Expressways of China

Last updated

National Trunk Highway System
中国国家干线公路系统
Zhōngguó Guójiā Gànxiàn Gōnglù Xìtǒng
Gansu Expwy S1 sign no name.svg China Expwy G3 sign no name.svg
The sign of regional expressway S1 for Gansu Province and the sign of national expressway G3 Beijing-Taipei Expressway below
China National Expressway Network light.svg
A map of the national expressways of China
System information
Maintained by Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China
Length177,000 km (2022) (110,000 mi)
Formed7 June 1984
Highway names
Expressways:GXX (National expressways)
GXXxx (Auxiliary National expressways)
SXX (Regional expressways)
System links

Toll plaza on the Capital Airport Expressway, Beijing Tianzhu Toll Plaza of Capital Airport Expressway (20190919123115).jpg
Toll plaza on the Capital Airport Expressway, Beijing
Chinese expressway toll charges table. In many jurisdictions it is legally required that charges be openly disclosed. Shown here is the toll charges table at Doudian exit on the Jingshi Expressway in southwest Beijing. (Autumn 2004 image) PRCExpwy TollCharges.jpg
Chinese expressway toll charges table. In many jurisdictions it is legally required that charges be openly disclosed. Shown here is the toll charges table at Doudian exit on the Jingshi Expressway in southwest Beijing. (Autumn 2004 image)

Costs

The total costs of the national expressway network are estimated to be 2 trillion yuan (some US$300 billion as rate in 2016). From 2005 to 2010, the annual investment was planned to run from 140 billion to 150 billion yuan (17 to 18 billion U.S. dollars), while from 2010 to 2020, the annual investment planned is to be around 100 billion yuan.[ citation needed ]

The construction fund will come from vehicle purchase tax, fees and taxes collected by local governments, state bonds, domestic investment and foreign investment. Unlike other freeway systems, almost all of the roads on the NTHS/"7918 Network" are toll roads that are largely financed by private companies under contract from provincial governments. The private companies raise money through bond and stock offerings and recover money through tolls. Examples of these companies include Huabei Expressway Co., Ltd., Northeast Expressway Co., Ltd., Hunan Changyong Expressway Co., Ltd., and Guangxi Wuzhou Transportation Co., Ltd. [12] [13] [14]

Efforts to impose a national gasoline tax to finance construction of the tollways met with opposition and it has been very difficult for both the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council to pass such a tax through the National People's Congress of China. [27] [28]

Tollways

China has an extensive tollway system, which composed of nearly all expressways as well as having around 70% of the world's tollways. [29] Tolls are roughly around CNY 0.5 per kilometer, and minimum rates (e.g. CNY 5) usually apply regardless of distance. However, some are more expensive (the Jinji Expressway costs around CNY 0.66 per kilometer) and some are less expensive (the Jingshi Expressway in Beijing costs around CNY 0.33 per kilometer). It is noteworthy that cheaper expressways do not necessarily mean poorer roads or a greater risk of traffic congestion.[ citation needed ]

Roads in Tibet and Hainan are all toll free. In Tibet, this is done to stimulate economic development, whereas in Hainan, the cost is covered by a provincial fuel tax, first instated in 1994. [30] [31] Tolls are waived nationwide during national holidays, such as Golden Week, and regionally for locally observed holidays. For example, Xinjiang makes all expressway travel free during Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.

Expressway planning is performed by the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China. Unlike the road networks in most nations, most Chinese expressways are not directly owned by the state, but rather are owned by for-profit corporations (which have varying amounts of public and private ownership) which borrow money from banks or securities markets based on revenue from projected tollways. Examples of these corporations include Huabei Expressway Co., Ltd., Northeast Expressway Co., Ltd., Hunan Changyong Expressway Co., Ltd., and Guangxi Wuzhou Transportation Co., Ltd. [12] [13] [14] One reason for this is that Chinese provinces, which are responsible for road building, have extremely limited powers to tax and even fewer powers to borrow.[ citation needed ]

