List of National Treasures of Japan (ancient documents)

Last updated

Part of the ordination certificate of Enchin from 833 Enchin ordination document.jpg
Part of the ordination certificate of Enchin from 833

The term "National Treasure" has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897. [1] [2] The definition and the criteria have changed since the introduction of the term. These ancient documents adhere to the current definition, and have been designated National Treasures since the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into effect on June 9, 1951. The items are selected by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, a special body of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, based on their "especially high historical or artistic value". [3] [4] "Ancient documents" is one of thirteen categories of National Treasures recognized by the agency. The list presents 63 documents or sets of documents from classical to early modern Japan, from the Asuka period to the Meiji period. The actual number of items is more than 63 because groups of related objects have been combined into single entries. The list contains items of various type such as letters, diaries, records or catalogues, certificates, imperial decrees, testaments and maps. The documents record early Japanese government and Buddhism including early Japanese contact with China, the organization of the state and life at the Japanese imperial court. They are housed in 14 Japanese cities in temples (35), museums (13), libraries or archives (6), shrines (4), universities (2) and in private collections (2). Most entries (28) in the list are located in Kyoto. The documents in this list were made predominantly with a writing brush on paper and, in many cases, present important examples of calligraphy. [4]

Contents

Writing was physically introduced to Japan from China in the form of inscribed artefacts at the beginning of the Christian era. Examples, some of which have been designated as archaeological National Treasures, include coins of the reign of Wang Mang (AD 8–25), a 1st-century gold seal from Shikanoshima, a late 2nd century iron sword from the Tōdaijiyama burial mound, the Seven-Branched Sword with inscription from 369 and a large number of bronze mirrors—the oldest dating to the 3rd century. [5] [6] [7] All of these artefacts originated on the continent, most likely in China. However, the written inscriptions on them may not have been recognized as writing but instead may have been mistaken for decorations by the Japanese. [5] When the Japanese later manufactured locally copies of original Chinese mirrors, they may have continued to believe the written inscriptions to be merely decorative. [8] [9]

The concept of writing came to Japan from the Korean kingdom of Baekje in the form of classical Chinese books likely written on paper and in the form of manuscript rolls (kansubon). [5] [10] This probably happened at the beginning of the 5th century (around 400), and certainly during the 6th century. [10] [11] According to legend the scholar Wani introduced the Chinese writing system as well as Confucianism to Japan. [10] The oldest texts of Japanese origin, which show a clear understanding of the concept of writing, date to the 5th century and are—like most texts from before 700—inscriptions on stone or metal. [12] Examples include three archaeological National Treasures: Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror from about the 5th century, which is a poor copy of a Chinese original, the Inariyama Sword from 471 or 531 and the Eta Funayama burial mound sword from about the 5th century. [13] [14] The abrupt transition from an unfamiliarity with writing to reading and writing complicated works in a foreign language required the earliest Japanese texts be composed and read by people from the continent such as Wani. [10] The Inariyama Sword is also the oldest example of man'yōgana use, a writing system that employs Chinese characters to represent the Japanese language. [15] Soon after the introduction of writing, scribes were appointed to the provinces to "record events and report conditions". [16] [17]

While writing in Japan was limited during the 5th and 6th centuries, the number of documents written locally increased in the 7th century; though most of them have been lost. [11] [18] By the end of the 7th century increased cultural dependence on China caused reading and writing, particularly in government and religion, to become an integral part of Japanese life. [18] There were two major factors for this development: starting with the Taika Reforms (645–649) and continuing with the Asuka Kiyomihara Code (689) and censuses from 670 and 690, a Chinese style centralised state was formed, requiring the need for a large number of officials who were literate and educated in, among others, Confucian texts at the Daigakuryo ("University") founded under Emperor Tenchi. [18] The second factor was the increasing popularity of Buddhism, which had been introduced to Japan in the mid-6th century and strongly promoted by Prince Shōtoku (574–622). [18] The Sangyō Gisho ("Annotated Commentaries on the Three Sutras"), traditionally attributed to Prince Shōtoku, is the oldest extant Japanese text of any length. [19] Buddhism required the study of sutras written in Chinese and the state founded a Sutra Copying Bureau (shakyōjo) before 727. [nb 1] [18] The oldest Japanese books are two chronicles, Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, from the early 8th century. While the phonogram orthography enjoyed increasing popularity during the 8th century, it was not yet used for longer prose. The modern kana, notably hiragana and katakana were developed in the Heian period. [20]

Statistics

Almost half of all entries in the list are located in Kyoto.

Map showing the location of ancient document National Treasures in Japan National Treasures of Japan (ancient documents).png
Map showing the location of ancient document National Treasures in Japan
PrefectureCityNational Treasures
Chiba Sakura 2
Fukuoka Fukuoka 1
Gifu Motosu 1
Kyoto Kyoto 28
Miyazu 1
Miyagi Tagajō 1
Nara Nara 4
Osaka Kawachinagano 1
Shimamoto 1
Shiga Nagahama 1
Ōtsu 8
Shizuoka Makinohara 1
Tochigi Ōtawara 1
Tokyo Tokyo 10
Wakayama Kōya 1
Yamagata Yonezawa 1
Period [nb 2] National Treasures
Asuka period 1
Nara period 9
Heian period 32
Tang dynasty 1
Kamakura period 17
Yuan dynasty 1
Nanboku-chō period 1
Momoyama period 1

Usage

The table's columns (except for Content and Images) are sortable pressing the arrows symbols. The following gives an overview of what is included in the table and how the sorting works.

