Brother

Last updated

American band Jackson 5 consisting of biological brothers who share many genetic facial features Jackson 5 1969.jpg
American band Jackson 5 consisting of biological brothers who share many genetic facial features
Brothers from Bangladesh Bangladesh happy brother.jpg
Brothers from Bangladesh

A brother (pl.: brothers or brethren) is a man or boy who shares one or more parents with another; a male sibling. [1] The female counterpart is a sister. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships. [2] A full brother is a first degree relative.

Contents

Overview

Grave stele of brothers Eukarpos and Philoxenos of Miletus 2nd c. A.D. Grave stele of Eucarpus and Philoxenus (2nd cent. A.D.) at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens (3-27-2018).jpg
Grave stele of brothers Eukarpos and Philoxenos of Miletus 2nd c. A.D.

The term brother comes from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr, which becomes Latin frater, of the same meaning. Sibling warmth or affection between male siblings has been correlated to some more negative effects. In pairs of brothers, higher sibling warmth is related to more risk taking behaviour, although risk taking behaviour is not related to sibling warmth in any other type of sibling pair. The cause of this phenomenon in which sibling warmth is only correlated with risk taking behaviours in brother pairs still is unclear. This finding does, however, suggest that although sibling conflict is a risk factor for risk taking behaviour, sibling warmth does not serve as a protective factor. [4] Some studies suggest that girls having an older brother delays the onset of menarche by roughly one year. [5] Research also suggests that the likelihood of being gay increases with the more older brothers a man has. [6] Some analyzers have suggested that a man's attractiveness to a heterosexual woman may increase with the more he resembles her brother, while his unattractiveness may increase the more his likeness diverges from her brother. [7] Females with a twin or very close-in-age brother, sometimes view him as their male alter ego, or what they would have been like, if they had a Y chromosomes. [8]

Fraternal relationship

Three brothers SFFf-1989091.162778 (4544868861).jpg
Three brothers
Brazilian princes Pedro Augusto (right) and Augusto Leopoldo in exile in Cannes, c. 1890 Principe D. Pedro Augusto sentado e seu irmao D. Augusto no exilio em Cannes - filhos da Princesa Leopoldina - 1890 (cropped).jpg
Brazilian princes Pedro Augusto (right) and Augusto Leopoldo in exile in Cannes, c. 1890

The book Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII written by Aristotle in 350 B.C.E., offers a way in which people should view the relationships between biological brothers. The relationship of brothers is laid out with the following quote: "The friendship of brothers has the characteristics found in that of comrades and in general between people who are like each other, is as much as they belong more to each other and start with a love for each other from their very birth, and in as much as those born to the same parents and brought up together and similarly educated are more akin in character; and the test of time has been applied most fully and convincingly in their case". [9] For these reasons, it is the job of the older brother to influence the ethics of the younger brother by being a person of good action. Aristotle says "by imitating and reenacting the acts of good people, a child becomes habituated to good action". Over time the younger brother will develop the good actions of the older brother as well and be like him. Aristotle also adds this on the matter of retaining the action of doing good once imitated: "Once the habits of ethics or immorality become entrenched, they are difficult to break." [10] The good habits that are created by the influence of the older brother become habit in the life of the younger brother and turn out to be seemingly permanent. It is the role of the older brother to be a positive influence on the development of the younger brother's upbringing when it comes to the education of ethics and good actions. When positive characteristics are properly displayed to the younger brother by the older brother, these habits and characteristics are imitated and foster an influential understanding of good ethics and positive actions.

Famous brothers

The Gracchi brothers Eugene Guillaume - the Gracchi.jpg
The Gracchi brothers
The Mannerheim brothers; from left to right: Carl and Gustaf Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 1875.jpg
The Mannerheim brothers; from left to right: Carl and Gustaf

Other works about brothers

Cain and Abel Cain and Abel. Mironov.jpg
Cain and Abel

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aristotle</span> Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath (384–322 BC)

Aristotle was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jurisprudence</span> Theoretical study of law

Jurisprudence, also known as theory of law or philosophy of law, is the examination in a general perspective of what law is and what it ought to be. It investigates issues such as the definition of law; legal validity; legal norms and values; as well as the relationship between law and other fields of study, including economics, ethics, history, sociology, and political philosophy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</span> American philanthropist (1921–2009)

Eunice Mary Kennedy Shriver was an American philanthropist. Shriver was a member of the Kennedy family by birth, and a member of the Shriver family through her marriage to Sargent Shriver, who was the United States Ambassador to France and the final Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1972. She was a sister of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Edward Kennedy, and U.S. Ambassador to Ireland Jean Kennedy Smith.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sargent Shriver</span> American diplomat, politician and activist

Robert Sargent Shriver Jr. was an American diplomat, politician, and activist. He was a member of the Shriver family by birth, and a member of the Kennedy family through his marriage to Eunice Kennedy. Shriver was the driving force behind the creation of the Peace Corps, and founded the Job Corps, Head Start, VISTA, Upward Bound, and other programs as the architect of the 1960s War on Poverty. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for vice president in the 1972 presidential election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.</span> American politician (1914–1988)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman. He served as a United States congressman from New York from 1949 to 1955 and in 1963 was appointed United States Under Secretary of Commerce by President John F. Kennedy. He was appointed as the first chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1965 to 1966 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Roosevelt also ran for governor of New York twice. He was a son of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, and served as an officer in the United States Navy during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jason Schwartzman</span> American actor and musician (born 1980)

Jason Schwartzman is an American actor and musician. Schwartzman made his film debut in Wes Anderson's 1998 film Rushmore, and has since appeared in six other Anderson films: The Darjeeling Limited (2007), Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009), Moonrise Kingdom (2012), The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014), The French Dispatch (2021), and Asteroid City (2023). He also has co-writing credit on The Darjeeling Limited.

