Electric bus

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Electric buses in Bogota Autobuses electricos BYD en Bogota.jpg
Electric buses in Bogotá

An electric bus is a bus that is propelled using electric motors, as opposed to a conventional internal combustion engine. Electric buses can store the needed electrical energy on board, or be fed mains electricity continuously from an external source such as overhead lines. The majority of buses using on-board energy storage are battery electric buses (which is what this article mostly deals with), where the electric motor obtains energy from an onboard battery pack, although examples of other storage modes do exist, such as the gyrobus that uses flywheel energy storage. When electricity is not stored on board, it is supplied by contact with outside power supplies, for example, via a current collector (like the overhead conduction poles in trolleybuses), or with a ground-level power supply, or through inductive charging.

Contents

As of 2017, 99% of all battery electric buses in the world have been deployed in Mainland China, with more than 421,000 buses on the road, which is 17% of China's total bus fleet. [1] For comparison, the United States had 300, and Europe had 2,250. [2] By 2021, China's share of electric buses remained at 98% while Europe had reached 8,500 electric buses, [3] with the largest fleet in Europe being Moscow. [4]

History

Principles

Battery

A battery electric double decker bus in Hong Kong (HKG-Hong Kong) Kowloon Motor Bus BED37 YV6320 85K 2024-05-30.jpg
A battery electric double decker bus in Hong Kong

One of the most popular types of electric buses nowadays are battery electric buses. Battery electric buses have the electricity stored on board the vehicle in a battery. As of 2024, battery electric buses could have a range of over 350 km [5] with just one charge, although extreme temperatures, hills, driving style and heavy loads can reduce range. [6]

City driving involves a great deal of accelerating and braking. Due to that, the battery electric bus is superior to diesel bus as it can recharge most of the kinetic energy back into batteries during braking, which reduces brake wear. The use of electric over diesel propulsion reduces noise and pollution in cities. [7]

When operating within a city, it is important to minimize the unloaded and rolling weight of the bus. This can be accomplished by using aluminium as the main construction material. Composite paneling and other lightweight materials can also be used. According to Finnish bus manufacturer Linkker, its fully aluminium bus construction is about 3000 kg lighter than comparably sized modern steel buses, which have a curb weight of 9500 kg. Reducing weight allows for a greater payload and reduces wear to components such as brakes, tires, and joints, achieving cost savings for the operator. [8]

Charging

Three types of electric road systems. An electric bus (black) receives power from the road: (A) with three inductive pickups (red) from a strip of resonant inductive coils (blue) embedded several centimeters under the road (gray); (B) with a current collector (red) sliding over a ground-level power supply rail segment (blue) flush with the surface of the road (gray); (C) with an overhead current collector (red) sliding against a powered overhead line (blue) Electric road systems.svg
Three types of electric road systems. An electric bus (black) receives power from the road: (A) with three inductive pickups (red) from a strip of resonant inductive coils (blue) embedded several centimeters under the road (gray); (B) with a current collector (red) sliding over a ground-level power supply rail segment (blue) flush with the surface of the road (gray); (C) with an overhead current collector (red) sliding against a powered overhead line (blue)

Commonly, metropolitan electric busses are charged on-route with 6–8 minutes of charging at 450 kW for every hour of operation. Opportunity charging is available at bus stops with overhead chargers utilizing the SAE J3105 standard and at terminals at the end of the bus route. Slower, 50 kW to 175 kW overnight charging at plug-in chargers is utilized too. [9] Sometimes wireless charging pads are utilized, but plug-in stations are more common due to the fact that are faster and more efficient. [10]

Wireless inductive charging with a charging pad under each bus stop and at each stop light was trialed in Korea with the Online electric vehicle project. [11] Commercialization of the technology has not been successful, leading to controversy over the continued public funding of the technology in 2019. [12]

Sweden conducted a program studying electric road systems technologies that allow buses and other vehicles to charge while driving on roads and highways. The four tested technologies were overhead wires, in-road rail and on-road rail known as ground-level power supply, and in-road inductive charging with coils. [13] [14] The final report published in December 2024 recommended against a national electric road network in Sweden as it would not be cost-effective, and the project was paused. [15] [16] From 2023 to 2027 France will conduct electric road studies with technologies by Alstom, [17] Electreon, and Elonroad. [18]

The first solar powered microgrid for charging electric buses in the US is under construction in Montgomery County, MD, and scheduled for completion in fall of 2022. [19]

Capacitors

Buses can use capacitors instead of batteries to store their energy. Ultracapacitors can only store about 5 percent of the energy that lithium-ion batteries hold for the same weight, limiting them to a short distance per charge. However ultracapacitors can charge and discharge much more rapidly than conventional batteries. In vehicles that have to stop frequently and predictably as part of normal operation, energy storage based exclusively on ultracapacitors can be a solution. [20]

China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus, known as Capabus, which runs without continuous overhead lines by using power stored in large on-board electric double-layer capacitors, which are quickly recharged whenever the vehicle stops at any bus stop (under so-called electric umbrellas), and fully charged in the terminus.