Treasures

NameAuthorsContentDateFormatPresent locationImage
Documents of the Shimazu Family (島津家文書, Shimazu-ke Monjo) [21] [nb 3]
Large scale collection of documents of the Shimazu clan covering among others politics, diplomacy, social economy and inheritance Heian period to Meiji period bundle/batch. The total number of documents is 15,133 (848 rolled scrolls, 752 bound books, 2629 bound double-leaved (袋とじ, fukuro-toji) books, 2 hanging scrolls, 4908 single sheet letters, 160 maps of glued sheets, 207 single sheet maps) Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo, Tokyo Shimazuke monjo.jpg
Genealogy of the Amabe Clan (海部氏系図, amabeshi keizu) [22] [23] [nb 4]
Oldest extant Japanese family tree Heian period one rolled scroll, 25.7 cm × 228.5 cm (10.1 in × 90.0 in)private, Kono Shrine, Miyazu, Kyoto Amabe Clan genealogy.jpg
Letter from the viceroy of Portuguese India (ポルトガル国印度副王信書, porutogaru kokuindo fukuō shinsho) [24] [25] Duarte de Menezes Letter from Duarte de Menezes, viceroy of Portuguese India to daimyō Toyotomi Hideyoshi concerning the suppression of Christians in Japan Azuchi–Momoyama period, April 1588one single sheet letter, ink on paper, 60.8 cm × 76.4 cm (23.9 in × 30.1 in) Myōhō-in (妙法院), Kyoto Letter from Viceroy of Portuguese India Duarte de Menezes to Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1588.png
etchū kuni kansō nōkoku kōtaiki zankan (越中国官倉納穀交替記残巻) [26] [27]
Agricultural records of villages in the Tonami District (礪波郡) of Etchū Province. It is a valuable resource for the study of an area under the Ritsuryō law in the 8th to 10th century. Nara period and Heian period, 751–901one rolled scroll Ishiyama-dera, Ōtsu, Shiga
Sugaura documents (菅浦文書, sugaura monjo) and Illustrated map of Sugaura and Ōura Shimo manors (菅浦与大浦下庄堺絵図, sugaura to ōura shimo no shō sakai ezu) [28] [29]
Documents of the history of Sugaura that are relevant for the study of the history of (), autonomous peasant communities in medieval Japan. The shōen map contains the boundaries of Sugaura and Ōura-shimo manors whose boundaries were contested at the time, but more prominently Chikubu Island in Lake Biwa with a temple-shrine complex (Jingū-ji). Kamakura period 1302 (map); Kamakura period – Edo period (documents)65 bound double-leaved (袋とじ, fukuro-toji) books, 1 hanging scroll Suga Shrine, Nishiazai, Nagahama, Shiga Sugaura monjo.jpg

Sugaura to oura shimo no sho sakai ezu.jpg

Documents related to the priest Enchin (円珍関係文書, enchin kankei monjo) [30] [31] [32] Enchin and othersDocuments [nb 5] surrounding Enchin's trip to China (953–958) containing information on his activities as well as on Sino-Japanese relations in the mid-9th century. They are also of interest for the study of calligraphy. Heian period and Tang dynasty, 9th–10th centuryeight rolled scrolls, ink on paper Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo Enchin letter.jpg
Imperial Decree Granting Ecclesiastical Rank of Hōin Daikashō and Posthumous Name Chishō Daishi to Enchin (円珍贈法印大和尚位並智証大師諡号勅書, enchin zō hōin daikashō inarabini chishō daishi shigō chokusho) [33] [34] Ono no Michikaze (transcription), Fujiwara Hirofumi (composer)Letter promoting Enchin, the teacher of Zōmyō, abbot of Enryaku-ji, 36 years after his death to the highest ecclesiastical rank: Great Master of the Dharma Seal (Hōin Daikashō) and granting the posthumous name: hishō Daishi Heian period, December 27, 927rolled scroll, ink on decorative paper, 28.7 cm × 156.9 cm (11.3 in × 61.8 in) Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo Enchin decree.jpg
Map of Nukata-dera garan and its vicinity (額田寺伽藍並条里図, Nukata-dera garan narabini jōri-zu) [35]
A map showing a Shōen or manor in the Nara period. The depicted area is about 1,100m (NS) by 700m (EW). Nara period, second half of 8th centuryfour linen cloths which together form a 2x2 map of 113.7 cm × 72.5 cm (44.8 in × 28.5 in) National Museum of Japanese History, Sakura, Chiba Nukata-dera map.jpg
Name list of Abhiseka initiates (灌頂歴名, kanjō rekimyō) or List of individuals admitted into the mysteries of Shingon Buddhism [34] [nb 6] Kūkai List of people and deities who underwent the Abhiseka ritual at Takaosan-ji (高雄山寺) (now Jingo-ji) in 812, presided by Kūkai Heian period, 812rolled scroll, ink on paper, 29.0 cm × 268.4 cm (11.4 in × 105.7 in) Jingo-ji, Kyoto Name List of Abhiseka.jpg
Official Register and Inventory for Kanshin-ji (観心寺縁起資財帳, Kanshin-ji engi shizaichō) [36]
Document containing the reason and circumstances of the establishment of Kanshin-ji temple and a list of the temple's assets from that time Heian period, September 15, 883one rolled scroll Kanshin-ji, Kawachinagano, Osaka Inventory for Kanshinji.jpg
Inventory of Kanzeon-ji (観世音寺資財帳, kanzeonji shizaichō) [37]
Inventory of Kanzeon-ji Heian period, October 1, 905three rolled scrolls, ink on paper: 29.0 cm × 581.5 cm (11.4 in × 228.9 in), 29.0 cm × 936.0 cm (11.4 in × 368.5 in), 29.0 cm × 682.5 cm (11.4 in × 268.7 in) Tokyo University of the Arts, Tokyo Inventory of Kanzeon-ji.jpg
