The number of Shinto shrines in Japan today has been estimated at more than 150,000.[1] Single structure shrines are the most common. Shrine buildings might also include oratories (in front of main sanctuary), purification halls, offering halls called heiden (between honden and haiden), dance halls, stone or metal lanterns, fences or walls, torii and other structures.[2] The term "National Treasure" has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897.[3] The definition and the criteria have changed since the inception of the term. The shrine structures in this list were designated national treasures when the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties was implemented on June 9, 1951. As such they are eligible for government grants for repairs, maintenance and the installation of fire-prevention facilities and other disaster prevention systems. Owners are required to announce any changes to the National Treasures such as damage or loss and need to obtain a permit for transfer of ownership or intended repairs.[4] The items are selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology based on their "especially high historical or artistic value".[5][6] This list presents 42[nb 1][nb 2] entries of national treasure shrine structures from 12th-century Classical Heian period to the early modern 19th-century Edo period. The number of structures listed is actually more than 42, because in some cases groups of related structures are combined to form a single entry. The structures include main halls (honden), oratories (haiden), gates, offering halls (heiden), purification halls (haraedono) and other structures associated with shrines.[6]
The practice of marking sacred areas began in Japan as early as the Yayoi period (from about 500BC to 300AD) originating from primal religious beliefs. Features in the landscape such as rocks, waterfalls, islands, and especially mountains, were places believed to be capable of attracting kami, and subsequently were worshiped as yorishiro.[7] Originally, sacred places may have been simply marked with a surrounding fence and an entrance gate or torii.[8] Later, temporary structures similar to present day portable shrines[9] were constructed to welcome the gods to the sacred place, which eventually evolved into permanent buildings that were dedicated to the gods. Ancient shrines were constructed according to the style of dwellings (Izumo Taisha)[7][10] or storehouses (Ise Grand Shrine).[7][8] The buildings had gabled roofs, raised floors, plank walls, and were thatched with reed or covered with hinoki cypress bark.[8] Such early shrines did not include a space for worship.[7] Three important forms of ancient shrine architectural styles exist: taisha-zukuri,[ex 1]shinmei-zukuri[ex 2] and sumiyoshi-zukuri.[ex 3][1][9] They are exemplified by Izumo Taisha, Nishina Shinmei Shrine and Sumiyoshi Taisha,[11] respectively, and date from before 552AD.[12] According to the tradition of Shikinen sengū-sai (式年遷宮祭), the buildings or shrines were faithfully rebuilt at regular intervals adhering to the original design. In this manner, ancient styles have been replicated through the centuries to the present day.[nb 3][10][13][14]
Beginning in the mid-6th century, as Buddhism was brought to Japan from Baekje, new styles of shrine architecture were introduced; today's Shinto shrine blueprint is of Buddhist origin.[15] The concept of temples as a place of assembly was applied to shrines. Spaces for worship were added in the form of extended roofs or worship halls (haiden) in addition to the main hall (honden).[7] The following stylistic elements of Buddhist temple architecture were assimilated and applied to Japanese shrines: column-base stones,[nb 4]brackets, curved roofs, painted surfaces, metal ornaments, corridors and pagodas.[7][8][16] At the end of the 8th century as architectural styles evolved, new elements were added as is evident in kasuga-zukuri[ex 4] (Kasuga Shrine and Hakusandō/Kasugadō at Enjō-ji), the flowing roof or nagare-zukuri[ex 5] (Shimogamo Shrine), hachiman-zukuri[ex 6] (Usa Shrine) and hiyoshi-zukuri[ex 7] (Hiyoshi Taisha).[17][18] The nagare-zukuri continues to be the more popular style, followed by the kasuga-zukuri.[7][14] The honden of Ujigami Shrine dates to this period.[19] At the end of the Heian periodtorii and fences were commonly replaced with two-storied gates and grand colonnades copied from temple architecture. The influence of the residential shinden-zukuri style of palaces and mansions is apparent in shrines such as Itsukushima Shrine.[20]
The 42[nb 1][nb 2] entries in the list consist of the following: main halls (honden), combined structures of honden, haiden with or without an ai-no-ma or heiden in between, oratories (haiden), offering halls (heiden), corridors, gates, fences, purification halls and other halls that are related to a shrine.
Map showing the location of shrine National Treasures in Japan
The table's columns (except for Remarks and Images) are sortable pressing the arrow symbols.
Name: name of the structure as registered in the Database of National Cultural Properties[6][nb 1][nb 2]
Shrine: name of the shrine in which the structure is located
Remarks: architecture and general remarks including
size measured in ken, or distance between pillars; "m×n" denotes the length (m) and width (n) of the structure, each measured in ken
architectural style (zukuri) and type of roofing
existence of bargeboards, forked roof finials (chigi), step canopies, etc
Date: period and year of the last major reconstruction; The column entries sort by year. If only a period is known, they sort by the start year of that period.
Location: "town-name prefecture-name"; The column entries sort as "prefecture-name town-name".
Images: picture of the structure; If the image shows more than one structure, the respective structure is indicated by a blue rectangle.
Honden: 5×5, irimoya style[ex 8] with a 1 ken step canopy on the back side; ishi-no-ma (石の間): 3×1, ryōsage style;[ex 9] Haiden: 9×4 (7ken along the front facade), irimoya style,[ex 8] front with a chidori hafubargeboard[ex 10] and a 3ken step canopy with a nokikarahafu gable.[ex 11] All three structures are single-storied and have copper-tile roofing.
3×2, two-storied sangen-ikko (三間一戸) gate in irimoya style[ex 8] with nokikarahafu gables[ex 11] in every direction, copper-tile roofing, more than 500 carvings of historical anecdotes, children at play, wise men and others, connected to the Tōzai Kairō on either side
36 and 54ken long semi-enclosed corridors with colored carvings of flowers and bird in fretwork technique, extending to either side of the Yōmeimon gate, irimoya style[ex 8] with copper-tile roofing
1×1, Chinese style gate decorated with white carvings, single-storied, with a karahafu style[ex 13] roof with copper-tile roofing, connected to the Tōzai Sukibei fence on either side
Okuden (奥殿): 3×3, irimoya style[ex 8] with nokikarahafu gables[ex 11] on the sides, nokikarahafu and chidori hafu[ex 10] gables at the back, 1ken step canopy; Chūden (中殿): 3×1, ryōsage style;[ex 9] Haiden: 5×3, irimoya style, front with a chidori hafubargeboard and a 3ken step canopy with a nokikarahafu gable. All three structures are single storied and have copper-tile roofing. They form a gongen style[ex 12] complex.
1760mid Edo period, 1744 (Okuden), 1756 (Haiden), 1760 (Chūden)
3×3, single-storied, flowing roof style[ex 5] with a 1ken step canopy, covered with hinoki cypress bark shingles. The structure houses the National Treasure Shinra Myōjin Zazō (新羅明神坐像), a sculpture of the deity that protects Mii-dera, Shinra Myōjin.
3×3, single-storied, irimoya style[ex 8] roof with a 1ken step canopy covered by hinoki cypress bark shingles. Notably excellent technique for the construction, transom and doors
3×3, single-storied, irimoya style[ex 8] with nokikarahafu gables[ex 11] at the front and back side, surrounding eaves and step canopy are 1ken, 60 decorative ceiling paintings of flowers in gold paint by Kanō Mitsunobu
Honden: 11ken wide, hachiman style,[ex 6] consisting of naiden (内殿) in kirizuma style[ex 16] and geden (外殿) in flowing roof style,;[ex 5]Sessha Takeuchi Shrine Honden: kirizuma style, behind the main Honden in the north-west; Mizugaki; Heiden with Buden: offering hall and hall for bugaku and kagura dance, kirizuma style; Rōmon; East Gate (Higashi-mon): kirizuma style; West Gate (Nishi-mon): kirizuma style; Kairō (3 parts): irimoya style,.[ex 8] all structures with hinoki cypress bark shingles except for the Kairō, the east and west gates which have hongawarabuki roofing.[ex 17]
Honden: 5×4, irimoya style[ex 8] with a 3ken aisle on the right side, covered with hinoki cypress bark shingles Room of Stone: 3×1, ryōsage style,[ex 9] covered with hinoki cypress bark Haiden: 7×3, irimoya style[ex 8] with a chidori hafubargeboard[ex 10] on the front and a 7ken step canopy Music Chamber: length 2ken at the front, 3ken at the back, width: 2ken, irimoya style[ex 8] on one end, connected to the haiden, covered with hinoki cypress bark shingles All four structures are single-storied. This is the oldest extant gongen style[ex 12] complex. It was founded in the 10th century.