A few prototypes were being tested in Shanghai in early 2005. In 2006, two commercial bus routes began to use electric double-layer capacitor buses; one of them is route 11 in Shanghai. [21] In 2009, Sinautec Automobile Technologies, [22] based in Arlington, VA, and its Chinese partner, Shanghai Aowei Technology Development Company [23] are testing with 17 forty-one seat Ultracap Buses serving the Greater Shanghai area since 2006 without any major technical problems. [24] Another 60 buses will be delivered early next year with ultracapacitors that supply 10 watt-hours per kilogram.

The buses have very predictable routes and need to stop regularly, every 5 kilometres (3 mi), allowing opportunities for quick recharging. The trick is to turn some bus stops along the route into charging stations. At these stations, a collector on the top of the bus rises and touches an overhead charging line. Within a couple of minutes, the ultracapacitor banks stored under the bus seats are fully charged. The buses can also capture energy from braking, and the company says that recharging stations can be equipped with solar panels. A third generation of the product, will give 32 kilometres (20 mi) of range per charge or better. [20] Such a bus was delivered by Chariot Motors in Sofia, Bulgaria in May 2014 for 9 months' test. It covers 23 km in 2 charges. [25]

Sinautec estimates that one of its buses has one-tenth the energy cost of a diesel bus and can achieve lifetime fuel savings of $200,000. Also, the buses use 40 percent less electricity compared to an electric trolley bus, mainly because they are lighter and have the regenerative braking benefits. The ultracapacitors are made of activated carbon, and have an energy density of six watt-hours per kilogram (for comparison, a high-performance lithium-ion battery can achieve 200 watt-hours per kilogram), but the ultracapacitor bus is also cheaper than lithium-ion battery buses, about 40 percent less expensive, with a far superior reliability rating. [20] [24]

There is also a plug-in hybrid version, which also uses ultracapacitors.

Sinautec is in discussions with MIT's Schindall about developing ultracapacitors of higher energy density using vertically aligned carbon nanotube structures that give the devices more surface area for holding a charge. So far, they are able to get twice the energy density of an existing ultracapacitor, but they are trying to get about five times. This would create an ultracapacitor with one-quarter of the energy density of a lithium-ion battery. [26]

Drawbacks

As with other electric vehicles, climate control and extremely cold weather will weaken the performance of electric buses. In addition, terrain may pose a challenge to the adoption of electric vehicles that carry stored energy compared to trolleybuses, which draw power from overhead lines. Also, compared to trolleybuses, battery electric buses have lower passenger capacity because the weight of the batteries increases axle loads in jurisdictions where there are legal axle load limits on roads.[ citation needed ] Even when conditions are favorable, internal combustion engine buses are frequently diesel powered, and diesel is relatively inexpensive per mile. High local utility rates (especially during periods of peak demand) and proprietary charging systems pose barriers to adoption. [27]

Makers and models

School use

North America

A battery electric Proterra BE35 bus operated by San Joaquin RTD beside its fixed charging station Proterra Electric Bus at Charging Station.jpg
A battery electric Proterra BE35 bus operated by San Joaquin RTD beside its fixed charging station
Bay Shore, New York, brand new all-electric Blue Bird school buses. Bluebird-Vision-Electric.jpg
Bay Shore, New York, brand new all-electric Blue Bird school buses.

In 2014, the first production-model all-electric school bus was delivered [28] to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California's San Joaquin Valley. The Class-A school bus was built by Trans Tech Bus, using an electric powertrain control system developed by Motiv Power Systems, of Foster City, California. The bus was one of four the district ordered. The first round of SST-e buses (as they are called) is partly funded by the AB 118 Air Quality Improvement Program administered by the California Air Resources Board.

The Trans Tech/Motiv vehicle has passed all KCUSD and California Highway Patrol inspections and certifications. Although some diesel hybrids are in use, this is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.

The first all-electric school bus in the state of California pausing outside the California capitol building in Sacramento. First New Zero-Emission School Bus in California.jpg
The first all-electric school bus in the state of California pausing outside the California capitol building in Sacramento.