Draft of the petition of foundation of Zenrin-ji by Emperor Kameyama (亀山天皇宸翰禅林寺御起願文案, Kameyama-tennō shinkan zenrinji gokigan mon'an) [nb 7] Emperor Kameyama Document on the foundation of Nanzen-ji, formerly Zenrin-ji (禅林寺) Kamakura period, March 5, 1299one rolled scroll Nanzen-ji, Kyoto
Visit of the cloistered Emperor to Kumano (熊野御幸記, kumano gokōki) [38] Fujiwara no Teika Diary in classical Chinese of a visit with Emperor Go-Toba and Minamoto no Michichika to Kumano (熊野) Kamakura period, October, 1201one rolled scroll, ink on paper, 30.1 cm × 678.0 cm (11.9 in × 266.9 in) Mitsui Memorial Museum, Tokyo Visit of the cloistered Emperor to Kumano.jpg
Diary of ex- Emperor Go-Uda (後宇多院宸記, Go-Uda-in shinki) [39] Emperor Go-Uda Chronicle in the guchūreki (具注暦) almanac in the emperor's own handwriting Kamakura period, 1319one rolled scroll National Museum of Japanese History, Sakura, Chiba Go-Uda in shinki.jpg
Will with Handprints by Emperor Go-Uda (後宇多天皇宸翰御手印遺告, Go-Uda-tennō shinkan gotein yuigō) [40] [41] Emperor Go-Uda Testament of Emperor Go-Uda with handprints Kamakura period, 1308one rolled scroll, ink on paper, 54.5 cm × 788.8 cm (21.5 in × 310.6 in) Daikaku-ji, Kyoto Go-Uda will.jpg
Letter accompanying a prayer for the prosperity of Tō-ji temple, by Emperor Go-Uda (後宇多天皇宸翰東寺興隆条々事書御添状, Go-Uda-tennō shinkan Tō-ji kōryūjōjō kotogaki onsōjō) [42] Emperor Go-Uda Imperial letter praying for the growth of Tō-ji temple, written in the emperor's own handwriting one year after entering the priesthood Kamakura period, February 12, 1308one rolled scroll Tō-ji, Kyoto Go-Uda Toji Letter.jpg
Letter of the Emperor Go-Uda, Promotion of the precepts of the Daigo school (後宇多天皇宸翰当流紹隆教誡, Go-Uda-tennō shinkan tōryū shōryū kyōkai) [43] Emperor Go-Uda Three letters in the emperor's own handwriting addressed to a monk of Hōon-in (報恩院), Daigo-ji, with the intention of unifying the Ono (小野) and Hirosawa (広沢) branches of the Shingon sect Kamakura period, 1309three letters mounted on a rolled scroll, 32.8 cm × 347.2 cm (12.9 in × 136.7 in) Daigo-ji, Kyoto Go-Uda Daigoji Letter.jpg
Model letter by Emperor Go-Saga (後嵯峨天皇宸翰御消息, Go-Saga-tennō shinkan go-shōsoku) [44] Emperor Go-Saga Only extant letter of Emperor Go-Saga, addressed to the cloistered Prince Doshin of Ninna-ji Kamakura period, April 15, 1246one hanging scroll Ninna-ji, Kyoto Go-Saga letter.jpg
Testament by Emperor Go-Daigo (後醍醐天皇宸翰御置文, Go-Daigo-tennō shinkan go-okibumi) Emperor Go-Daigo Will in the emperor's own handwriting Kamakura period, August 24, 1333one hanging scroll Daitoku-ji, Kyoto
Tenchō injin (後醍醐天皇宸翰天長印信, Go-Daigo-tennō shinkan tenchō injin) [45] transcription by Emperor Go-Daigo
design and postscript by Monkan  [ ja ]
Certificate of highest confirmation in Esoteric Buddhism given by the priest Kūkai to his disciple Shinga Nanboku-chō period, July 23, 1339 (June 16, Engen 4)one rolled scroll, ink on decorated paper, 32.0 cm × 122.2 cm (12.6 in × 48.1 in) Daigo-ji, Kyoto Go-Daigo Tenno Shinkan Tencho Injin (Rosen).jpg
Will and testament of Emperor Go-Toba with handprint (後鳥羽天皇宸翰御手印置文, Go-Toba-tennō shinkan gotein okibumi) Emperor Go-Toba Will and testament in the emperor's own handwriting with handprints Kamakura period, February 9, 1239one hanging scroll Minase Shrine, Shimamoto, Osaka Go-Toba testament.jpg
Moromichi Diary (後二条殿記, Go-Nijō donoki) Fujiwara no Moromichi (also known as Go-Nijō Dono) and Fujiwara no Yorinaga (transcription)Diary of Fujiwara no Moromichi consisting of one volume in his own handwriting covering parts of the year 1093 and 29 volumes transcribed by Fujiwara no Yorinagalate Heian period, 1083–109930 rolled scrolls Yōmei Bunko, Kyoto
Diary of Fujiwara no Michinaga (御堂関白記, Midō Kanpakuki) [nb 8] [46] Fujiwara no Michinaga Diary of Fujiwara no Michinaga consisting of 14 volumes in his own handwriting and 12 other volumes. It covers the years from 998 to 1021 with interruptions. Heian period, 998–102126 rolled scrolls, ink on paper Yōmei Bunko, Kyoto Michinaga diary.jpg
History and Legends of the Kōryū-ji temple (広隆寺縁起資財帳, kōryū-ji engi shizai chō) [47]
Catalogue of treasures and historical record of Kōryū-ji Heian period one rolled scroll Kōryū-ji, Kyoto
Kōryū-ji shizai kōtai jitsuroku chō (広隆寺資財交替実録帳)
Authentic register of property changes of Kōryū-ji temple Heian period one rolled scroll Kōryū-ji, Kyoto
Catalogue of imported items (弘法大師請来目録, Kōbō Daishi shōrai mokuroku) [34] [48] [nb 9] Saichō Catalogue of articles brought back to Japan by Kūkai from his trip to Tang dynasty China Heian period, 9th centuryone rolled scroll, ink on paper, 27.0 cm × 885.0 cm (10.6 in × 348.4 in) Tō-ji, Kyoto Catalogue of Imported Items.png
Three letters by Kūkai (弘法大師筆尺牘三通, Kōbō Daishi hitsu sekitoku santsū) (Fūshinjō (風信帖)) [34] [49] [nb 10] Kūkai Three letters from Kūkai to Saichō mounted as a scroll Heian period, 9th centuryone rolled scroll, ink on paper, 28.8 cm × 157.9 cm (11.3 in × 62.2 in) Tō-ji, Kyoto Huushincho 1.jpg

