Mahavira Hall

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Mahavira Hall
(2024) Mahavira Hall, Jade Buddha Temple, Shanghai - img 01.jpg
Mahavira Hall of Jade Buddha Temple, Shanghai
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A Mahavira Hall, usually simply known as a Main Hall, is the main hall or building in a traditional Chinese Buddhist temple, enshrining representations of Gautama Buddha and various other buddhas and bodhisattvas. [1] [2] It is encountered throughout East Asia. In Chinese Buddhist temples, they are usually termed the Daxiong Baodian or Daxiongbao Hall. In Japanese Ōbaku Zen Buddhist temples, they are usually termed the Daiyū Hōden. In Korean Buddhist temples, they are usually termed the Daeungjeon. In Vietnamese Buddhist temples, they are usually termed the Dai Hung Buu Dien.

Names

From their importance and use, they are often simply known in English as the temples' "Main" or "Great Halls". The term "Mahavira Hall", also encountered as "Mahāvīra Hall" or "Hall of the Mahāvīra", is a reverse translation, employing the original Sanskrit term in place of its Chinese or English equivalent. They are also known as the Precious Hall of the Great Hero, the Hall of Great Strength, or the Daxiongbao Hall. Less often, a main hall is called an "adytum", after the equivalent area in Greco-Roman temples. [3] It is also sometimes misunderstood as the "Great, Powerful, and Precious Palace". [4]

China

The Mahavira Hall is typically the main hall of most Chinese Buddhist temple. [5] [6] [7] In most temples, the Mahavira Hall is generally located in the north of the Heavenly King Hall and serves as the core architecture of the whole temple and also a place for monks to practice. [5] [6] [7] During the historical development of Chinese Buddhist architecture, temples were originally generally arranged in a courtyard style, with the main hall or pagoda at the center, surrounded by corridors. This was predominantly seen in temples established during the Northern and Southern dynasties (420-589), the Sui dynasty (581-618) and the Tang dynasty (618-907). By the Song dynasty (960-1279), Chinese Buddhist temples began to adopt a longitudinal axis layout, with the main halls arranged along a central axis, and side halls on the left and right in front of each hall, forming a three- or four-sided layout. The Mahavira Hall replaced the pagoda as the central element of the temple architecture, and pagodas were mostly built in the rear courtyard or on either side of the main hall.

Many Mahavira Halls enshrine Śākyamuni, the founder of Buddhism, together along with other Buddhas and Buddhist figures. [5] [6] [7] Śākyamuni statues enshrined in the Mahavira Hall have three modeling postures. [5] [6] [7] The first is sitting in the lotus posture with the left hand placing on the left foot and the right hand dropping naturally, representing that he has sacrificed all he has for people before he becomes Buddha. [5] [6] [7] All these can only be proved by the ground. [5] [6] [7] This posture of the statues is called "posture of becoming Buddha" (成道相). [5] [6] [7] The second is sitting in the lotus posture with the left hand placing on the left foot and the right hand's finger ringing. [5] [6] [7] This is called "posture of preaching" (說法相), showing his postures when preaching. [5] [6] [7] The third is a standing Buddha with the left hand dropping, signifying the hope that all people can fulfill their wishes, and the right hand stretching arm, indicating all people can relieve their sufferings. [5] [6] [7] This posture is called "Sandalwood Buddha" (旃檀佛相). [5] [6] [7] Usually two disciples' statues are placed next to the statue of Śākyamuni, the older is called "Mahakassapa" and the middle-aged is called "Ānanda". [5] [6] [7]

Three statues of Bodhisattva facing the north are also usually enshrined behind the central statues . [5] [6] [7] They are Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva riding a lion, Samantabhadra Bodhisattva riding a white elephant and Guanyin Bodhisattva riding a dragon. [5] [6] [7] Some temples also set island scene behind Śākyamuni's statue and only enshrine the statue Guanyin Bodhisattva with a clean vase of water and a willow branch in it. [5] [6] [7]

Other popular groupings of Buddhist figures are also frequently enshrined as the central images on the main altar in the Mahavira Hall. One example is the Five Tathāgatas (五方佛), an esoteric grouping consisting of the heads of the Five Buddha Families: Mahāvairocana, Amitābha, Amoghasiddhi, Ratnasambhava and Akshobhya. Another example is the Three Noble Ones of Huayan (華嚴三聖), consisting of Vairocana or Śākyamuni, Mañjuśrī and Samantabhadra. Another example is the Three Noble Ones of the Sahā World (娑婆三聖), consisting of Śākyamuni, Guanyin and Ksitigarbha. Another example is the Buddhas of the Three Realms (三世佛), consisting of Śākyamuni in the center, Amitābha in the west and Bhaisajyaguru or Akshobhya in the east. In addition, other revered figures such as Sariputra, Maudgalyayana, the Eighteen Arhats or the Twenty-Four Protective Deities may also be enshrined on the left and right walls of the hall flanking the central statues.

Japan

Mahavira Halls in Japan emerged through cultural exchange, notably with the founding of Manpuku-ji in Uji, Kyoto in 1661 by the Chinese monk Yinyuan Longqi (Ingen Ryūki), who founded the Ōbaku Zen tradition of Japanese Buddhism. Designed in the Ming dynasty style, Manpuku-ji's Mahavira Hall is built with keyaki (zelkova) wood, featuring symmetrical layouts and peach-shaped carvings to ward off evil, and was designated a National Treasure in 2024. Most Ōbaku Zen-affiliated temples that were later built after the founding of Manpuku-ji also feature similar architectural stylings, including the Mahavira Hall. Like in many Chinese temples, the Mahavira Hall in many Ōbaku Zen temples also typically enshrine Śākyamuni as the central image, which reflects the heavy influence of Ming dynasty Chinese Buddhist culture on Ōbaku Zen practices.

Korea

In Korea, the construction of Mahavira Halls dates to the Unified Silla period (668–935), as exemplified at Tongdosa in South Gyeongsang Province. The current structure was rebuilt in 1644 during the Joseon dynasty. It stands on a 1-meter-high stone platform with a unique T-shaped roof and deep eaves supported by multiple brackets. Unlike other halls, it functions as a Diamond Precept Platform, housing Buddha's relics and a robe brought by monk Jajang from China instead of statues. Tongdosa's Mahavira Hall, designated National Treasure No. 290, underscores the role of relics in Korean Buddhist worship.

Vietnam

Vietnamese Mahavira Halls blend local and foreign influences, seen in temples like Bích Động in Ninh Binh Province (later Lê dynasty, 1428–1789) and Tây An in An Giang Province (1847). Bích Động's Mahavira Hall, a five-bay, double-eaved structure, nestles into limestone cliffs, while Tây An's two-story hall combines Vietnamese carvings with Indian-inspired domes. Both enshrine Śākyamuni Buddha statues, often intricately carved from wood. These sites, recognized as national cultural relics, highlight Vietnam's adaptive temple architecture.

Examples

See also

References

  1. ↑ Fotopoulou, Sophia (15 September 2002). "The Layout of a Typical Chinese Buddhist Temple". Newsfinder.org. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  2. ↑ 佛法教学的 [The Art of Buddha Teaching] (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  3. ↑ Thomson, John (1874), Illustrations of China and Its People: A Series of Two Hundred Photographs with Letterpress Descriptive of the Places and People Represented, Vol. I, London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low, & Searle, Honam Temple, Canton.
  4. ↑ Wright, G.N. (1843), China, in a Series of Views, Displaying the Scenery, Architecture, and Social Habits, of that Ancient Empire, Vol. III, London: illustrated by Thomas Allom for Fisher, Son, & Co., p.  66 .
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Zi Yan (1 August 2012). Famous Temples in China. Beijing: Time Publishing and Media Co., Ltd. pp. 31–33. ISBN   978-7-5461-3146-7.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Wei Ran (1 June 2012). Buddhist Buildings. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press. ISBN   9787112142880.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Han Xin (1 April 2006). Well-Known Temples of China. Shanghai: The Eastern Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN   7506024772.
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