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Battery electric vehicles are vehicles exclusively using chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs, with no secondary source of propulsion (e.g., hydrogen fuel cell, internal combustion engine, etc.). The following list includes mass-produced vehicles, formerly produced vehicles, and planned vehicles.
Highway-capable battery electric automobiles capable of 100 km/h (62 mph) highway speed:
Production highway-capable battery electric automobiles originating outside the Chinese market, both dedicated battery electric vehicles (without an ICE-powered counterpart sharing the same body) or non-dedicated battery electric vehicles (based on an ICE-powered vehicle):
Production highway-capable battery electric automobiles originating within the Chinese market, including vehicles produced by Chinese manufacturers for domestic market and export markets, and vehicles developed by foreign manufacturers that are only offered in the Chinese market:
Battery electric automobiles not capable of 100 km/h (62 mph) highway speed:
| Model | Calendar year produced | Manufacturer | Marque origin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aixam e-City/e-Coupe [24] | 2017 | Aixam | France |
| Citroën Ami / Opel Rocks Electric / Fiat Topolino | 2020 | Stellantis | France/Germany/Italy |
| Microlino | 2022 | Micro Mobility Systems | Italy/Switzerland |
| Sôki | 2015 | Voze EV | Chile |
| Toyota COMS | 2000 | Toyota Auto Body | Japan |
| XEV Yoyo | 2021 | XEV | Italy/Hong Kong |
| Model | Calendar year produced | Calendar year discontinued | Manufacturer | Marque origin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acura ZDX | 2024 | 2025 | Acura (produced by General Motors) | Japan | |
| Aspark Owl | 2020 | 2024 | Aspark | Japan | |
| Audi Q8 e-tron | 2018 | 2025 | Audi | Germany | |
| Audi R8 e-Tron | 2015 | 2015 | Audi | Germany | Fewer than 100 units were sold at the end of production run. |
| Azure Transit Connect Electric | 2010 | 2012 | Azure Dynamics and Ford | United States | Around 500 units were sold before Azure stopped production in March 2012. [25] |
| Bolloré Bluecar | 2011 | Véhicule Électriques Pininfarina Bolloré | France | Cumulative sales in France totaled 5,689 units by the end of September 2016. [26] | |
| BMW i3 (International) and BMW i3 REx | 2013 | 2022 | BMW | Germany | Global sales exceeded 250,000 throughout lifetime. |
| Canoo Lifestyle Vehicle | 2023 | 2025 | Canoo | United States | |
| Chevrolet Bolt EV | 2016 | 2023 | General Motors | United States | |
| Chevrolet Bolt EUV | 2021 | 2023 | General Motors | United States | |
| Chevrolet BrightDrop | 2022 | 2025 | General Motors | United States | |
| Chevrolet S-10 EV | 1997 | 1998 | General Motors | United States | S-10 with GM EV1 powertrain, over 100 produced and only about 60 sold to private owners. |
| Chevrolet Spark EV | 2013 | 2016 | General Motors | United States | The Spark EV was released in selected markets in California and Oregon in June 2013. [27] GM planned to sell the Spark in Canada, South Korea and select European markets. [28] [29] |
| Chrysler TEVan/EPIC | 1993 | 1999 | Chrysler | United States | Sold primarily to electric utilities, only 56 were produced and were sold for approximately $120,000 each. |
| Citroën AX Électrique | 1993 | 1996 | PSA Group | France | 374 produced between December 1993 and 1996. [30] |
| Citroën Berlingo électrique | 1998 | 2005 | PSA Group | France | |
| Citroën Berlingo Electric (2010) | 2010 | 2013 | PSA Group | France | In 2016 worldwide sales were 491, with just 19 sold in the UK. [31] |
| Citroën C1 ev'ie | 2009 | 2011 | PSA Group | France | EV conversion produced by Electric Car Corporation. |
| Citroën C-Zero | 2010 | 2020 | PSA Group (produced by Mitsubishi Motors) | France | Similar to Mitsubishi i-MiEV. |
| Citroën E-Méhari | 2016 | 2019 | PSA Group and Bolloré | France | Approximately 1,000 cars were planned to be produced in collaboration with the French electric car producer Bolloré. [32] |
| Citroën Saxo Électrique | 1997 | 2002 | PSA Group | France | 6,400 produced with Peugeot 106. [33] |
| Coda Sedan | 2012 | 2013 | Coda Automotive | United States | Sales began in California in March 2012. |
