| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
| | |
| Location | Yangsan, Republic of Korea |
| Criteria | Cultural: iii |
| Reference | 1562-1 |
| Inscription | 2018 (42nd Session) |
| Coordinates | 35°29′16″N129°3′52″E / 35.48778°N 129.06444°E |
| Tongdosa | |
| Hangul | 통도사 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Tongdosa |
| McCune–Reischauer | T'ongdosa |
Tongdosa (Korean : 통도사;lit. Salvation of the World through Mastery of Truth) [1] is a head temple of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism and in the southern part of Mt. Chiseosan [2] near Yangsan,South Gyeongsang Province,South Korea.
Tongdosa is one of the Three Jewels Temples and represents Gautama Buddha. (Haeinsa,also in South Gyeongsang Province,represents the dharma or Buddhist teachings;and Songgwangsa in South Jeolla Province represents the sangha or Buddhist community.)
Tongdosa is famous because there are no statues outside [3] of the Buddha at the temple because the "real shrines of the Buddha" (relics) are preserved at Tongdosa. [2] Courtyards at the temple are arrayed around several pagodas that house the Buddha's relics. [3]
Tongdosa was established by the monk Jajang-yulsa after returning from Tang China in 646 AD, [3] during the reign of Queen Seondeok of Silla. It thrived throughout the Later Silla and Goryeo periods (918-1392),when Buddhism was the state religion,and remained strong even during Joseon.
Tongdosa is reputed to house several relics of the Buddha himself,including a robe,a begging bowl,and a bone from his skull, [3] all relics that Jajang-yulsa brought back from the travels to Tang China he undertook in 636 to study with ten other monks.
Only one building,the Mahavira Hall (main Dharma worship hall),survived the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) in the late 16th century;the other buildings were rebuilt later that period. In the mid 15th century at the height of its prosperity,Tongdosa is said to have had hundreds of buildings and thousands of monks. [3] For over 1,300 years Tongdosa's Beopdeung (temple candle) has never gone out. [2]
Legend has it that at the time of Tongdosa's founding there were nine evil dragons living in a big pond. Jajang-yulsa enjoined the dragons to leave by reciting a magic texts. They refused to leave so Jajang-yulsa inscribed the Chinese character for fire on a sheet of paper and tossed it skyward while using his long stick to splash the pond.
The water began to boil. The dragons could not endure the heat so three tried to escape and flew off,became disoriented,and died by colliding into a cliff called Yonghyeolam ("dragon blood rock"). Five of the dragons flew southwest into a valley now called Oryonggok ("five dragon valley").
The last dragon,blinded by the heat,made a vow to Jajang-yulsa that if he spared his life and allowed him to stay in the pond forever,the blind dragon would always guard the temple. Jajang-yulsa granted the dragon's request and the dragon was allowed to stay as protector of the temple. [4] [5] Nine Dragons Pond,now called Guryongji,still stands beside the main temple hall. [6]
Korea's largest temple,Tongdosa,is often called "the temple without a Buddha" because it contains no outdoor statues of the Buddha;rather it is arranged around several stupas which contain Jajang-yulsa's relics of the historical Buddha.
The road that meanders up to the temple wanders through a forest called "Pine trees dancing in the wind". [1] 65 buildings separately house a shrine for virtually every major Buddhist deity. The temple does not seem especially large because many of the buildings are dispersed throughout the surrounding mountainside. 13 hermitages can be found on the temple complex grounds. [7] The buildings are varied in architectural style with many left unpainted or faded. One of the buildings contains a fine mural depicting a boat escorting the deceased into paradise. [1]
A museum on the temple grounds displays an excellent collection of artwork. Today at this temple there are 19 local treasures and 794 local cultural properties. [2]
Approaching the entrance the first bridge one sees is Samseongbanwol —Three Arch Bridge —meaning three stars and a half moon,sometimes also called the One Mind Bridge. The Chinese character is composed of four strokes;when applying the strokes to the name of the bridge,the long stroke stands for a half moon and the others,three stars. [8]
The first gate to the temple,Iljumun,is called the One-Pillar Gate because when viewed from the side the gate appears to be supported by a single pillar. This symbolizes the support of the world and the one true path of enlightenment. Iljumun is the boundary between the spiritual world and the secular world. [9]
The following gate is the Gate of the Guardians of the Four Directions or Four Heavenly Kings,each of whom watches over one cardinal direction. They are the protectors of the world and fighters of evil,each able to command a legion of supernatural creatures to protect the Dharma (Buddhist teachings).
Next comes the third gate of the temple,Purimun,known as the Gate of Non-Duality. The world across this gate is one of non-duality,where there is no distinction between the Buddha and human beings,being and non-being,good and evil,and fullness and emptiness. [10] During Purimun's long history the gate has been rebuilt many times.
The present Gate of Non-Duality was constructed in the late Joseon Dynasty and was built to line up straight with the One Pillar Gate,Guardian Gate,and Daeungjeon (main Dharma hall). The gate of Non-Duality is the left most structure in the first picture at the top of the page.
Purimun,the Gate of Non-Duality,is designated South Gyeongsang Provincial Tangible Cultural Property #252. [11]
Tongdosa is one of five temples in Korea,known as Jeokmyeolbogung,which enshrine the relics of the Buddha that Jajang-yulsa returned from China. Tongdosa is the ‘Buddha Jewel Temple’because it enshrines Sari Jinsin (the Buddha’s relics) in the Geumgang Gyedan (Diamond Altar),a platform for the ceremony prevailing Buddhist precepts,behind Daeungjeon (main Dharma Hall). [9]
There is no image of the Buddha or Bodhisattvas,as is typically found in a worship hall,in Tongdosa. Instead a Buddhist altar that spans east to west inside along the front with a window,in the place of a Buddha image,looks out on the Geumgang Gyedan (Diamond Altar). [5]
Tongdosa's Daeungjeon is National Treasure #290.