Since the late-1990s, there were proposals to fund public highways by means of a fuel tax, but this was voted down by the National People's Congress. [27] [28]

China's tollways were criticized for having excessively high toll fees. [29] According to Zhongxin.com, by reducing toll fees, it will lead to logistic costs reductions, another problem encountered by the country's expressway system. [32] Reforms of the tollway system were planned by the National People's Congress with the inclusion of cost reduction of bridges. [33]

However, the toll system was also praised by the World Bank for encouraging construction/maintenance, discouraging overuse, and not unduly favouring roads over other forms of transportation like rail. [34]

Methods

Most expressways use a card system. Upon entrance to an expressway (or to a toll portion of the expressway), an entry card is handed over to the driver. The tolls to be paid are determined from the distance traveled when the driver hands the entry card back to the exit toll gate upon leaving the expressway. A small number of expressways do not use a card system but charge unitary fares. Passage through these expressways is relatively faster but it is economically less advantageous. An example of such an expressway would be the Jingtong Expressway. [35]

China is increasingly deploying a network of electronic toll collection (ETC) systems, and in the latest edition of expressway toll gate signage, a new ETC sign is now shown at an increasing number of toll gates. ETC networks based around Beijing, [36] Shanghai, [37] and Guangdong province [38] all feature either mixed toll passages supporting toll card payment or full-service dedicated ETC lanes. Beijing, in particular, has a dedicated ETC lane at almost all toll gates. [39] By 2019, 90% of traffic paid is expected to pay toll fees using the ETC system. [40]

City transit cards are not widely used; one of the first experiments with the Beijing Yikatong Card on what is now the Jingzang Expressway (G6) [41] went live for only a year before a new national standard replaced it in early 2008.[ citation needed ]

Numeric system and list by number

Expressways of China
Simplified Chinese 中国国家干线公路系统
Traditional Chinese 中國國家幹線公路系統
Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Guójiā Gànxiàn Gōnglù Xìtǒng
Literal meaningChina National Highway System
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Guójiā Gànxiàn Gōnglù Xìtǒng
Map of the National Expressway Network .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Radial line North-South line East-West line Zonal ring line (Dot line: Planned) China National Expressway Network.svg
Map of the National Expressway Network
  Radial line   North–South line East–West line
  Zonal ring line (Dot line: Planned)

G000 series

A previous system, the 1992 "five vertical + seven horizontal expressways" system, was used for arterial expressways and were, in essence, G0-series expressways (e.g. G020, G025). This was replaced by the present-day new numeric system (see below).

New numbering system

A new system, which dates from 2004 and began use on a nationwide level between late 2009 and early 2010, integrates itself into the present-day G-series number system. The present-day network announced in 2017, termed the 7, 11, 18 Network (also known as the National Trunk Highway System, NTHS), uses one, two or four digits in the G-series numbering system, leaving three-figured G roads as the China National Highways.

The new 7, 11, 18 Network is composed of

The network is additionally composed of connection expressways as well as regional and metropolitan ring expressways.

On a nationwide basis, expressways use the G prefix (short for "guojia" in Chinese meaning "national"), as well as the character "国家高速" (National Expressway, white letters on a red stripe on top of the sign). For regional expressways, the prefix S (short for "shengji" or "provincial") is used instead, as well as the one-character abbreviation of the province and "高速" (expressway, black letters on an orange-yellow stripe on top of the sign.) The same numbering system is used for both national and regional expressways.