Since 2015, the Canadian manufacturer Lion Bus offers a full size school bus, eLion, with a body made out of composites. It is a regular production version that is built and shipped in volume since early 2016, with around 50 units sold until 2017. [29]

In February 2021, there were about 300 electric schoolbuses in operation in the United States. That month, Montgomery County, Maryland approved a contract to transition its 1,400 vehicle schoolbus fleet to electric buses by 2035, with the first 25 buses arriving in fall 2021. [30]

The 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act included $2.5 billion in funding for electric school buses, to be distributed over five years. [31]

By June 2022, 38 US states were using electric schoolbuses. [32]

In September 2022, EPA funding for electric schoolbuses was doubled, from $500 million to almost $1 billion, due to high demand. The improvement in air quality over diesel powered school buses is expected to be helpful for children with asthma. [33] In addition, the BIDIRECTIONAL Act was introduced in the US Senate, to "create a program dedicated to deploying electric school buses with bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) flow capability."

Areas where electric buses are in use

Transit authorities that use battery buses or other types of all-electric buses, other than trolleybuses:

Asia

UAE

The UAE has recently introduced electric buses. The busses are public buses which serve Dubai. [34]

Malaysia

Indonesia

A SAG BMP-230301 electric bus operated by TransJakarta in Jakarta Bus Metrotrans di rute 4B.jpg
A SAG BMP-230301 electric bus operated by TransJakarta in Jakarta

India

An electric bus in Hyderabad, India Olectra - BYD Electric Bus Hyderabad 4.jpg
An electric bus in Hyderabad, India

Highlights:

  • On 6 March 2014, India's first intra-city e-bus was launched in Bengaluru. [47]
  • On 17 October 2016, Ashok Leyland unveiled India's first indigenous e-bus. [48] [49]
  • On 8 August 2019, Government of India sanctioned 5,595 e-buses to 64 cities and state transport undertakings. [50] [51]
  • On 5 September 2019, India's first inter-city e-bus service, from Mumbai to Pune, was launched. [52]

Cities using electric buses include:

Iran

  • Iran's first electric bus was launched in Tehran in 2021 with the brand name of SHETAB. It is the vehicle designed with PLM technology in Iran. [63] [64] [65]

Israel

  • Israel has more than 100 electric buses, out of a fleet of ~13,000 buses [66]
  • Dan, a public transport operator in Tel Aviv launched e-bus operation on 15 September 2016 with five Chariot ultracapacitor e-buses on Route 4. After 2017, Dan put other four Chariot e-buses with 32kWh ultracapacitors into service. In late 2018 and 2020 it put 19 and 10 new ultracapacitor e-buses with 40 kWh ultracapacitors into service. By late 2020, 37 Chariot electric buses operated in Tel Aviv.

China

BYD K8A,K9FE,C9,C8,K6,T8SA,T3 in Bengbu, Anhui, China BYD K8A K9FE C9 C8 K6 T8SA T3 Electric Vehicles.jpg
BYD K8A,K9FE,C9,C8,K6,T8SA,T3 in Bengbu, Anhui, China
Beijing's electric bus fleet in service during the 2008 Olympics Electric bus BK6122EV1.jpg
Beijing's electric bus fleet in service during the 2008 Olympics

As of 2016, 156,000 buses are being put into service per year in China. [67] As of the end of 2020, 378,700 electric buses were in operation, accounting for 53.8% of the total amount of buses. [68]

Japan

Community Bus "Hamurun" NishiTokyoBus B21251 Hamurun EV bus.jpg
Community Bus "Hamurun"

Singapore

A Yutong E12DD electric bus operated by Tower Transit Singapore SG7005D 189.jpg
A Yutong E12DD electric bus operated by Tower Transit Singapore
  • Singapore's first fully electric bus was launched in 2016 on a trial basis by Go-Ahead Singapore.
  • On 24 October 2018, the Land Transport Authority procured 60 fully electric buses — 20 BYD K9 buses, 20 ST Engineering-Linkker LM312 Electric Buses, 10 Yutong E12 single-decker buses and 10 Yutong E12DD double-decker buses, for $50.64 million total.
  • On 17 October 2019, SMRT Buses began deploying BYD C6 electric minibuses on bus service 825, marking the launch of Singapore's first fully electric public minibuses.
  • On 3 April 2020, Go-Ahead Singapore, Tower Transit Singapore and SMRT Buses began deploying Yutong E12 electric buses, marking the start of the rollout of the 60 fully electric buses procured by the Land Transport Authority.
  • On 29 July 2020, SBS Transit began deploying BYD K9 electric buses.
  • On 27 October 2020, Go-Ahead Singapore, Tower Transit Singapore and SMRT Buses began deploying Yutong E12DD electric double-decker buses, marking the launch of Singapore's first fully electric double-decker buses.
  • On 25 August 2021, SBS Transit and SMRT Buses began deploying Linkker LM312 electric buses, marking the launch of Singapore's first Opportunity Charging Electric buses. [82]