Buddhist temples are an important part of the Korean landscape. Most Korean temples have names ending in -sa, which means "monastery" in Sino-Korean. Many temples participate in the Templestay program, where visitors can experience Buddhist culture and even stay at the temple overnight.
The Three Jewels Temples are the three principal Buddhist temples in Korea, each representing one of the Three Jewels of Buddhism, and all located in South Korea.
Bulguksa (Korean: 불국사) is a Buddhist temple on Tohamsan, in Jinhyeon-dong, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea.

The Jogye Order, officially the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism, is the representative order of traditional Korean Buddhism, with roots that date back 1200 years ago to the Late Silla National Master Doui, who brought Seon and the practice taught by the Sixth Patriarch, Huineng, from China around 820 CE. The name of the Order, Jogye, was adopted from the name of the village where Patriarch Huineng's home temple, Nanhua Temple, is located.
Jajang (590–658) was a monk born Kim Seonjong, into the royal Kim family, in the kingdom of Silla. He is credited with founding the temple of Tongdosa in 646 CE, near in what is now Busan, South Korea, and played a significant role in the adoption of Buddhism as the national religion of Silla. His biography is told in the anthology of Korean Buddhism: "Jogye Culture Web", Vol 10.
Beomeosa is one of the head temples of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism in Cheongnyeongnopo-dong, Geumjeong District, Busan, South Korea. Built on the slopes of the mountain Geumjeongsan, it is one of the country's best known temples.
Jogyesa is the chief temple of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. The building dates back to the late 14th century and became the order's chief temple in 1936. It thus plays a leading role in the current state of Seon Buddhism in South Korea. The temple was first established in 1395, at the dawn of the Joseon Dynasty; the modern temple was founded in 1910 and initially called "Gakhwangsa". The name was changed to "Taegosa" during the period of Japanese rule, and then to the present name in 1954.
Jikjisa is a head temple of the Jogye Order of Seon Buddhism. It is located on the slopes of Hwangaksan in Daehang-myeon, Gimcheon, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It may be one of the oldest temples in South Korea.
Magoksa is a head temple of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism in Gongju, South Korea. It is located on the eastern slope of Taehwasan, on taegeuk-shaped bend in the Taegeukcheon Stream.
Woljeongsa (Korean: 월정사) is a head temple of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism, located on the eastern slopes of Odaesan in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea. Woljeongsa was founded in 643 by the Silla monk Jajang.
Hwaeomsa is a head temple of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. It is located on the slopes of Jirisan, in Masan-myeon, Gurye County, in South Jeolla Province, South Korea.
Baekdamsa is a Buddhist temple in Inje County, Gangwon province, South Korea.It was originally built in the 7th century, but due to war and natural disasters, the temple has been rebuilt numerous times since then. The present version was completed in 1957. Additionally, the name has also changed over time. Originally called Hangyesa, the new name reflects the "100 pits from Daecheongbong Peak to the temple".
Giác Lâm Temple is a historic Buddhist temple in Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city in Vietnam. Built in 1744, it is one of the oldest temples in the city. It was officially listed as a historical site by the Vietnamese Department of Culture on November 16, 1988, under Decision 1288 VH/QD. The temple is located at 565 Lạc Long Quân, Ward 10, Tân Bình district, near Phú Thọ Hòa region of the city. It stands on Cẩm Sơn, and is also known as Cẩm Đệm and Sơn Can.
The Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum is a Buddhist temple and museum complex located in the Chinatown district of Singapore. The temple's monastics and devotees officially practice Chinese Buddhism.
Songgwangsa, one of the three jewels of Seon Buddhism, is located in South Jeolla Province on Mount Jogye on the Korean Peninsula. Situated approximately 18 miles (29 km) away from the sea, it is within the Jogyesan Provincial Park.
Seonam Temple, or Seonamsa, is a Korean Buddhist temple on the eastern slope at the west end of Jogyesan Provincial Park, within the northern Seungjumyeon District of the city of Suncheon, South Jeolla Province, South Korea. It belongs to the Taego Order although the Jogye Order claims possession over it.
Ssangbongsa (Korean: 쌍봉사), or Ssangbong Temple, is part of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism located in rural Jeung Village, Iyang Township, Hwasun County, South Jeolla Province, South Korea.
According to the Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta, after attaining parinirvana, the body of Buddha was cremated and the ashes divided among his lay followers.
Samhwasa is a Buddhist temple located in Gangwon, South Korea, affiliated with the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. Founded in 642 by Ven. Jajang Yulsa, the temple has undergone various transformations and played significant roles throughout Korean history. Its initial establishment as Heungnyeondae, later evolving into Samgongam Hermitage, reflects its shift from a doctrinal to a Seon School. The temple has been intricately linked with historical events, including prayers by Wang Geon for unification, and the water and land Ceremony following the establishment of Joseon. Despite suffering damages due to natural disasters and conflicts, including a fire set by the Japanese army in 1907, Samhwasa has been rebuilt and preserved, housing numerous cultural relics and national treasures. These include a Three-Story Stone Pagoda and an Iron Seated Rocana Buddha with significant historical and linguistic importance, showcasing the temple's cultural and historical significance in Korea.
Daewonsa is a Buddhist temple of the Jogye Order in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea.