to avoid damnation in the apocalypse, one had to strictly follow the Commandments. The emphasis on the Commandments was so strong that the group discouraged talking, for fear of breaking the Ninth Commandment, "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor", and on some days communication was only conducted in sign language. Fasting was conducted regularly, and only one meal was eaten on Fridays and Mondays. Sex was forbidden, as was soap. [8] The group believed AIDs to be a punishment from God due to a breach of the sixth commandment to not commit adultery. [3]

Movement leaders declared that the apocalypse would occur on December 31, 1999. The group had a strong emphasis on an apocalyptic end time, highlighted by their booklet A Timely Message from Heaven: The End of the Present Time. [14] New members were required to study it and be trained in its text, reading it as many as six times. They also taught that the Virgin Mary had a special role in the end, and that she also communicated with their leadership. They held themselves to be akin to Noah's Ark: a ship of righteousness in a sea of depravity. [1]

The MRTC developed a hierarchy of visionaries, topped by Mwerinde. Behind them were former priests who served as theologians and explained the group's messages. Although the group had split from the Catholic Church, had Catholic icons placed prominently, and defrocked priests and nuns in its leadership, ties to the Church were, at best, only tenuous. [1]

Apocalypse claims

With the new year looming, activity by Movement members became frenzied, their leaders urged them to confess their sins in preparation for the end. Clothes and cattle were sold cheaply, past members were re-recruited, and all work in the fields ceased. January 1, 2000, passed without the advent of the apocalypse, and the Movement began to unravel. Questions were asked of Mwerinde and Kibweteere, [15] and payments to the Church decreased dramatically. Ugandan police believe that some members, who had been required to sell their possessions and turn over the money to the Movement, rebelled and demanded the return of their money. [8] It is believed that events that followed were orchestrated by sect leaders in response to the crisis in the ranks. [16]

Leading up to the new millennium, cult leaders urged members to confess their sins and sell material possessions while attempts were made to bring former members back into the group. After the passing of 1 January 2000, without an apocalypse, many became disillusioned with the group and another date was chosen by leaders for the apocalypse to occur, with 17 March 2000 being announced, which the New York Times reported the leaders said would come "with ceremony, and finality". [16]

Mass suicide

The Movement held a huge party at Kanungu, where they roasted three bulls and drank 70 crates of soft drinks (most being Coca-Cola). [8] Minutes after the members arrived at the party, nearby villagers heard an explosion, and the building was gutted in an intense fire that killed all 530 in attendance. The windows and doors of the building had been boarded up to prevent people from leaving. [15] [17]

The fire alerted the Ugandan authorities as to what had been occurring in the Movement. Several days before, Movement leader Dominic Kataribabo had been seen buying 50 liters of sulfuric acid, which may have started the fire. Another party was planned for the eighteenth, which officials believe sect leaders had announced in order to mislead authorities as to their plans. [18] The whereabouts of the five principal cult leaders Joseph Kibweteere, Joseph Kasapurari, John Kamagara, Dominic Kataribabo, and Credonia Mwerinde are unknown (all having presumably escaped).

Four days after the church fire, police investigated Movement properties and discovered hundreds of bodies at sites across southern Uganda. [16] Six bodies were discovered sealed in the latrine of the Kanungu compound, as well as 153 bodies at a compound in Buhunage, 155 bodies at Dominic Kataribabo's estate at Rugazi, where they had been poisoned and stabbed, and another 81 bodies lay at leader Joseph Nymurinda's farm. Police stated that they had been murdered about three weeks before the church inferno. [18] though a 2020 BBC report suggested that that the bodies had accumulated over several years. [12]

On that day, locals said they held a party at which 70 crates of soft drinks and three bulls were consumed. [19] This version of events has been criticised, most notably by Irving Hexham, [20] and an unidentified Ugandan source states that "no one can really explain the whys, hows, whats, where, when, et cetera." Minutes after the members arrived at the party, nearby villagers heard an explosion, and the building was gutted in an intense fire that killed all 530 in attendance. The windows and doors of the building had been boarded up to prevent people from leaving. [17] [15] A neighbour who lived near to the cult later recounted that the fire caused everything to be covered in smoke, soot, and the stench of burnt flesh, and that many could not eat meat for several months after the fire. [12]

Aftermath

Medical examiners determined that the majority of the 395 individuals who did not die in the fire had been poisoned. Early reports suggested that they had been strangled based on the presence of twisted banana fibers around their necks. After searching all sites, the police announced the final death toll had settled at 924, six more than the Peoples Temple in 1978. [17] [8] Scholars have compared them to other, similar movements; in terms of the scale of the deaths it has been related to the Peoples Temple deaths at Jonestown, while in the manner and style of death it has been compared to the Swiss Solar Temple, or the Japanese Aum Shinrikyo. [21]