South Korea

Seoul's "Peanut Bus" at Mt. Namsan. Seoul Bus Route 05(TR).png
Seoul's "Peanut Bus" at Mt. Namsan.
  • Seoul has 15 electric buses nicknamed "Peanut Bus" for their shape, transferring people from subway stations in downtown to the N Seoul Tower, circulating Mt. Namsan. [83]
  • Seoul's Gangnam District will have 11 electric buses in operation from February 2013 and 270 electric buses by the end of 2013, increasing to 400 buses by 2014. [84] At least 3,500 electric buses will be introduced in phases until 2020, which will account for half of Seoul's bus fleet. [85]
  • Gumi will have the world's first wireless electric bus, known as Online Electric Vehicle, in operation from July 2013 developed by KAIST. Electricity is wirelessly fed into the bus from the tracks. [11] [86]
  • Pohang will have automatically battery switching electric buses in operation from July 2013. Unlike conventional plug-in charging buses, the battery pack is automatically swapped with a fully charged one before complete drainage. [87]

Thailand

An electric bus in Bangkok, Thailand Minebus NJL6106BEV 39 1-5(39)-3.jpg
An electric bus in Bangkok, Thailand
  • Thai Smile Bus Co., Ltd. [88]

Qatar

741 electric buses are operated by Mowasalat (Karwa) the country's public transit system. [89]

Turkey

Vietnam

VinBus in Hanoi, Vietnam Newone - VinBus 11.jpg
VinBus in Hanoi, Vietnam

Europe

Belarus

Belarusian electrobus E-433 on test in Moscow Electrobus E-433.jpg
Belarusian electrobus E-433 on test in Moscow
  • Е433 «Vitovt Max Electro» (Minsk) [90]
  • E420
  • E321

Belgium

The electrification of Belgium's buses is on a strong upward trend:

  • Flanders: At the end of 2019 De Lijn operated 2,295 buses, of which 368 were hybrids. De Lijn introduced its first six fully electric buses in 2020, with seven more to follow. An order for 970 electric buses, which had been cancelled, is to be reissued. [91] The Flemish coalition agreement states that city centres must be operated emission-free by 2025 and that all buses in Flanders must be zero-emission by 2035. [92]
  • Wallonia: At the end of 2019, OTW operated 1,769 of its own buses, of which 309 were hybrids.
  • Brussels: At the end of 2019 STIB/MIVB operated 800 buses, of which 184 (23%) of them were hybrids. Tenders for 50–100 electric buses are being prepared and the hydrogen option is also being examined.

As for fully electric buses, Belgium only had 4 in operation in 2019. [93]

Bulgaria

  • Since 2018 Sofia operates a fleet of 20 Yutong battery electric buses
  • Since 2020 Sofia operates a fleet of 15 Chariot-Higer supercapacitor-based electric buses. In 2021 the fleet was supplemented by 30 more electric vehicles of this type.
  • Since February 2021 Kazanlak operates a fleet of 7 Alfabus battery electric buses
  • Since February 2021 Gabrovo operates a fleet of 3 Chariot-Higer supercapacitor-based electric buses, delivered by Chariot Motors.
  • Since July 2021 Ruse operates a fleet of 20 SOR battery electric buses.

Finland

France

Germany

  • Berlin: Berlin public transport(Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG)) operator orders 90 new electric buses. It is still unclear which manufacturer the vehicles were ordered from. As the local German newspaper, the Tagesspiegel writes, the order is said to have gone to the Dutch electric bus and charging infrastructure manufacturer Ebusco. The delivery of all buses is scheduled for the end of 2022. This will increase BVG's fleet to 228 electric buses. [96]
  • Munich: The Dutch electric bus manufacturer Ebusco has received a follow-up order from public transport operator Stadtwerke München in Germany. The order is for 14 electric 18-metre buses of the type Ebusco 2.2. Delivery is scheduled for the first half of 2023. "After the 12-metre buses from Ebusco met the range expectation, we are looking forward to taking its big brother on the road," says Veit Bodenschatz, managing director and Head of Bus Operations at Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft (MVG). In Munich, the aforementioned twelve Ebusco 2.2 are already in use as solo buses in the 12-metre version, as well as two Ebusco 3.0, which, as reported, were recently handed over to Stadtwerke. [97]
  • Konstanz: Stadtwerke Konstanz has purchased six new electric buses as a prelude to the long-term conversion of its bus fleet. The new Mercedes eCitaro e-buses have already been delivered and are scheduled to enter service on lines 6 and 14 in February. The municipal utility had already announced in October 2020 that it intended to purchase six e-buses in 2021 and to stop buying diesel buses in the future. The order was then placed with Mercedes-Benz last year, and the red-painted eCitaro buses have since arrived in Constance. [98]

United Kingdom

operates Wright StreetDeck Electroliner BEVs and Wright GB Kite Electroliner BEVs and Yutong E12 and Yutong E15 BEVs

Italy

Lithuania

Netherlands

A VDL Citea Electric charging at the bus station of West-Terschelling, Netherlands VDL Citea Electric charging at West-Terschelling bus station.jpg
A VDL Citea Electric charging at the bus station of West-Terschelling, Netherlands

The Netherlands has the most electric buses of any European country. At the end of 2019 the number had reached 770, or 15% of the entire Dutch fleet of 5,236 buses. This is expected to grow to 1,388 by the end of 2020. In the provinces of Groningen and Drenthe 47% of buses are electric, in Limburg 37% and in North Holland 31%. The main manufacturers are VDL (486 of the existing 770) Ebusco (110), Heuliez (49) and BYD (44). [114] In 2015, the Dutch public transport authorities agreed to buy only emission-free buses from 2025 onwards, and to make the entire fleet emission-free by 2030. [115]

Amsterdam

In December 2018 GVB ordered 31 electric buses from VDL, with an option for 69 more buses. They entered service on 2 April 2020 on routes 15, 22 and 36, and are

  • 9 Citeas SLF-120 Electric, with 216 kWh batteries
  • 22 articulated Citeas SLFA-180 Electric, with 288 kWh batteries

The buses recharge through a pantograph from 31 8 MW Heliox fast chargers at the Garage West depot on Jan Tooropstraat and seven 45 kW chargers at Sloterdijk station. [115] [116] EBS (Egged Bus Systems), which primarily serves Waterland to the north of Amsterdam, has also ordered 10 electric buses from VDL. [116]

Arnhem

Arnhem has the Netherlands's only trolleybus network, which opened in 1949 and operates 46 articulated buses on six routes.

Eindhoven

On 11 December 2016 Hermes introduced 43 fully electric VDL 18-metre buses in Eindhoven, driving a daily distance of 400 km each. In 2017 this was the biggest all-electric bus operation of Europe.

Haaglanden

For use on its Haaglanden network EBS is using 116 electric buses:

  • 23 VDL Citea LLE 99 Electrics for Zoetermeer and Delft (10-metre [32 ft 9+3⁄4 in])
  • 93 Mercedes-Benz Citaro NGT Hybrids for other routes (83 12-metre [39 ft 4+1⁄2 in] and 10 18-metre [59 ft 5⁄8 in] articulated) [117]
Rotterdam

In 2018 Rotterdam ordered 55 electric buses from VDL [116] and in 2019 obtained a European Investment Bank loan to buy a further 105 electric and 103 hybrids. [118]

Schiphol

Since March 2018, 100 VDL Citea articulated electric buses operated by Connexxion have served Schiphol airport. The buses have a battery capacity of 170 kWh and a range of 80 kilometres. They are charged during the day by Heliox 450 kW fast chargers, taking between 15 and 25 minutes. Overnight, 30 kW slow charges take 4–5 hours. [119] They are powered by 100% renewable energy, from wind power and solar panels at the depots. [120] The buses serve two different networks:

  • R-net: routes 242, 342, 347 and 347 with a total length of 78 km
  • Schipholnet: routes 180, 181, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195, 198, 199 and 287.

Since 2016 a fleet of 35 BYD 12-metre battery buses has provided airfield services. [121]

Utrecht

In Utrecht, Qbuzz has operated electric buses since 2017.

Waddeneilanden

In April 2013 six all-electric BYD buses operated on the island of Schiermonnikoog. Arriva started running 16 electric buses on Vlieland, Ameland and Schiermonnikoog.

Poland

Autosan Sancity 12LFE in Czestochowa Autosan Sancity 500.jpg
Autosan Sancity 12LFE in Częstochowa

As of 2022, around 700 electric buses—not counting trolleybuses—from different manufacturers are operated in Poland, and there are plans to obtain another few hundred. The largest fleets are located in Warsaw (162 buses), Kraków (78 buses), Poznań (59 buses), Jaworzno (44 buses) and Zielona Góra (43 buses). [127] Trolleybuses operate in Gdynia, Lublin and Tychy, with around 250–300 in service.