Huushincho 2.jpg

Model letter by Emperor Takakura (高倉天皇宸翰御消息, Takakura tennō shinkan goshōsoku) [44] [nb 11] Emperor Takakura Only extant letter of Emperor Takakura Heian period, November 13, 1178one hanging scroll Ninna-ji, Kyoto Letter by Emperor Takakura.jpg
Ordination certificate of monk Kōjō (嵯峨天皇宸翰光定戒牒, Saga tennō shinkan kōjō kaichō) [34] [50] Emperor Saga Document in the emperor's own handwriting to the priest Kōjō (光定), after his vow to follow the precepts, certifying that Kōjō had undergone the rite known as Bosatsu-kai Heian period, April 14, 823one rolled scroll, ink on paper, 37.0 cm × 148.0 cm (14.6 in × 58.3 in) Enryaku-ji, Ōtsu, Shiga Kojokaicho.jpg
Imperial letters of three rulers (三朝宸翰, sanchō shinkan) [51] Emperor Hanazono, Emperor Fushimi, Emperor Go-Daigo
Kamakura period, 13th and 14th centurytwo rolled scrolls; 1st scroll: twelve letters by Emperor Hanazono, 2nd scroll: ten letters by Emperor Go-Daigo and two letters by Emperor Fushimi Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo
Testament of the priest Jie (慈恵大師自筆遺告, jie daishi jihitsu yuigō) Ryōgen (Jie Daishi)Written by the 61-year-old priest Ryōgen, entrusting everything to his pupil Jinzen (尋禅). Contains detailed instructions on the funeral service Heian period, May, 972one rolled scroll Rozan-ji (廬山寺), Kyoto Testament of Monk Jie.jpg
Fragment of a census from 908 in Kuga , Kuga District , Suō Province (周防国玖珂郡玖珂郷延喜八年戸籍残巻, suō-no-kuni kugagun kugagō engi hachinen kosekizankan) [52]
Family register of Kuga, Yamaguchi from 908 Heian period, 908one rolled scroll Ishiyama-dera, Ōtsu, Shiga Kuga census.jpg
Uesugi Family documents (上杉家文書, uesugi-ke monjo) [nb 12] [53]
Collection of documents handed down in the Uesugi clan Kamakura periodEdo period bundle/batch of 2018 letters, 4 bound books and 26 bound double-leaved (袋とじ, fukuro-toji) books Yonezawa City Uesugi Museum, Yonezawa, Yamagata Ashikaga Yoshimitsu message.jpg
True record of articles in the possession of Ninna-ji (仁和寺御室御物実録, Ninna-ji omuro gyobutsu jitsuroku) [54]
Catalogue of items offered to the temple treasures by Emperor Uda about ten days before his death Heian period, January 10, 950one rolled scroll Ninna-ji, Kyoto
Suisaki (水左記) Minamoto no Toshifusa Diary of Sadaijin Minamoto no Toshifusa in his own handwriting Heian period, 1077 and 1081two rolled scrolls: one for 1077, one for 1081 Maeda Ikutokukai, Tokyo
Imperial rescript of Emperor Shōmu (聖武天皇勅書, Shōmu Tennō chokusho) [34] Emperor Shōmu
Nara period, May 20, 749one rolled scroll, ink on paper, 29.2 cm × 95.8 cm (11.5 in × 37.7 in) Heiden-ji (平田寺), Makinohara, Shizuoka Emperor Shomu rescript.jpg
Origin and history of Ghost Festival at Seigan-ji (誓願寺盂蘭盆縁起, Seigan-ji urabon engi) [55] [nb 13] Eisai Document on the origin and meaning of the Ghost Festival as transmitted from Song dynasty China Heian period, July 15, 1178one rolled scroll , ink on colored paper, 35.3 cm × 154 cm (13.9 in × 60.6 in) Seigan-ji (誓願寺), Fukuoka, Fukuoka Seigan-ji urabon engi.jpg
Letter soliciting donations for the restoration of Sennyū-ji temple (泉涌寺勧縁疏, Sennyū-ji kanenso) [34] Shunjō Document on the origins of Sennyū-ji temple Kamakura period, October 1221one rolled scroll, ink on paper, 40.6 cm × 296.0 cm (16.0 in × 116.5 in) Sennyū-ji, Kyoto Sennyu-ji restoration.jpg
Surviving passages of memorial presented to Emperor Saga (狸毛筆奉献表, Rimōhitsu hōkenhyō) [56] [57] Kūkai Document accompanying the present of four tanuki hair writing brushes to Emperor Saga. According to this document, the brushes were meant to be used for regular, semi-cursive, cursive script and for the hand-copying of sutras respectively. Heian period one rolled scroll, 27.6 cm × 65.8 cm (10.9 in × 25.9 in) Daigo-ji, Kyoto Rimohitsu hokenhyo2.JPG
Writings related to the priest Enchin (智証大師関係文書典籍, chishō daishi kankei monjo tenseki) [58]

[59]

Various documents [nb 14] Tang dynasty, Heian period various Mii-dera, Ōtsu, Shiga Enchin catalogue.jpg
Essential Teachings for Tendai Lotus Sect Priests (天台法華宗年分縁起, tendai hokkeshū nenbun engi) [34] [60] attributed to Saichō Letter addressed to the Imperial Court wishing for an increase of the number of people allowed to enter the priesthood from 10 to 12 per year due to the establishment of Tendai Buddhism Heian period, 9th centuryone rolled scroll, ink on paper, 28.9 cm × 340.3 cm (11.4 in × 134.0 in) Enryaku-ji, Ōtsu, Shiga Tendai hokkeshu nenbun engi.jpg
Catalogue of Imported Items (伝教大師将来目録, Dengyō-daishi shōrai mokuroku) Saichō Catalogue of sacred books brought back by Saichō from Tang dynasty China Heian period, May 13, 805one rolled scroll Enryaku-ji, Ōtsu, Shiga Catalogue of imported items.jpg
Certificate of priesthood for Saichō and related papers to and from the controller of priesthood (伝教大師度縁案並僧綱牒, Dengyō-daishi Doen-an narabini Sōgō Chō) [61]
Three letters on Saichō entering priesthood and his vow to follow the precepts Nara period, 780–783one rolled scroll Raigō-in (来迎院), Kyoto (Sakyō-ku) Saicho priesthood certificate.jpg
Passing permits for Dengyō-daishi (伝教大師入唐牒, Dengyō-daishi nittōchō)
Tang dynasty passing permits for Saichō: from Ningbo in 804 and from Taizhou in 805 Tang dynasty, September 12, 804 and February 805one rolled scroll, 39.7 cm × 134.2 cm (15.6 in × 52.8 in) Enryaku-ji, Ōtsu, Shiga Dengyo-daishi nittocho.jpg
Letter penned by the Saichō monk (伝教大師筆尺牘, Dengyō daishi hitsu sekitoku) [62] [63] Saichō Letter known as Kykaku-jō (久隔帖) from Saichō to Taihan (泰範), his favourite student at Takaosan-ji (高雄山寺) (now Jingo-ji) Heian period, November 25, 813one hanging scroll, 29.2 cm × 55.2 cm (11.5 in × 21.7 in) Nara National Museum, Nara Dengyo-daishi sekitoku.jpg
Letter written in kana syllabary (伝藤原行成筆仮名消息, denfujiwara no Yukinari hitsu kana shōsoku)attributed to Fujiwara no Yukinari Letter valued for its continuous unbroken calligraphy Heian period, 10th–11th centuryone hanging scroll, 28.2 cm × 420.0 cm (11.1 in × 165.4 in) Kyūkyodō (鳩居堂), Kyoto Fujiwara Yukinari Kana letter.jpg
Documents and treasures of Tō-ji (東寺百合文書, Tō-ji hyakugō monjo) [64] [nb 15]
Huge collection of documents covering a lot of ground starting from Shōen or manor related documents and including documents on the economic history and the history of Buddhism8th century Nara period – late Edo period bundle/batch of 24,067 items including 3,863 rolled scrolls, 1172 bound double-leaved (袋とじ, fukuro-toji) books, six bound books, 67 hanging scrolls, 13,695 single-sheet letters Kyoto Prefectural Library and Archives (京都府立総合資料館), Kyoto Kinzei.jpg
Documents of Tōdai-ji (東大寺文書, Tōdai-ji monjo)
Collection of documents on the history of Tōdai-ji temple Heian periodMuromachi period 100 rolled scrolls (with 979 mounted letters), 8,516 single-sheet letters Tōdai-ji, Nara Todaiji monjo.jpg

Todaiji Seikan Monjo - scroll 15 (1250 land donation) (Todaiji).jpg

Letter by Fujiwara no Sari (藤原佐理筆書状, Fujiwara no Sari hitsu shojō) or Riraku-jō (離洛帖) [65] [nb 16] Fujiwara no Sukemasa/SariWritten from Shimonoseki on the way to Kyushu where Sasaki had been appointed Dazai no Daini (太宰大弐) (Assistant secretary of Dazaifu Province). Addressed to Fujiwara no Sanenobu (藤原誠信). Heian period, 991one hanging scroll, ink on paper, 64.6 cm × 31.7 cm (25.4 in × 12.5 in) Hatakeyama Memorial Museum of Fine Art, Tokyo Fujiwara no Sukemasa - Rirakujo.jpg
Draft Letters by Fujiwara no Tadamichi (藤原忠通筆書状案, Fujiwara no Tadamichi hitsushojōan) [66] Fujiwara no Tadamichi Collection of 25 letters composed as a style manual for letter writing Heian period, 12th centuryone hanging scroll, ink on paper, 31.2 cm × 980.3 cm (12.3 in × 385.9 in) Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto Draft Letters by Fujiwara no Tadamichi 1.jpg

Draft Letters by Fujiwara no Tadamichi 2.jpg

Stone in Nasu County (那須国造碑, nasu kokuzō hi) [67] [68]
Granite stone monument in remembrance of Atai Ide, governor of Nasu, consisting of a standing main stone with a hat stone. The main stone bears a calligraphic inscription (8 lines of 19 characters) which is influenced by the Northern Wei robust style. Asuka period, end of the 7th centuryinscription on stone, height without hat stone: 120 cm (47 in), width: 43.5–48 cm (17.1–18.9 in), hat stone 51 cm x 51 cm x 30 cm (20.1 in x 20.1 in x 11.8 in) Kasaishi Shrine (笠石神社, kasaishi jinja), Ōtawara, Tochigi Stone in Nasu county inscription.JPG
Ennin's Diary: The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law (入唐求法巡礼行記, nittō guhō junreikōki) [69] Kanetane (兼胤) (transcription of the original by Ennin)Transcription of the 9th century original (lost) by Kanetane, a monk at Chōraku-ji (長楽寺), Kyoto Kamakura period, October 26, 1291 (post scriptum)four bound booksprivate (Andō Sekisan Gōshi Company (安藤積産合資会社, andō sekisan gōshi gaisha)), Motosu, Gifu Ennin diary.jpg
Certificate of advanced learning in Buddhism (附法状, Fuhōjō) [70] Shunjō Written by the priest Shunjō in the last month before his death for his student Shinkai (心海) Kamakura period, March 22, 1227one hanging scroll Sennyū-ji, Kyoto
Priest Mongaku's forty-five article rules and regulations (文覚四十五箇条起請文, mongaku yonjūgokajō kishōmon〉) [71] [72] [73] Fujiwara no Tadachika Document requesting the restoration of Jingo-ji temple from Emperor Go-Shirakawa early Kamakura period, before 1192one rolled scroll with handprints Jingo-ji, Kyoto Mongaku rules.jpg
hōkanshū (宝簡集), zoku hōkanshū (続宝簡集), yūzoku hōkanshū (又続宝簡集)
Documents on the history, territory, function, etc. of Mount Kōya including letters by Minamoto no Yoritomo, Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Saigyō Hōshi Heian periodAzuchi-Momoyama period bundle/batch of 54/77/167 rolled scrolls and 0/6/9 bound double-leaved (袋とじ, fukuro-toji) books Reihōkan (owned by Kongōbu-ji), Kōya, Wakayama Hokanshu.jpg
Record of Imperial Bequest to the Hōryū-ji temple (法隆寺献物帳, hōryūji kenmotsu chō) [74] Fujiwara no Nakamaro, Fujiwara no Nagate, Koma Fukushin, Kamo Tsunotari and Kazuragi HenushiRecord of the objects bequeathed to the Hōryū-ji temple by Empress Kōken on occasion of the death of Emperor Shōmu Nara period, July 8, 756one rolled scroll, ink on paper 27.8 cm × 70.6 cm (10.9 in × 27.8 in)Gallery of Hōryū-ji Treasures, Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo Horyuji bequest.jpg
The Record of the Clear Moon (明月記, meigetsuki) [75] [nb 17] Fujiwara no Teika Comprehensive diary in classical Chinese, covering the life of the author from age 18 to his death. Kamakura period, ca. 1180–124158 rolled scrolls and one hanging scroll Reizei-ke Shiguretei Bunko (冷泉家時雨亭文庫), Kyoto and private collection Record of the clear moon.jpg
Letter of dismissal by Rigen Daishi (理源大師筆処分状, rigen daishi hitsu shobunshō) [76] Rigen Daishi (理源大師)Written by the priest and founder of Daigo-ji Rigen Daishi (Shōbō (聖宝)) Heian period, June 2, 907one rolled scroll, 31.8 cm × 45.0 cm (12.5 in × 17.7 in) Daigo-ji, Kyoto
List of Ritual Implements of Esoteric Buddhism and other objects brought back by the Priest Saichō (羯磨金剛目録, katsuma kongō mokuroku) [77] Saichō An inventory of 66 items that Saichō brought back from China and stored at Hiezan in 805 Heian period, July 17, 811one rolled scroll, 27.9 cm × 37.0 cm (11.0 in × 14.6 in) Enryaku-ji, Ōtsu, Shiga List of Implements Saicho.jpg
Epistle to Zhongfeng Mingben (与中峰明本尺牘, yochūhō myōhon sekitoku) [78] [79] Zhao Mengfu Letters to the priest Zhongfeng Mingben (Chung Feng Ming Pen) in the style of Wang Xizhi expressing Zhao Mengfu's deep love and respect to Zhongfeng Yuan dynasty, 14th centuryone bound book with six letters, ink on paper, 35.1 cm × 22.1 cm (13.8 in × 8.7 in),... Seikadō Bunko Art Museum, Tokyo Epistle to Zhongfeng Mingben.jpg
Map of rice fields in Naruto, Imizu District , Etchū Province (越中国射水郡鳴戸村墾田図, Etchū no kuni imizu-gun naruto-mura konden-zu) [80]
Map of rice fields in Naruto (today central Takaoka), a former manor of Tōdai-ji. The map had been in the possession of Tōdai-ji. Nara period, 759unbound, ink and light color on linen cloth, 79.8 cm × 140.5 cm (31.4 in × 55.3 in) Nara National Museum, Nara, Nara Naruto map.jpg
Mokkan excavated at the Heijō Palace ruins (平城宮跡出土木簡, Heijōkyū seki shutsudo mokkan) [81]
Collection of 3184 wooden tablets (mokkan) discovered at the Heijō Palace site and used in government and economic affairs during the ritsuryō system. Nara period inscribed tablets, ink on wood Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara, Nara
Tagajō Stele (多賀城碑, tagajō-hi) [82]
Stone stele with an inscription commemorating repairs of Taga Castle in 762. It is one of four ancient stele and mentioned in Oku no hosomichi by Matsuo Bashō. Nara period, 762inscription on stone, total height of stone: 248 cm (98 in) (above ground 196 cm (77 in)), maximum width: 103 cm (41 in), maximum depth: 72 cm (28 in) Tagajō, Miyagi Tagajo-hi.JPG

See also

Notes

  1. Probably much before this date.
  2. Only the oldest period is counted, if a National Treasure consists of items from more than one period.
  3. 33 document boxes are attached to the nomination.
  4. A survey document (海部氏勘注系図) of one rolled scroll is attached to the nomination.
  5. The eight rolled scrolls are:
    1. Letter written by Enchin (円珍自筆書状, enchin jihitsu shojō), 31.2–56.1 cm (12.3–22.1 in)
    2. Enchin's ordination Document (円珍戒牒, enchin kaichō), 29.3–192.0 cm (11.5–75.6 in)
    3. Document Issued by the Ministry of Civil Administration Notifying the Appointment of Enchin as Attendant Monk (円珍充内供奉治部省牒, enchin jūnai gubu jibu shōchō), 29.4–139.1 cm (11.6–54.8 in)
    4. Certificate Issued by Government Headquarters in Dazaifu for Enchin (円珍大宰府公験, enchin dazaifu kugen), 31.2–56.1 cm (12.3–22.1 in), 27.8–39.3 cm (10.9–15.5 in)
    5. Certificates Issued by Fuzhou for Enchin (円珍福州公験, enchin fukushū kugen), 31.2–56.1 cm (12.3–22.1 in), 30.5–134.0 cm (12.0–52.8 in)
    6. Official Documents Issued by Taizhou and Wenzhou (円珍台州温州公験, enchin taishū unshū kugen), 30.0–338 cm (11.8–133.1 in)
    7. Official Request from Sanuki Province (讃岐国司解, sanuki no kokushinoge), 30.3–266 cm (11.9–104.7 in)
    8. Request from the Ōtomo Clan (大友氏屈請, ōtomoshi kusshō), 29.6–48.4 cm (11.7–19.1 in)
  6. A one rolled scroll imperial letter by Emperor Go-Uda on the endowment of temple properties is attached to the nomination.
  7. One bound registration book (南禅寺領諸国所々紛失御判物帖) is attached to the nomination.
  8. Attached to the nomination are an excerpt of the history of an enshrinement hall (御堂御記抄) consisting of five rolled scrolls and one hanging scroll; and an inventory of an enshrinement hall (御堂御暦記目録) consisting of one single-sheet letter.
  9. Attached to the nomination is a donation letter from June 21, 1341.
  10. Attached to the nomination are a donation and an escort letter.
  11. Attached to the nomination is one hanging scroll of a letter by Shukaku Hosshinnō (守覚法親王)
  12. Attached to the nomination are 325 bound double-leaved (袋とじ, fukuro-toji) books or fourteen copies of a chronological record of successive generations and three covered containers.
  13. One rolled scroll, Origin and history of the construction of Seigan-ji (誓願寺建立縁起, seigan-ji kenritsu engi) is attached to the nomination.
    1. Six documents related to his secular surname (family tree) and priestly rank
    2. Five documents related to his trip to China (peaceful prayer and correspondence)
    3. Five catalogues of sacred books and sutras obteined in China
    4. Ten documents related to teaching Buddhism
    5. Eight sacred books collected in China
    6. Three documents in his own handwriting
    7. Nine dated and signed messages
  14. Attached to the nomination are 94 document boxes donated by Maeda Tsunanori in 1685.
  15. Attached to the nomination is one hanging scroll by Konoe Iehiro.
  16. Attached to the nomination are one scroll of a supplementary manuscript, and 10 pages of the former binding mounted on one rolled scroll.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Treasure (Japan)</span> Most precious of Tangible Cultural Properties

A National Treasure is the most precious of Japan's Tangible Cultural Properties, as determined and designated by the Agency for Cultural Affairs. A Tangible Cultural Property is considered to be of historic or artistic value, classified either as "buildings and structures" or as "fine arts and crafts". Each National Treasure must show outstanding workmanship, a high value for world cultural history, or exceptional value for scholarship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tokyo National Museum</span> Art museum in Tokyo, Japan

The Tokyo National Museum or TNM is an art museum in Ueno Park in the Taitō ward of Tokyo, Japan. It is one of the four museums operated by the National Institutes for Cultural Heritage, is considered the oldest national museum in Japan, is the largest art museum in Japan. The museum collects, preserves, and displays a comprehensive collection of artwork and cultural objects from Asia, with a focus on ancient and medieval Japanese art and Asian art along the Silk Road. There is also a large collection of Greco-Buddhist art. As of April 2023, the museum held approximately 120,000 Cultural Properties, including 89 National Treasures, 319 Horyuji Treasures, and 649 Important Cultural Properties. As of the same date, the Japanese government had designated 902 works of art and crafts as National Treasures and 10,820 works of art and crafts as Important Cultural Properties, so the museum holds about 10% of the works of art and crafts designated as National Treasures and 6% of those designated as Important Cultural Properties. The museum also holds 2,651 cultural properties deposited by individuals and organisations, of which 54 are National Treasures and 262 are Important Cultural Properties. Of these, 3,000 cultural properties are on display at one time, with each changing for between four and eight weeks. The museum also conducts research and organizes educational events related to its collection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nara National Museum</span> Art museum in Nara, Japan

The Nara National Museum is one of the pre-eminent national art museums in Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kyoto National Museum</span> Art museum in Kyoto, Japan

The Kyoto National Museum is one of the major art museums in Japan. Located in Kyoto's Higashiyama ward, the museum focuses on pre-modern Japanese and Asian art.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kōzan-ji</span> Buddhist temple in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan

Kōzan-ji (高山寺), officially Toganōsan Kōsan-ji (栂尾山高山寺), is a Buddhist temple of the Omuro sect of Shingon Buddhism in Umegahata Toganōchō, Ukyō Ward, Kyoto, Japan. Kōzan-ji is also known as Kōsan-ji and Toganō-dera. The temple was founded by the Shingon scholar and monk Myōe (1173–1232) and is renowned for its numerous national treasures and important cultural properties. The Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, a group of ink paintings from the 12th and 13th centuries, are among the most important treasures of Kōzan-ji. The temple celebrates Biyakkōshin, Zenmyōshin and Kasuga Myōjin, as well as the temple's tutelary Shintō deity. In 1994, it was registered as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto".

<i>Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga</i> Emakimono

Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, commonly shortened to Chōjū-giga, is a famous set of four picture scrolls, or emakimono, belonging to Kōzan-ji temple in Kyoto, Japan. The Chōjū-giga scrolls are also referred to as Scrolls of Frolicking Animals and Scrolls of Frolicking Animals and Humans in English. Some think that Toba Sōjō created the scrolls; however, it seems clear from the style that more than one artist is involved. The right-to-left reading direction of Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga is traditional in East Asia, and is still common in Japan. Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga is also credited as the oldest work of manga. The scrolls are now entrusted to the Kyoto National Museum and Tokyo National Museum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Koyasan Reihōkan</span> Art museum in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan

Kōyasan Reihōkan is an art museum on Kōya-san, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, preserving and displaying Buddhist art owned by temples on Kōya-san. The collection is centered around articles from the Heian and Kamakura periods and includes paintings, calligraphy, sutras, sculpture and Buddhist ritual objects. Among these are a set of the complete Buddhist canon (issaikyō), writings of Kūkai and Minamoto no Yoritomo, founder of the Kamakura Shogunate, mandalas and portraits of priests. The most valuable objects have been designated as National Treasure or Important Cultural Property.

<i>Shaka rising from the Gold Coffin</i>

Shaka rising from the Gold Coffin (絹本著色釈迦金棺出現図) is an anonymous hanging scroll from the 11th century depicting the resurrection of Shakyamuni Buddha as described in the Mahamaya Sutra.

The Higashiyama Treasure was a collection of important and valuable artefacts by the Ashikaga shogunate. It is named after the residence of the 8th shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate, Ashikaga Yoshimasa (1436–1490), in the eastern hills of the capital city Kyoto. The items consisted mostly of karamono and consisted of ceramics, lacquerware, paintings, calligraphy, and others. It represented the pinnacle of Higashiyama culture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kongō-ji</span> Buddhist temple in Osaka, Japan

Kongō-ji (金剛寺) is a Buddhist temple in Kawachinagano, Osaka, Japan. It is the head temple of the Shingon Omuro sect. and also known under its mountain-name as Amanosan Kongō-ji. It is the 7th temple on the Shin Saigoku 33 Kannon Pilgrimage (新西国三十三箇所) and is notable for the large number of designated cultural properties. The precincts of the temple were designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1934 with the area under protection expanded in 2011.