The initial suspicion that all of the members died in a mass suicide was revised to mass murder when hundreds of other bodies were discovered in pits at sites related to the movement that had died at least weeks prior to the event, some with signs of strangulation while others had stab wounds. [22] At least 778 people died in total. [17] After interviews and an investigation were conducted the police ruled out a cult suicide and instead consider it to be a mass murder conducted by Movement leadership. They believe that the failure of the doomsday prophecy led to a revolt in the ranks of the sect, and the leaders set a new date with a plan to eliminate their followers. [15] The discovery of bodies at other sites, [16] the fact the church had been boarded up, the presence of incendiaries, and the possible disappearance of sect leaders all point to this theory. Additionally, witnesses said that the Movement's leadership had never spoken about mass suicide when they prepared members for the end of the world. A survivor recalled meeting a devout member of the cult with nails and a hammer on his way after he had left the compound. It is believed he is the one who shut the windows with nails to prevent any one from escaping. [15]

The Ugandan government responded with condemnation. President Yoweri Museveni called the event a "mass murder by these priests for monetary gain". Vice president Dr. Speciosa Wandira Kazibwe said, "These were callously, well-orchestrated mass murders perpetrated by a network of diabolic, malevolent criminals masquerading as religious people." [15]

Although it was initially assumed that the five leaders died in the fire, police now believe that Joseph Kibweteere and Credonia Mwerinde may still be alive, and have issued an international warrant for their arrest. [17] [12] In 2014, it was announced by the Uganda National Police that there were reports that Kibweteere was hiding in Malawi. [23] As of 2024 they have not been located and no-one has been prosecuted in connection to the massacre. The 48-acre plot of land used by the cult has been incorporated into a tea plantation, but the owner has announced plans to create a memorial on parts of the property. [12]

The investigation was noted to be inadequate, as Uganda lacked the necessary forensic resources, and the official commission of inquiry into the case never met. [5] The scholarly response was minimal, with only a few articles written by Ugandan scholars and two books by Ugandan commentators; most of the initial response was based on media reporting instead of firsthand investigation. [5] Ugandan Bernard Atahuire, who lost several family members in the incident and who wrote a book on the case, The Uganda Cult Tragedy: A Private Investigation, bemoaned the fact that "[t]he interest shown by researchers is [...] miserably low. In a normal setting, an incident of such magnitude and more so the manner in which it was carried out, should have attracted a substantial amount of research interest”. [6]

Anthropologist Richard Vokes, who wrote a 2009 book on the case following his own investigation, Ghosts of Kanungu , criticized the official interpretation of events, noting poor forensic evidence and corruption in the investigation. He argued that the pit bodies were actually unrelated to the mass suicide perpetrated by the group, given their far more advanced stages of decomposition than the bodies that had been involved in the mass suicide and the fact that no autopsies had actually been done on any of the pit bodies; instead, he argued they were actually the buried victims of an especially severe malaria epidemic from years prior, which a former member of the MRTC he had interviewed had discussed with him. [4] John Walliss, in a 2014 analysis of the hypotheses relating to the group, viewed Vokes' theory as the most convincing, though noted future evidence could dispute it. [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Order of the Solar Temple</span> Esoteric new religious movement (1984–1997)

The Order of the Solar Temple, or simply the Solar Temple, was an esoteric new religious movement and secret society, often described as a cult, notorious for the mass deaths of many of its members in several incidents throughout the 1990s. The OTS was a neo-Templar movement, claiming to be a continuation of the Knights Templar, and incorporated a mix of Rosicrucianism, Theosophy, and New Age ideas. It was lead by Joseph Di Mambro, with Luc Jouret as a spokesman and second in command. It was founded in 1984, in Geneva, Switzerland.

A cult is a group requiring unwavering devotion to a set of beliefs and practices which are considered deviant outside the norms of society, which is typically led by a charismatic and self-appointed leader who tightly controls its members. It is in some contexts a pejorative term, also used for new religious movements and other social groups which are defined by their unusual religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs and rituals, or their common interest in a particular person, object, or goal. This sense of the term is weakly defined – having divergent definitions both in popular culture and academia – and has also been an ongoing source of contention among scholars across several fields of study.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mass suicide</span> Groups of people killing themselves together

Mass suicide is a form of suicide, occurring when a group of people simultaneously kill themselves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kanungu District</span> District in Western Region, Uganda

Kanungu District is a district in the Western Region of Uganda. The town of Kanungu is the site of the district headquarters. The Bwindi Impenetrable Forest in Kanungu District is among the sites shown in aerial footage in the movie Black Panther.