Romania

  • Cluj-Napoca: In May 2018, Solaris Bus & Coach delivered 11 Solaris Urbino 12 electric buses to the local operator CTP Cluj, Cluj-Napoca becoming the first city in Romania to use battery-electric buses in public transport. (Electric buses in the form of trolleybuses were already in use in Cluj and several other Romanian cities.) Another 19 buses are expected to be delivered in the future. The municipality's mayor, Emil Boc, announced that Cluj will have a fully electric public transport system by 2025. [128]
  • Brașov: In 2019 -2021, SOR delivered 60 electric buses ENS12 and EBN8 to Brasov. Also in 2022, Karsan delivered 12 articulated buses type E-ATA18.
  • Iași: Solaris delivered in 2022 20 Solaris Urbino 12 Electric.
  • Slatina: Operates since 2022 a fleet of 8 SOR ENS 12 and 10 Karsan E-ATA 10.
  • Craiova: Operates since 2020, 20 Solaris Urbino 18 electric buses.
  • Turda: Operates since late 2019 a fleet of 20 SOR electric buses, 10 SOR EBN 11 and 10 SOR EBN 9.5.
  • Alba Iulia: Operates 13 SOR ENS 12 electric buses since 2023.
  • Ploiești: Operates 9 SOR ENS 12 since 2023.
  • Suceava: Operates both 15 Solaris Urbino 12 Electric and 25 ZTE City Roamer.
  • Zalău: Operates 10 SOR ENS 12 and 10 SOR EBN 9.5 since 2020.
  • Pitești: Operates 40 Solaris Urbino 12 Electric.
  • Drobeta-Turnu Severin is operating 6 SOR EBN 11 electric and 3 ZTE GRANTON.
  • Constanța operates 20 BYD K9U electric buses.
  • Bistrița operates 10 SOR EBN 9.5 electric buses.
  • Buzău operates 4 Temsa Avenue Electron 12 and 9 BYD K9U Electric Buses.
  • Arad operates 10 Temsa electric buses, 5 Temsa Avenue Electron 12 and 5 Temsa MD9 LE.
  • Sibiu operates 5 Karsan Jest Minibuses and 9 Solaris Urbino 12 Electric.
  • Mangalia operates 10 Karsan E-ATAK 8.5 meters.
  • Focșani is operating 7 Karsan Jest Electric and 9 Karsan E-ATAK.
  • Timișoara operates 40 Karsan E-ATA 18.
  • Rovinari operates 3 SOR EBN8.
  • Segarcea operates 3 Karsan E-ATAK.
  • Galați will operate 20 Solaris Urbino 12 and 20 Solaris Urbino 9.5.

In Romania, except for the cities above, are operating more than 350 electric buses all over Romania, and their number is expanding. Most of the electric buses in Romania are deliveres by: Solaris (Poland), SOR (Czech Republic), Karsan (Turkey), Temsa (Turkey), BYD (China), ZTE Bus in cooperation with BMC Trucks and Bus (Romania). The list above is incomplete, as more tenders for electric buses are being launched, and more buses and models continue to appear.

Russia

A Russian electric bus KamAZ-6282 on route in Moscow. KamAZ-6282 electric bus on line T25 in Moscow.jpg
A Russian electric bus KamAZ-6282 on route in Moscow.
LiAZ-6274 is another common model in Moscow electric bus fleet. LiAZ-6274 on line T74 in Moscow 2019.jpg
LiAZ-6274 is another common model in Moscow electric bus fleet.
  • In 2014 battery-powered trolleybuses started operating in Chelyabinsk. The remodeled vehicles can run up to 30 km on routes that lack wires. [129]
  • In 2018 electric buses were introduced in Moscow. The city government has signed contracts with GAZ and Kamaz automobile companies to supply the city with 200 fast-charging electric buses. After 2021, only electric vehicles are to be purchased. [130] With the purchase of the 100th electric bus in May 2019, Moscow became the city with Europe's largest electric bus fleet. As of March 2022, over 1000 electric buses are in operation in Moscow. [131] Drive Electro company had provided batteries for 400 out of those 600 electric busses. [132] [133] [134]
  • Russian based Electric bus manufactures are LiAZ (GAZ Group), Trolza (PC Transport Systems) and Kamaz. [135] [136]

Serbia

  • In 2016 GSP Belgrade, the public transport operator of city of Belgrade, launched dedicated electric bus line equipped exclusively with 5 electric buses, delivered by Chariot Motors. [137] The line has a total length of 7.9 kilometres one-way and 13 bus stops.
  • In 2022, the Belgrade public transport operator GSP Beograd put its 10 new Chariot e-buses into commercial operation, delivered by Chariot Motors and DAT holding.