4×2, oldest example of the sumiyoshi style[ex 3] covered by hinoki cypress bark shingles. The shrine consists of four identical structures (positioned in "L"-shape), each 4.8m ×8m (16ft ×26ft).
consists of four 1×1 shrine buildings 1.83m ×2.64m (6.0ft ×8.7ft) in kasuga style[ex 4] aligned in east–west direction on a grid frame, covered with hinoki cypress bark shingles; founded around mid 8th century, present form from beginning of Heian period, regularly demolished and reconstructed at 20-year intervals until 1863. It is part of the World Heritage SiteHistoric Monuments of Ancient Nara.
two identical structures, each: 1×1, kasuga style[ex 4] with hinoki cypress bark shingles, together these are the oldest extant structures in the kasuga style
2×2, taisha style[ex 1] with hinoki cypress bark shingles; 10.9m ×10.9m (36ft ×36ft) and 24m (79ft) high (originally 48m (157ft)), slightly curved roof, three ridge billets, believed to have been the house of Ōkuninushi
Honden: 5ken long (7 on the back), 8ken wide, hiyoku irimoya style[ex 20] Haiden: 3×1, kirizuma style,[ex 16] connected to the rear of the honden roof, pent roof on three sides covered with hongawarabuki roofing[ex 17] Both structures are single-storied and covered with hinoki cypress bark shingles. At 14.5m ×17.9m (48ft ×59ft), the largest shrine structure in Japan
45ken long, single-storied, kirizuma style[ex 16] roof with hinoki cypress bark shingles. Extends from the entrance of Itsukushima Shrine past the Marōdo Shrine and the Asazaya to the purification hall of the main shrine. The shrine is a World Heritage Site.
9 bay wide structure consisting of five concatenated buildings under a single flowing roof,[ex 5] covered with hinoki cypress bark shingles, the front roof has five dormers with chidori hafubargeboards[ex 10]
7×3, single-storied, yosemune style[ex 22] with a 1 ken step canopy and a karahafu gable,[ex 13]thatched roof for the main building and copper-tile roof for the step canopy, connected in the north to the heiden
hachiman style[ex 6], where both "buildings" are single-storied kirizuma style[ex 16] with hinoki cypress bark shingles. The rear part, called nai-in (内院), is 3×2, the front part, called ge-in (外院) is 3×1 with a 1 ken step canopy.
For an explanation of terms concerning Shinto, shrines and shrine architecture, see the glossary of Shinto.
Notes
Architecture
1 2 3 (taisha-zukuri, 大社造): oldest style of shrine architecture resembling ancient dwellings. The honden is 2ken×2ken, raised above the ground and has a veranda and roofed stairs leading directly to the entrance on the gable side. They are decorated with forked finials (chigi).[77]
1 2 (shinmei-zukuri, 神明造): ancient style of Shinto shrine architecture consisting of a small structure, that is either 3ken×2ken or 1ken×1ken, raised several steps above ground level surrounded by a railed veranda. Generally it has a simple gable roof with forked finials called chigi. The entrance is on a side parallel to the ridge.[14][34]
1 2 (sumiyoshi-zukuri, 住吉造): ancient style of Shinto shrine honden consisting of a 4ken×2ken structure with a front and rear room. It has a straight gable roof with overhanging eaves and an entrance on the front gable side.[14][64]
1 2 3 4 (kasuga-zukuri, 春日造): a shrine style resembling that of Kasuga Taisha with (generally) a small 1ken×1ken honden. The roof is gabled and has an attached pent roof covering the entrance stairway which is located on the gable side. This is, next to the nagare-zukuri, the second most common style of shrine architecture.[14][66]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (nagare-zukuri, 流造): gable roof with a slightly curved short rear roof and a long deeply curved front roof covering both the step-canopy and pent roof over the veranda and steps. The entrance is on the long side, the side parallel to the ridge. The building's width is between one and eleven ken. This is the most common style of shrine architecture.[14][88]
1 2 3 (hachiman-zukuri, 八幡造): a style of shrine architecture characterised by a structure which appears from the side as two separate buildings with their gabled roofs joined by a rain gutter. The space between the buildings is enclosed and 1ken wide. The entrances are in the center of each building on the side parallel to the ridges. The front structure is the outer sanctuary (外殿, gai-den), that at the rear the inner sanctuary (内殿, nai-den). Together they form the main hall (honden).[14][94]