Black Hebrew Israelites are a new religious movement claiming that African Americans are descendants of the ancient Israelites. Some sub-groups believe that Native and Latin Americans are descendants of the Israelites as well. Black Hebrew Israelites combine elements to their teaching from a wide range of sources to varying degrees. Black Hebrew Israelites incorporate certain aspects of the religious beliefs and practices of both Christianity and Judaism, though they have created their own interpretation of the Bible, and other influences include Freemasonry and New Thought, for example. Many choose to identify as Hebrew Israelites or Black Hebrews rather than Jews in order to indicate their claimed historic connections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twelve Tribes communities</span> New religious movement

The Twelve Tribes, formerly known as the Vine Christian Community Church, the Northeast Kingdom Community Church, the Messianic Communities, and the Community Apostolic Order, is a new religious movement founded by Gene Spriggs that sprang out of the Jesus movement in 1972 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The group calls itself an attempt to recreate the 1st-century church as it is described in the Book of Acts. The group's origins in Chattanooga led to planted churches in surrounding areas. In the late seventies, the group began a community in Island Pond, Vermont. As their relationship with the Chattanooga community deteriorated, the group eventually left Tennessee and moved primarily to Vermont.

Joseph Kibweteere was one of the leaders of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, a group that splintered from the Catholic Church in Uganda and became infamous after 778 of its members were found dead. Although Kibweteere was assumed to have died in the incident, the Ugandan police shortly afterwards issued a warrant for arrest against the other leaders of the group. In 2014 it was announced by the Uganda National Police that there were reports that Kibweteere was hiding in Malawi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Lightning</span> Chinese new religious movement

The Church of Almighty God, also known as Eastern Lightning, is a monotheistic new religious movement which was established in China in 1991. Government sources estimate the group has three to four million members.

Credonia Mwerinde was the high priestess and co-founder of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God (MRTC), a sect that splintered from the Roman Catholic Church in Uganda. Before founding the movement she was a shopkeeper, brewer, and a prostitute. She and two other group members approached Joseph Kibweteere in 1989, and said that the Virgin Mary had instructed him to take them in; together Mwerinde and Kibweteere would found the MRTC in 1989.

<i>Deadly Cults</i> 2003 book by Robert L. Snow

Deadly Cults: The Crimes of True Believers is a book about cults by Robert L. Snow. It was published November 30, 2003 by Praeger Publishers in hardcover format. Snow, a retired police captain and former commander of the homicide branch of the Indianapolis Police Department, has authored several other books on crime including SWAT Teams and Technology and Law Enforcement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heaven's Gate (religious group)</span> American UFO religion and cult (1974–1997)

Heaven's Gate was an American new religious movement known primarily for the mass suicides committed by its members in 1997. Commonly designated a cult, it was founded in 1974 and led by Bonnie Nettles (1927–1985) and Marshall Applewhite (1931–1997), known within the movement as Ti and Do. Nettles and Applewhite first met in 1972 and went on a journey of spiritual discovery, identifying themselves as the two witnesses of Revelation, attracting a following of several hundred people in the mid-1970s. In 1976, a core group of a few dozen members stopped recruiting and instituted a monastic lifestyle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Koresh</span> American religious cult leader (1959–1993)

David Koresh was an American cult leader who played a central role in the Waco siege of 1993. As the head of the Branch Davidians, a religious sect and offshoot of the Seventh-day Adventists, Koresh claimed to be its final prophet. His apocalyptic Biblical teachings, including interpretations of the Book of Revelation and the Seven Seals, attracted various followers.

Jean-Francois Mayer is a Swiss religious historian, author, and translator. He is also Director of the Institute Religioscope, which he founded. His writing focuses on religion and new religious movements, including the Unification Church, the Church of Scientology and the Pilgrims of Arès. In the 1990s, he was an analyst for the Swiss federal government.

Abajiri, roughly translating to "The People of the Gospel," and also known as 666, is a minor eschatological Christian sect in the Luweero and Nakasongola districts of Uganda, and has since spread over the country. It was launched in 1992, when its founders split it off from the Seventh-Day Adventist Church. The sect's most distinguishing practices are prohibiting the usage of mobile phones, attending local hospitals, state schooling for children, immunization, and census-taking. Members of the sect believe that when children go to a government school, or when people are subject to a census, they come into contact with Satan's number (666). Because of this, they prevent their children from attending. These beliefs are based on 1 Chronicles 21:1–16, in which David orders a census of Israel. God became angry, considering David's order a grave sin, and punished Israel. Since many of the children in this sect are not vaccinated and do not go to school, the local government in regions where Abajiri is prominent fears a possible outbreak of disease and illiteracy.