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

ABB TOSA Energy Transfer System Tosa ets palexpo.jpg
ABB TOSA Energy Transfer System

North America

Aruba

Canada

St. Albert in Canada's oil producing province of Alberta. St. Albert Transit BYD Electric Bus.jpg
St. Albert in Canada's oil producing province of Alberta.
British Columbia
Ontario
Québec

United States

Spokane Transit City Line at charging station Full Spokane City Line bus charging at SCC transit center October 2023.jpg
Spokane Transit City Line at charging station

In November 2019, orders for new electric buses had outpaced manufacturing capacity. [155]

The 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act included $2.5 billion in funding for electric school buses, to be distributed over five years. [31] By June 2022, there were commitments to 12,275 electric school buses in 38 states. [156]

A 2022 study by National Grid and Hitachi Energy indicates that installing charging infrastructure for fleet electrification will require location-specific upgrades to the US electrical grid. [157] [158]

In 2022, there were 5,269 battery electric buses. [159]

Cities using electric buses include:

California

Since 2000, the California Air Resources Board has had a Fleet Rule for Transit Agencies, which requires transit agencies to reduce emissions. [164] In 2018 it issued the Innovative Clean Transit rule, which requires all new transit buses purchased after 2029 to be zero-emissions buses. [165]

Long Beach, California and the Antelope Valley Transit Authority charge some of their buses on special wireless charging pads located along bus routes. [10]

By 2019, more than 200 e-buses were in service in California. Several hundred more e-buses for California were in backlogged orders. [155]

In 2023, Oakland, California introduced the first major fleet of electric school buses in a U.S. school district. These buses not only serve as a mode of transportation for students but also contribute 2.1 gigawatt-hours of electricity annually to the power grid, which is sufficient to power between 300 and 400 homes. This initiative holds particular importance in Oakland, a community where many students come from low-income families that are disproportionately affected by industrial pollution. The electric buses are projected to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 25,000 tons each year, thereby improving both the environment and health conditions within the community. [166]

Total operating cost per mile

NREL publishes zero-emission bus evaluation results from various commercial operators. NREL published following total operating cost per mile: with County Connection, for June 2017 through May 2018, for an 8-vehicle diesel bus fleet, the total operating cost per mile was $0.84; for a 4-vehicle electric bus fleet, $1.11; [167] with Long Beach Transit, for 2018, for a 10-vehicle electric bus fleet, $0.85; [168] and with Foothill Transit, for 2018, for a 12-vehicle electric bus fleet, $0.84. [169] [170]

States without plans for e-buses

In 2019, "only five states, Arkansas, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Dakota and West Virginia, ... [had] no transit agencies planning to operate electric buses or hydrogen fuel cell buses." [155]

Oceania

Australia

Interline Bus Services electric bus in Sydney, Australia BCI Citirider Sydney.png
Interline Bus Services electric bus in Sydney, Australia
Australian Capital Territory
  • In September 2017, Transport Canberra began operating two electric buses based at its Tuggeranong depot. [171]
  • In December 2020, the reelected ALP government announced that it would purchase 90 new electric buses for in 2021 with the aim to have Canberra's entire bus fleet converted to electric by 2024. Upgrades to bus depots would be completed during this time with Woden bus depot being the first to be upgraded. [172]
New South Wales
  • In 2016 Carbridge procured a fleet of six BYD electric buses to replace its diesel car park shuttles at Sydney Airport. [173]
  • Transport for NSW began a trial of electric buses on the South Coast before conducting a more expansive trial in region 6 in Sydney in 2019.
  • In December 2020, the NSW government announced that it would roll out 120 electric buses across Sydney in 2021. Transport minister Andrew Constance also announced a goal to transition the entire state's 8,000 strong bus fleet to battery electric by 2030. [174]
  • Sydney, November, 2021: A new rollout of zero emissions buses has begun as part of an ARENA-supported project. The buses will be charged from a solar array installed on the roof of the Leichhardt depot, storing energy in onboard batteries capable of holding up to ten times as much energy as an electric car. [175]
Queensland
  • Brisbane's new Brisbane Metro rapid bus system will use a fleet of 60 bi-articulated electric buses that visually resemble light rail vehicles. These buses will be supplied by Swiss-based manufacturer Carrosserie Hess. [176]
  • Kinetic has 11 electric buses on the Sunshine Coast, and 26 total in Cairns and Gold Coast in contracts to Translink Qld
Western Australia
Victoria
  • Melbourne's first fully electric bus began carrying passengers on Transdev Melbourne route 246 in October 2019. The body construction and fit out for the new bus was carried out in Dandenong by Volgren. [178]
  • In February 2024, Ventura became the first operator in Melbourne to operate an entirely electric fleet from one of its depots. The depot in Ivanhoe was converted to operate 27 electric buses built by Volgren. [179]

New Zealand

  • In April 2018, Auckland Transport began a trial with two electric Alexander Dennis Enviro200 buses. [180] These buses run on the City Link service around Auckland's central business district. The trial continues as of February 2019.
  • In July 2018, Tranzurban introduced 10 electric double Decker buses in Wellington. 22 more buses are expected to be in service by 2021. NZ Bus have ordered 67 single Decker buses which will enter service between 2021 and 2023.
  • In June 2019, Red Bus introduced three Alexander Dennis Enviro200 bodied BYD K9 electric buses for use on the 29 Airport route. [181] [182]

South America

Brazil

Chile

  • Santiago (BYD, Yutong, Foton, King Long, Zhongtong) [184]
  • Valparaíso (BYD) [184]
  • According to official stats, Santiago has 1580 electric buses, being the city with the biggest electric bus fleet outside of China. [185] [186] [187]

Colombia

Uruguay

  • Montevideo (BYD × 200 Vehicles), [191] (Yutong × 10 vehicles, Higer × 1 vehicle)
In 2013 Abriely imported for Uruguay-Argentina tourist transport operator Buquebus an BYD K9 for a tourist line in Colonia del Sacramento. That line was unsuccessful, and the bus was sold in 2016 to Montevideo's biggest urban and sub-urban transit bus operator CUTCSA who numbered it ad[ clarification needed ] the 2016 ("outside"[ clarification needed ] the 1-1136 the covered by the 1136 units of the operator). In that service the bus proved that while constrained and limited by the battery capacity in the longer lines, it could easily work in the shorter lines; so in 2020 CUTCSA acquired 20 BYD K9s for use on three exclusive[ clarification needed ] electrical lines:(CE1 Ciudad Vieja-Tres Cruces, replacing the CA1 line. (CE = "Centrica Electrica"; CA was "Centrica Accesible" or "Accesible Centrical") It[ clarification needed ] was the first exclusive[ clarification needed ] low floor bus line in Uruguay and a lower fare,E14 Ciudad Vieja-Pocitas replacing the 14 lines, and,the DE1 Ciudad Vieja-Carrasco line replacing the D1 line. (D=means Differential and refers to it being faster than another pre-existing line)
In 2020 the other three Montevidean bus operators COETC, UCOT and COME bought respectively 4, 3 and 3 Yutong E12LF (also known as ZK6128BEVG) for use in non-exclusive lines (and in COETC and UCOT cases also the CE1)
In the first semester[ clarification needed ] of 2023 CUTCSA started testing a Higer KLQ6126GEV numbered as 2023:first in the electric exclusive lines,later in multiple lines affiliated to the groupings of lines known as "Linea A", and finally in the "Interdiferencial" lines (Interdiferential lines composing of both Differential and inter-departmental lines) in preparation for the acquisition of electric units to replace around 25% of the fleet of 1140 buses.
On 7 May 2023 Claudio Techera, a reporter of the magazine "Transporte Carretero"(Road Transport), uploaded to his personal YouTube channel an interview with Álvaro Gomez, Director of PRIMATUR, the official importer of Yutong in Uruguay, in which Gomez confirmed that the cooperative COETC and the company COME S.A. had signed contracts for the acquisition of 10 Yutong U12 buses by each operator, with the possibility of modifying the side windows to make it easier to replace glass broken by stones or bullets. On 11 June, the cooperative UCOT confirmed the purchase of 10 U12 units after a directors' meeting.
  • Canelones-Las Piedras (Ankai × 6). Since 2019 the bus operator Compañia del Este o Codeleste has been buying Ankai electric low-floor buses for use in general lines of different models.[ clarification needed ]
  • Durazno-Durazno Department (Ankai × 2). The bus operator Nossar (which has operated urban and suburban bus services in the department since 1925, and interdepartmental services since 1987) bought 2 Ankai units for urban services, these units arrived at the Montevideo port and were driven about 200 km to Durazno by members of the Nossar family (owners of Nossar since its foundation).

See also

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