1 2 3 (hiyoshi-zukuri or hie-zukuri, 日吉造): a style unique to the main buildings of Hiyoshi Taisha. From the front, the building appears like a 5ken wide structure with hip-and-gable irimoya style roof and an entrance from the central step canopy. From the side, the eave appears shorn off midway giving the rear roof a trapezoidal form. The core of the building is 3ken×2ken to which 1 ken wide aisles are added on three sides making it a 5ken×3ken structure.[14][46]
1 2 3 (gongen-zukuri, 権現造): a complex style where the honden is joined with the haiden through a low intermediate roofed passageway called ai-no-ma (相の間), ishi-no-ma (石の間) or chūden (中殿).[14][30]
1 2 3 4 5 (karahafu, 唐破風): an undulating bargeboard flowing downwards from the top center with convex curves on each side that change to concave curves which either level off or turn upward at the ends.[29]
↑ (mokoshi, 裳階): a pent roof enclosure, generally one ken deep.[32]
1 2 (shikyakumon, 四脚門): a single-storied gate with two main pillars in line with the ridge of the roof and a pair of supporting square posts ("legs") on either side. Generally with a gabled roof.[35]
1 2 3 (hongawarabuki, 本瓦葺): a tile roof composed of flat broad concave tiles and semi-cylindrical convex tiles covering the seams of the former.[62]
↑ (gion-zukuri, 祇園造) or (yasaka-zukuri, 八坂造): a complicated floor plan consisting of a 5×2 core (moya) surrounded by a 1 bay deep hisashi and other aisles added. It also includes an oratory (haiden) perhaps reflecting the strong influence of esoteric Buddhism on Shrine architecture.[59][60]
↑ (tochibuki, 栩葺): type of board roofing whereby circa 1–3cm (0.39–1.18in) thick and 60cm (24in) long boards are split and laid down with considerable overlap.[14][78]
↑ (hiyoku irimoya-zukuri, 比翼入母屋造): a hip-and-gable roof exemplified by the one of Kibitsu Shrine with the main ridges of the roof parallel to the long side of the honden and ridges perpendicular to the main ridge creating two gables on each side of the ridge.[14][80]
1 2 (ryōnagare-zukuri, 両流造): a style of honden architecture characterised by a gable roof with a long curved flowing roof line on both sides unlike the nagare style which has a short curved roof on the back and a long curved roof on the front.[14][84]
1 2 3 (yosemune-zukuri, 寄棟造): a hipped roof where the front and back are trapezoidal and the sides triangular in shape; in Japan generally used for buildings of less importance.[90]
General
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 The National Treasure structures of Itsukushima Shrine are interconnected and registered as a single National Treasure under one registration number. Only in the main treasure table of this article, the single entry is split in parts for readability.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The National Treasure structures of Aoi Aso Shrine are registered as a single National Treasure under one registration number. Only in the main treasure table of this article, the single entry is split in parts for readability.
↑ Two former ceiling boards are attached to the nomination.
↑ The following items are attached to the nomination:
road from the Deva gate to the shrine,
66 copper fire baskets for lanterns,
249 stone lanterns,
a stone fence,
one miniature shrine,
nine copper boxes with implements for the memorial service of the dead,
one munafuda (棟札) ridge tag with information on the building's construction.
↑ The following items are attached to the nomination:
a set of eleven implements for the Anchin-hō ceremony of Esoteric Buddhism
road approaching the shrine
two copper lanterns
a stone font for ritual cleansing
one munafuda (棟札) ridge tag with information on the building's construction
six two hanging lanterns
↑ The nomination includes a dais and a miniature shrine.
↑ Attached to the nomination is one miniature shrine.
↑ Eleven munafuda (棟札) ridge tags with information on the building's construction are attached to the nomination.
↑ One munafuda (棟札) ridge tag with information on the building's construction and one miniature shrine are attached to the nomination.