Heterodox teaching is a concept in the law of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and its administration regarding new religious movements and their suppression. Also translated as 'cults' or 'evil religions', "heterodox teachings" are defined in Chinese law as organizations and religious movements that either fraudulently use religion to carry out other illegal activities, deify their leaders, spread "superstition" to confuse or deceive the public, or "disturb the social order" by harming people's lives or property. What exactly these definitions mean has been interpreted in various ways since their establishment in 1999/2000. Organizations that are found by local police forces in the PRC to be distributing heterodox teachings are targeted for disruption, and its leaders and organizers are severely prosecuted.

Events in the year 2000 in Uganda.

<i>Ghosts of Kanungu</i> 2009 book by Richard Vokes

Ghosts of Kanungu: Fertility, Secrecy and Exchange in the Great Lakes of East Africa is a book by Richard Vokes about the cult the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God (MRTC), notorious for the deaths of hundreds of its members in what was alternatively described as mass suicide or mass murder in 2000. The book was co-published by the Ugandan publisher Fountain Publishers and James Currey in 2009. An ethnography of the group, the book analyzes the MRTC in the context of the wider religious background of Uganda, and attempts to show what lead to the deaths.

<i>Sacred Suicide</i> 2014 book by James R. Lewis and Carole M. Cusack

Sacred Suicide is a 2014 edited volume about suicide and religion, particularly as it relates to cults or new religious movements. It was published by Ashgate and edited by James R. Lewis and Carole M. Cusack, part of the Ashgate New Religions series. Other contributors to the book include Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Mattias Gardell, and Thomas Robbins. It is divided into five sections.

<i>Violence and New Religious Movements</i> 2011 book by James R. Lewis

Violence and New Religious Movements is a 2011 edited volume. It was edited by sociologist James R. Lewis and published by Oxford University Press. Lewis' previous work had focused on new religious movements, and he had edited several books on the topic. Containing 19 articles by 22 academics, mostly sociologists or scholars in religious studies, it discusses the intersection between new religious movements and violence, both perpetrated by and against the groups. It is divided into five sections.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Quiet cult's doomsday deaths". BBC News . 29 March 2000. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  2. 1 2 "Cults: Why East Africa?". BBC News . 20 March 2000. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  3. 1 2 Mayer 2011, p. 200.
  4. 1 2 3 Vokes 2009.
  5. 1 2 3 Mayer 2011, p. 192.
  6. 1 2 Mayer 2011, p. 193.
  7. ↑ Mayer 2011, p. 194.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fisher, Ian (2 April 2000). "Uganda Cult's Mystique Finally Turned Deadly". The New York Times . p. 14. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "The preacher and the prostitute". BBC News . 29 March 2000. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  10. 1 2 3 Mayer 2001, p. 205.
  11. ↑ Nakyanzi, Logan (14 February 2001). "Uganda: Religion That Kills – Why Does Uganda Have So Many Cults?". ABC News . Retrieved 20 March 2005.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Atuhaire, Patience (17 March 2020). "Uganda's Kanungu cult massacre that killed 700 followers". BBC News . Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  13. 1 2 Borzello, Anna (20 March 2000). "A party, prayers, then mass suicide". The Guardian . Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  14. ↑ Cauvin, Henri E. (27 March 2000). "Fateful Meeting Led to Founding of Cult in Uganda". The New York Times . p. 3. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fisher, Ian (3 April 2000). "Uganda Survivor Tells of Questions When World Didn't End". The New York Times . p. 3. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Cauvin, Henri E. (26 March 2000). "Evidence Indicates Uganda Cult Held an Eerie Prelude to Fire". The New York Times . p. 5. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "Cult in Uganda Poisoned Many, Police Say". The New York Times . Agence France-Presse. 28 July 2000. p. 4. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  18. 1 2 Borzello, Anna (25 March 2000). "Mass graves found in sect house". The Guardian . Retrieved 20 March 2005.
  19. ↑ Robinson, Simon (3 April 2000). "Uganda's Faithful Dead". TIME . Vol. 155, no. 13. Archived from the original on 10 February 2001. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  20. ↑ Hexham, Irving (Summer 2000). "What Really Happened in Uganda? Suicide or Murder". Religion in the News. 3 (2): 7–9, 24. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  21. ↑ Walliss 2005, p. 51.
  22. ↑ Mugisha, Matthias (28 July 2000). "Kanungu Dead Poisoned". New Vision .
  23. ↑ Kanungu Massacre: Report claims Kibwetere is hiding in Malawi (Video). NTV Uganda. 3 April 2014. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2018– via YouTube.
  24. ↑ Walliss 2014, pp. 123–125.

Sources

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.