Numbering rules

Signs using the new numbering system as seen on G1 Beijing-Harbin Expressway in Tianjin DFTianjinFwySignWP.jpg
Signs using the new numbering system as seen on G1 Beijing–Harbin Expressway in Tianjin
  • All expressways in this network begin with the letter G. (For regional expressways, the letter S is used instead.)
  • All expressways have a thin band on top of the sign. For national expressways, it will be red; for regional ones, it will be orange-yellow.
  • For radial expressways leaving from or ending in Beijing, use a single digit from 1 to 9 (e.g., G1, G2).
  • For north–south expressways, use an odd number from 11 to 89 (e.g., G11, G35).
  • For west–east expressways, use an even number from 10 to 90 (e.g., G20, G36).
  • For regional ring expressways in the 7, 11, 18 network, use numbers from 91 to 98. (e.g., G91, G93)
  • For metropolitan area ring expressways, use number 99 plus numbers from 01 to 12. (e.g., G9901, G9912)
  • For city ring expressways, use "0" plus an order number after the main line number, starting from the smallest possible number (e.g., G5001).
  • For connection expressways, use an odd numeral plus an order number after the main line (e.g., G9411).
  • For the parallel expressways running alongside primary ones, use an even numeral (except "0") plus an order number after the main line (e.g. G0422, here the corresponding main line with a single digit should follow a "0" to distinguish from CNH).

National Trunk Highway System Expressways

Regional Expressways

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Shanghai–Jiading Expressway was the first expressway to be built in Mainland China, excluding Taiwan (see Political status of Taiwan), as well as Hong Kong and Macau, which were under British and Portuguese control respectively at the time. If Taiwan is included, the first expressway to open in modern China was Taiwan's National Highway 1, known as the Zhongshan Expressway, which opened in 1974.
  2. ↑ Length of network as of 1 January of the respective year.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expressways of Guangdong</span> Expressway network in Guangdong Province of China

Expressways in Guangdong are a major form of transportation in Guangdong province. The network consists of national expressways assigned by National Trunk Highway System in China and provincial expressways assigned by Guangdong Expressway system. Expressways in Guangdong usually need a fare of 0.45 CNY/km for a private car due to the provincial standard, while more needed for a larger vehicle. Speed limits also vary with the type of vehicles that usually ranged from 60–120 km/h (37–75 mph).

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">G3002 Xi'an Ring Expressway</span> Road in China

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">G4218 Ya'an–Kargilik Expressway</span> Expressway in China

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">G4512 Shuangliao–Nenjiang Expressway</span> Expressway in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces of China

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">G1501 Shenyang Ring Expressway</span> Expressway in Shenyang, China

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The G4515 Chifeng–Suizhong Expressway, also referred to as the Chisui Expressway, is an under construction expressway in China that connects Chifeng, Inner Mongolia to Suizhong County, Liaoning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">G3511 Heze–Baoji Expressway</span> Road in China

The G3511 Heze–Baoji Expressway, also referred to as the Hebao Expressway, is an expressway in China that connects the cities of Heze, Shandong to Baoji, Shaanxi.

The G0323 Jining–Hefei Expressway, also referred to as the Jihe Expressway, is an expressway in China that connects Jining, Shandong to Hefei, Anhui.

The G0311 Jinan–Liaocheng Expressway, also referred to as the S1 Jiliao Expressway, is an under construction expressway in China that connects Jinan, Shandong to Handan, Hebei.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">G0613 Xining–Lijiang Expressway</span> Road in China

The G0613 Xining–Lijiang Expressway, also referred to as the Xili Expressway, is an under construction expressway in China that connects Xining, Qinghai to Lijiang, Yunnan.

The G1817 Wuhai–Yinchuan Expressway, also referred to as the Wuyin Expressway, is an expressway in China that connects Wuhai, Inner Mongolia to Yinchuan, Ningxia.

The G1519 Nantong–Rudong Expressway, also referred to as the Tongru Expressway, is an under construction expressway in Jiangsu, China that will connect Nantong to Yangkou Port. The original provincial expressway number was S15 until it was upgraded to a national expressway in July 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">G0424 Beijing–Wuhan Expressway</span> Road in China

The G0424 Beijing–Wuhan Expressway, also referred to as the Jingwu Expressway, is an under construction expressway in China that will connect Beijing to Wuhan, Hubei via Zhengzhou, Henan. The expressway is fully completed in Beijing and Hubei while a few sections in Hebei and Henan still remain under construction.

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