↑ One frog leg strut (蟇股) and four sangarado (桟唐戸), panelled entrance doors, are attached to the nomination.
↑ A total of eight subordinate shrine honden and a see-through fence are attached to the nomination.
1 2 3 Six munafuda (棟札) ridge tags with information on the building's construction are attached to the nomination.
↑ A mizugaki (瑞垣) fence with vertically set boards and a gate are included in the nomination.
↑ The nomination includes a see-through fence, torii and a mizugaki (瑞垣) fence with vertically set boards.
↑ The Aizen-dō (愛染堂) hall, 43 pieces of ancient lumber and one munafuda (棟札) ridge tag with information on the building's construction are attached to the nomination.
↑ The nomination includes the inner shrine (内殿) and one munafuda (棟札) ridge tag with information on the building's construction.
↑ The nomination includes an inner shrine and an ancient pillar called shin no mihashira (心御柱).
↑ The nomination includes two munafuda (棟札) ridge tags with information on the building's construction.
↑ The nomination includes the fence around the shrine and the left and right Naishi-bashi (内待橋), which are the bridges passed by women serving at the court (naishi) on their way to offer food for the gods.
four munafuda (棟札) ridge tags with information on the building's construction,
the High Stage (高舞台, takabutai) in front of the haraedono which is used for bugaku dance performances,
the Open Stage (平舞台, hirabutai) in front of the main shrine,
the left and right Kadomarōdo shrines (門客神社, kadomarōdojinja) located in front of the main shrine to either side of the hitasaki front lantern. The gate guards, toyoiwamado no kami (豊石窓神) and kushiiwamado no kami (櫛石窓神) are enshrined in them,
the left and right gakubō (楽房)gagaku dance music halls in front of the main shrine, one for each type of gagaku dance: "left dance" from India and the Tang dynasty, "right dance" from China and Korea.
↑ The nomination includes the fence around the shrine.
↑ 19 munafuda (棟札) ridge tags with information on the building's construction are attached to the nomination.
↑ Four munafuda (棟札) ridge tags with information on the building's construction and five miniature shrines (玉殿, gyokuden) are attached to the nomination.
↑ One munafuda (棟札) ridge tag with information on the building's construction and five inscription boards (銘札) are attached to the nomination.
Related Research Articles
A Shinto shrine is a structure whose main purpose is to house ("enshrine") one or more kami, the deities of the Shinto religion.
In Shinto shrine architecture, the honden, also called shinden (神殿), or sometimes shōden (昇殿) as in Ise Shrine's case, is the most sacred building at a Shinto shrine, intended purely for the use of the enshrined kami, usually symbolized by a mirror or sometimes by a statue. The building is normally in the rear of the shrine and closed to the general public. In front of it usually stands the haiden, or oratory. The haiden is often connected to the honden by a heiden, or hall of offerings.
Shinto architecture is the architecture of Japanese Shinto shrines.
Sumiyoshi-zukuri (住吉造) is an ancient Japanese Shinto shrine architectural style which takes its name from Sumiyoshi Taisha's honden in Ōsaka. As in the case of the taisha-zukuri and shinmei-zukuri styles, its birth predates the arrival of Buddhism in Japan.
Nishina Shinmei Shrine is a Shinto shrine in Ōmachi, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. The shrine is the oldest extant example of shinmei-zukuri, one of three architectural styles which were conceived before the arrival of Buddhism in Japan. It predates in fact the more famous Ise Shrine, which shares the style and has been since antiquity rebuilt every twenty years. It was ranked as a Prefectural Shrine under the Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines.
Chigi, Okichigi (置千木) or Higi (氷木) are forked roof finials found in Japanese and Shinto architecture. Chigi predate Buddhist influence and are an architectural element endemic to Japan. They are an important aesthetic aspect of Shinto shrines, where they are often paired with katsuogi, another type of roof ornamentation. Today, chigi and katsuogi are used exclusively on Shinto buildings and distinguish them from other religious structures, such as Buddhist temples in Japan.