<i>Nicomachean Ethics</i> Aristotles theory of virtue ethics grounded in natural philosophy and human teleology

The Nicomachean Ethics is Aristotle's best-known work on ethics: the science of the good for human life, that which is the goal or end at which all our actions aim. It consists of ten sections, referred to as books, and is closely related to Aristotle's Eudemian Ethics. The work is essential for the interpretation of Aristotelian ethics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Osmonds</span> American family music group

The Osmonds were an American family music group who reached the height of their fame in the early to mid-1970s. The group had its best-known configurations as a quartet and a quintet. The group has consisted of siblings who are all members of a family of musicians from Ogden, Utah, and have been in the public eye since the 1960s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Aspinwall Roosevelt</span> American businessman

John Aspinwall Roosevelt II was an American businessman and the sixth and last child of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">W. D. Ross</span> Scottish philosopher and translator (1877–1971)

Sir William David Ross, known as David Ross but usually cited as W. D. Ross, was a Scottish Aristotelian philosopher, translator, WWI veteran, civil servant, and university administrator. His best-known work is The Right and the Good (1930), in which he developed a pluralist, deontological form of intuitionist ethics in response to G. E. Moore's consequentialist form of intuitionism. Ross also critically edited and translated a number of Aristotle's works, such as his 12-volume translation of Aristotle together with John Alexander Smith, and wrote on other Greek philosophy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">O'Kelly Isley Jr.</span> American musical artist (1937–1986)

O'Kelly "Kelly" Isley Jr. was an American singer and one of the founding members of the family group the Isley Brothers.

The Circle Star Theatre was a performing arts venue in San Carlos, San Mateo County, California. Its name is based on it being a theater in the round, featuring a rotating circular stage with none of its 3,743 seats further than 50 feet from the stage. Unlike similar venues across the United States, the Circle Star Theatre stage had the ability to rotate in either direction without limit, thanks to the slip ring and brush system that supplied electrical/audio to and from the stage. The theatre's address was 2 Circle Star Way, San Carlos, CA 94070.

Roosevelt Smith Zanders (1912–1995) was the owner of New York City limousine service Zanders Auto Rental Service. Starting out with a US$3000 Cadillac, his fleet grew to sixteen cars, including three Rolls-Royces. After establishing the company in Harlem in 1946, he kept the offices and garage in the same neighborhood, even as his client roster began to represent the elite of Fifth Avenue.

The 13th Satellite Awards, honoring the best in film and television of 2008, were given on December 14, 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Jackson (classicist)</span> English classicist

Henry Jackson was an English classicist. He served as the vice-master of Trinity College, Cambridge from 1914 to 1919, praelector in ancient philosophy from 1875 to 1906 and Regius Professor of Greek (Cambridge) at the University of Cambridge from 1906 to 1921. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1903. He was awarded the Order of Merit on 26 June 1908. From 1882 to 1892 he sat on the Council of the Senate of the University of Cambridge and was an active member of a number of the university boards. He lived within the walls of Trinity College for over 50 years. Born in Sheffield, he lived mainly in Cambridge, but died in Bournemouth.

References

  1. "Definition of brother in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  2. Mufwene, Salikoko S. For example Beau is brother to Serge as they have the exact same mother and father."The pragmatics of kinship terms in Kituba." (1988): 441–454.
  3. Walters, Elizabeth J. (1988). Attic Grave Reliefs that Represent Women in the Dress of Isis. ASCSA. p. 47. ISBN   9780876615225. From the stele of brothers Eukarpos and Philoxenos
  4. Solmeyer, Anna; McHale, Susan; Crouter, Ann (February 2014). "Longitudinal Associations Between Sibling Relationship Qualities and Risky Behavior Across Adolescence". Developmental Psychology. 50: 600–610. doi:10.1037/a0033207. PMC   3797172 . PMID   23772819.
  5. Wednesday, 18 August 2010 Anna SallehABC (August 18, 2010). "Brothers 'delay' onset of sister's periods". www.abc.net.au.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. Carter, Claire (September 5, 2013). "Having more older brothers increases likelihood of being gay" via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  7. Bereczkei, Tamas, Petra Gyuris, and Glenn E. Weisfeld. "Sexual imprinting in human mate choice." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 271.1544 (2004): 1129–1134.
  8. McCallum, Robyn. "Other selves: subjectivity and the doppelganger in Australian adolescent fiction." Writing the Australian child: Texts and contexts in fictions for children (1996)
  9. Aristotle, and W.D Ross. "The Internet Classics Archive | Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle." The Internet Classics Archive | Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle. Classics Archive, 2009.
  10. Rogers Victor, Kelly. "Raising Ethical Kids with Insights from Plato and Aristotle." Smartparenting.com. SMRT, 26 Mar. 2014. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.