References

  1. Coaldrake, William Howard (2002) [1996]. Architecture and authority in Japan. London, New York: Routledge. p. 248. ISBN   0-415-05754-X. Archived from the original on 2023-02-19. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
  2. Enders & Gutschow 1998 , p. 12
  3. "Cultural Properties for Future Generations" (PDF). Tokyo, Japan: Agency for Cultural Affairs, Cultural Properties Department. March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
  4. 1 2 3 国指定文化財 データベース [Database of National Cultural Properties] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2008-11-01. Archived from the original on 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  5. 1 2 3 Seeley 1991 , p. 9
  6. Seeley 1991 , p. 10
  7. Seeley 1991 , p. 11
  8. Seeley 1991 , p. 12
  9. Seeley 1991 , p. 13
  10. 1 2 3 4 Seeley 1991 , p. 6
  11. 1 2 Keally, Charles T. (2009-06-14). "Historic Archaeological Periods in Japan". Japanese Archaeology. Charles T. Keally. Archived from the original on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
  12. Seeley 1991 , p. 16
  13. Seeley 1991 , p. 17
  14. Seeley 1991 , p. 24
  15. Seeley 1991 , p. 23
  16. Seeley 1991 , p. 8
  17. Sakamoto 1991 , p. 3
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Seeley 1991 , p. 40
  19. Seeley 1991 , p. 41
  20. Seeley 1991 , p. 55
  21. "The University of Tokyo Library System Bulletin Vol 42, No 4" (PDF). Tokyo University library. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2010-01-03.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. "Special Exhibition – The Sacred World of Shinto Art in Kyoto, Images from the Exhibit, Section II Shinto History and Section III Festivals in Kyoto". Kyoto National Museum. Archived from the original on 2008-06-07. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
  23. 海部氏系図 [Genealogy of the Amabe Clan] (in Japanese). Kono Shrine. Archived from the original on 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
  24. A Carta do Vice-Rei D. Duarte de Menezes a Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 1588 [Letter from the viceroy D. Duarte de Menezes to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 1588.]. Colecção Fundação Cidade de Lisboa (in Portuguese). Open Library. 1995. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  25. Commission for the protection of cultural properties; Mainichi Shimbun; National Treasure Commission (1968). 原色版国宝: 上古・飛鳥・奈良原色版国宝: 桃山・江戶・明治 [National Treasures in tricolor prints: Momoyama, Edo and Meiji periods]. National Treasures in tricolor prints, Commission for the protection of cultural properties (in Japanese). Vol. 12. Mainichi Shimbun. p. 136. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
  26. "etchū kuni kansō nōkoku kōtaiki zankan" 越中国官倉納穀交替記残巻 (in Japanese). Ōtsu City Museum of History. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  27. Akihiro, Watanabe (1989-12-20). "Fudokoku in the Heian Period". Shigaku Zasshi. 98 (12). The Historical Society of Japan: 1891–1937. ISSN   0018-2478. Archived from the original on 2012-04-01. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
  28. 国宝・重要文化財(美術工芸品)の指定について~ [Designation of National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties in the arts and crafts category](PDF) (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2018-03-09. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-10. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
  29. Simonova-Gudzenko, Ekaterina (2015-11-13). "Space in Shinto Shrines and Its Visual Representation from the Thirteenth through the Fifteenth Centuries" (PDF). Interpretations of Japanese Culture : Views from Russia and Japan. International Symposium in Russia 2007. International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-10. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
  30. Tokyo National Museum. "Letter (Documents related to the priest Enchin)". Tokyo National Museum . Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  31. The Agency for Cultural Affairs. 円珍関係文書 文化遺産オンライン [Documents related to the priest Enchin, cultural heritage online] (in Japanese). Tokyo National Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  32. "Documents Related to Enchin" (in Japanese, Chinese, Korean, English, and French). Tokyo National Museum. 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
  33. "Imperial Decree Granting Ecclesiastical Rank of Hōin Daikashō and Posthumous Name Chishō Daishi to Enchin" (in Japanese, Chinese, Korean, English, and French). Tokyo National Museum. 2004. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "National Treasures of Japan – Exhibition catalogure, April 10 – May 27, 1990, Tokyo National Museum". Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 1990.
  35. 額田寺伽藍並条里図 [Map of Nukata-dera garan and its vicinity] (in Japanese). National Museum of Japanese History. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  36. 観心寺縁起資財帳 [Official Register and Inventory for Kanshinji] (in Japanese). Kawachinagano city. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
  37. 観世音寺資財帳 [Inventory of Kanzeon-ji] (in Japanese). Tokyo University of the Arts. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
  38. "Collection" (in Japanese). Mitsui Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
  39. "The Function of Medieval Temples and Monasteries". REKIHAKU Special Exhibition 2002. National Museum of Japanese History. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
  40. "Treasures of Daikaku-ji Temple". Kyoto National Museum. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  41. "Will with Handprints by Emperor Go-Uda" (in Japanese). Daikaku-ji. 2008. Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  42. "Thematic Exhibition – Imperial Calligraphy: Stylistic Developments in Emperors' Writings". Tokyo National Museum. 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  43. Kyoto National Museum (1983). 弘法大師と密教美術弘法大師と密教美術: 入定1150年 [Kobō Daishi and the Art of Esoteric Buddhism: 1150th anniversary of entering nirvana] (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. p. 259. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
  44. 1 2 "Calligraphy by Emperors: The Sentiment that Went into Imperial Letters". Kyoto National Museum. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  45. Kyoto National Museum; Yomiuri Shimbun (1969). Koku hō, Kyōtō Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan (in Japanese). OCLC   83735789 . Retrieved 2009-12-31.
  46. "Special Exhibition – The Legacy of Fujiwara no Michinaga: Courtly Splendor and Pure Land Faith". Kyoto National Museum. Archived from the original on 2007-12-30. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  47. Sakamoto 1991 , p. 30
  48. Peter Francis Kornicki (1998). The book in Japan: a cultural history from the beginnings to the nineteenth century. BRILL. p. 285. ISBN   90-04-10195-0 . Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  49. 弘法大師筆尺牘三通 [Three letters by Kūkai] (in Japanese). Kochi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  50. 嵯峨天皇宸翰光定戒牒 [Ordination certificate of monk Kōjō] (in Japanese). Otsu City Museum of History. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
  51. 前田家の名宝 [Treasures of the Maeda family] (in Japanese). Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
  52. 周防国玖珂郡玖珂郷延喜八年戸籍残巻 [Fragment of a census from 908 in Kuga, Kuga District, Suō Province] (in Japanese). Otsu City Museum of History. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  53. 上杉家文書 [Uesugi Family documents] (in Japanese). Yamagata. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  54. Ishida, Mosaku (1964). Terry, Charles S. (ed.). Japanese Buddhist prints. H. N. Abrams. p. 13. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  55. 博物館情報: 誓願寺盂蘭盆縁起 [Museum Information: Origin and history of Bon Festival at Seigan-ji] (in Japanese). Kyushu National Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  56. 狸毛筆奉献表 [Surviving passages of memorial presented to Emperor Saga]. lincs (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  57. Yamasaki, Shigehisa (1981). Chronological table of Japanese art. Geishinsha. p. 454. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  58. "Documents and books" (in Japanese). Mii-dera. Archived from the original on 2010-01-24. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  59. 智証大師関係文書典籍 [Writings related to the priest Enchin] (in Japanese). Otsu City Museum of History. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  60. 特別展 最澄と天台の国宝 [Special exhibition: Saichō and Treasures of Tendai] (in Japanese). Tokyo National Museum . Retrieved 2010-09-03.
  61. Asahi Shimbun (1986). Hieizan to Tendai no bijutsu: Hieizan kaisō 1200-nen kinen (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. p. 413. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  62. 伝教大師筆尺牘 (久隔帖) [Letter penned by Saichō (Kykaku-jō)] (in Japanese). Nara National Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  63. "Letter penned by the Saicho monk". emuseum (in Japanese, Chinese, Korean, English, and French). Tokyo National Museum. 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
  64. 東寺百合文書 [Documents and treasures of Tō-ji] (in Japanese). Yokohama National University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  65. "Letter by Fujiwara no Sari". Collection (in Japanese). Hatakeyama Memorial Museum of Fine Art. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  66. "Draft Letters". emuseum (in Japanese, Chinese, Korean, English, and French). Tokyo National Museum. 2004. Archived from the original on 2007-08-16.
  67. 那須国造碑 [Stone in Nasu County] (in Japanese). Ōtawara city. Archived from the original on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  68. 那須国造碑 [Stone in Nasu County] (in Japanese). Tochigi Prefecture. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  69. 代表作品のご紹介 [Introduction to Masterpieces] (in Japanese). Tochigi Prefectural Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  70. Yamasaki, Shigehisa (1981). Chronological table of Japanese art. Geishinsha. p. 343. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  71. "Special Exhibition – Bridging Tradition: The 110th Anniversary Exhibition of the Kyoto National Museum". Kyoto National Museum. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
  72. Kuroda, Toshio (1996). "The Imperial Law and the Buddhist Law". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 23 (3–4). Translated by Jacqueline I. Stone.
  73. "Fujiwara no Tadachika" 藤原忠親 (in Japanese). kotobank. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
  74. "Record of Imperial Bequest to the Hōryū-ji". emuseum (in Japanese, Chinese, Korean, English, and French). Tokyo National Museum. 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
  75. Shimosaka, Mamoru; Melissa M. Rinne. "Meigetsuki (The Record of the Clear Moon)". Kyoto National Museum. Archived from the original on 2014-05-15. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  76. 日本の仏敎を築いた人びと日本の仏敎を築いた人びと: その肖像と書 [People who built Japanese Buddhism: portraits and writings] (in Japanese). Nara National Museum. 1981. p. 72. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  77. 羯磨金剛目録 [List of Ritual Implements of Esoteric Buddhism and other objects brought back by the Priest Saichō] (in Japanese). Ōtsu City Museum of History. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  78. 趙子昂書 (与中峰明本尺牘) [Zhao Mengfu (Epistle to Zhongfeng Mingben)] (in Japanese). Seikadō Bunko Art Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
  79. "Epistle to Zhongfeng Mingben". Image Database. University of California. Archived from the original on 2011-08-18. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  80. 越 中国射水郡鳴戸村墾田図 [Map of rice fields in Naruto village, Imizu District, Etchū Province] (in Japanese). Nara National Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
  81. 文化審議会答申 国宝・重要文化財(美術工芸品)の指定について [Council of Cultural Affairs: Designation of National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties in the Arts and Crafts category](PDF) (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2017-03-10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
  82. 文化審議会答申 [Report from the culture commission](PDF) (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2024-03-15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-03-16. Retrieved 2024-03-16.

Bibliography