Taisha-zukuri or Ōyashiro-zukuri (大社造) is an ancient Japanese architectural style and the oldest Shinto shrine architectural style. Named after Izumo Taisha's honden (sanctuary), like Ise Grand Shrine's shinmei-zukuri style it features a bark roof decorated with poles called chigi and katsuogi, plus archaic features like gable-end pillars and a single central pillar. The honden's floor is raised above the ground through the use of stilts . Like the shinmei-zukuri and sumiyoshi-zukuri styles, it predates the arrival of Buddhism in Japan.
Shinmei-zukuri (神明造) is an ancient Japanese architectural style typical of Ise Grand Shrine's honden, the holiest of Shinto shrines. It is most common in Mie Prefecture.
Kasuga-zukuri (春日造) is a traditional Shinto shrine architectural style which takes its name from Kasuga Taisha's honden.
The nagare-zukuri or nagare hafu-zukuri is a traditional Shinto shrine architectural style characterized by a very asymmetrical gabled roof projecting outwards on one of the non-gabled sides, above the main entrance, to form a portico. This is the feature which gives it its name. It is the most common style among shrines all over the country. That the building has its main entrance on the side which runs parallel to the roof's ridge makes it belong to the hirairi or hirairi-zukuri (平入・平入造) style.
The hachiman-zukuri (八幡造) is a traditional Japanese architectural style used at Hachiman shrines in which two parallel structures with gabled roofs are interconnected on the non-gabled side, forming one building which, when seen from the side, gives the impression of two. The front structure is called gaiden, the rear one naiden, and together they form the honden. The honden itself is surrounded by a cloister-like covered corridor called kairō' (回廊). Access is made possible by a gate called rōmon (楼門).
Hiyoshi-zukuri or hie-zukuri (日吉造), also called shōtei-zukuri / shōtai-zukuri (聖帝造) or sannō-zukuri (山王造) is a rare Shinto shrine architectural style presently found in only three instances, all at Hiyoshi Taisha in Ōtsu, Shiga, hence the name. They are the East and West Honden Hon-gū (本殿本宮) and the Sessha Usa Jingū Honden (摂社宇佐神宮本殿).
Ishi-no-ma-zukuri (石の間造), also called gongen-zukuri (権現造), yatsumune-zukuri (八棟造) and miyadera-zukuri (宮寺造), is a complex Shinto shrine structure in which the haiden, or worship hall, and the honden, or main sanctuary, are interconnected under the same roof in the shape of an H.
Ōsaki Hachimangū (大崎八幡宮) is a Shinto shrine in Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. The main shrine building has been designated a National Treasure of Japan.
Kibitsu Jinja (吉備津神社) is a Shinto shrine in the Kibitsu neighborhood of Kita-ku, Okayama in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. It is the ichinomiya of former Bitchū Province. The shrine’s main festivals are held on the second Sunday in May and October 15th each year.
Mikami Shrine) is a Shinto shrine located in the city of Yasu, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. The kami worshipped at this shrine is Ame-no-mikage-no-mikoto, Amaterasu's grandson, who in legend, descended onto 432-meter Mount Mikami during the reign of Emperor Kōrei to become the shintai of the mountain.
Ōsasahara Shrine) is a Shinto shrine located in the city of Yasu, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. The kami worshipped at this shrine are Susanoo-no-Mikoto and Kushinadahime.
↑ 「歓喜院聖天堂」が国宝に指定[Shōden Hall of Kangi-in designated as National Treasure] (in Japanese). Kumagaya city. 2012-07-09. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
↑ 国宝・重要文化財（建造物）の指定について[Designation of National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties (buildings and structures)](PDF) (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2012-05-18. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
↑ 石清水八幡宮、国宝に 旧網走監獄など重文 文化審答申[Designation of Iwashimizu Hachimangū as National Treasure and the former Abashiri Prison as Important Cultural Property] (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. 2015-10-16. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
↑ 石清水八幡宮本社が国宝に指定されました[Designation of Iwashimizu Hachimangū as National Treasure] (in Japanese). Yawata city. 2015-10-16. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
↑ 国宝神谷神社本殿（坂出市の観光）[National Treasure Kandani Shrine main shrine (sightseeing in Sakaide)] (in Japanese). Sakaide City. Archived from the original on 2009-08-22. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
Tamura, Yoshiro (2000). "The Birth of the Japanese nation". Japanese Buddhism – A Cultural History (1sted.). Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company. ISBN4-333-01684-3.
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