| Elcat Electric Vehicles | 1990 | 2002 | ELCAT | Finland | |
| Fiat 500e | 2013 | 2019 | Fiat Chrysler Automobiles | Italy | U.S. sales totaled 27,211 units. [34] |
| Ford F-150 Lightning | 2022 | 2025 | Ford | United States | |
| Ford Focus Electric | 2011 | 2018 | Ford | United States | U.S. sales totaled 9,226 units. [35] |
| Ford Ranger EV | 1998 | 2003 | Ford | United States | Several hundred were produced for lease only, almost all were recovered and most destroyed. |
| Ford Think City | 2000 | 2002 | Ford | United States | |
| Fisker Ocean | 2022 | 2024 | Fisker Inc. | United States | |
| General Motors EV1 | 1996 | 2003 | General Motors | United States | First generation (1996–1997) used VRLA batteries, second generation (1999–2003) used NiMH batteries. |
| Honda Clarity Electric | 2017 | 2019 | Honda | Japan | |
| Honda e | 2020 | 2024 | Honda | Japan | |
| Honda EV Plus | 1997 | 1999 | Honda | Japan | About 300 produced. [36] |
| Honda Fit EV | 2012 | 2014 | Honda | Japan | Production was to be limited to only 1,100 units over the first three years. Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. began in July 2012 and availability is limited to California and Oregon. [37] |
| Hyundai Ioniq Electric | 2016 | 2022 | Hyundai | South Korea | |
| Jaguar I-Pace | 2018 | 2024 | Jaguar Land Rover | United Kingdom | |
| Kia Niro EV/e-Niro | 2018 | 2026 | Kia | South Korea | |
| Kia Soul EV | 2014 | 2023 | Kia | South Korea | |
| Lexus UX 300e | 2020 | 2025 | Toyota | Japan | |
| Lordstown Endurance | 2022 | 2023 | Lordstown Motors | United States | |
| Lotus Evija | 2023 | 2024 | Lotus Cars | United Kingdom | |
| Lumeneo Smera | 2013 | 2013 | Lumeneo | France | Highway speed-capable microcar. Sold 10 cars in 2013 before going bankrupt. [38] |
| Luxgen 7 MPV EV+ | 2010 | Yulon Motors | Taiwan | ||
| Luxgen S3 EV+ | 2017 | 2020 | Yulon Motors | Taiwan | |
| Luxgen U5 EV+ | 2019 | 2020 | Yulon Motors | Taiwan | |
| Mahindra e2o | 2013 | 2017 | Mahindra Electric | India | |
| Mahindra e2o Plus | 2016 | 2019 | Mahindra & Mahindra | India | [39] |
| Mahindra eVerito | 2016 | 2019 | Mahindra & Mahindra | India | [40] |
| Mahindra XUV400 | 2022 | 2026 | Mahindra | India | |
| Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-Cell | 2010 | 2010 | Daimler AG | Germany | Developed with Tesla Motors. Limited production of 500 A-Class E-Cell electric cars was built, for trial purposes and lease to customers in Europe. [41] |
| Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive | 2014 | 2019 | Daimler AG | Germany | Production for retail customers began in April 2014. [42] |
| Mercedes-Benz eCitan | 2022 | 2026 | Mercedes-Benz Group (produced by Renault) | Germany | |
| Mercedes-Benz EQA | 2021 | 2026 | Mercedes-Benz Group | Germany | |
| Mercedes-Benz EQB | 2021 | 2026 | Mercedes-Benz Group | Germany | |
| Mercedes-Benz EQC | 2019 | 2023 | Mercedes-Benz Group | Germany | |
| Mercedes-Benz EQT | 2023 | 2026 | Mercedes-Benz Group (produced by Renault) | Germany | |
| Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Electric Drive | 2013 | 2013 | Daimler AG | Germany | Fewer than 100 units were sold. [43] |
| Mercedes-Benz Vito E-Cell | 2010 | Daimler AG | Germany | ||
| Mia | 2011 | 2013 | Mia Electric | France | |
| Mini Electric/Cooper SE | 2019 | 2024 | Mini/BMW | United Kingdom | |
| Mitsubishi i-MiEV | 2009 | 2021 | Mitsubishi Motors | Japan | Was available in Asia, Europe and the Americas. [44] It was the first electric car to sell more than 10,000 units, including Citroën C-Zero and Peugeot iOn. According to Guinness World Records, the record was reached in February 2011. [45] Global sales totaled about 37,600 units through June 2016. [46] |
| Mobilize Limo | 2022 | 2023 | Mobilize/Renault | France | |
| Mobilize Duo | 2024 | 2025 | Mobilize/Renault | France | |
| Modec | 2007 | 2011 | Modec | United Kingdom | Electric delivery vans. |
| Navistar eStar | 2010 | 2013 | Navistar | United States | |
| NEVS 9-3 EV | 2017 | 2022 | NEVS AB | Sweden | |
| Nissan Altra EV | 1998 | 2002 | Nissan | Japan | Only about 200 vehicles were ever produced mainly for fleet. [47] |
| Nissan Hypermini | 1999 | 2001 | Nissan | Japan | 219 produced. |
| Opel Ampera-e | 2017 | 2020 | PSA Group (produced by General Motors) | Germany | |
| Peugeot 106 Électrique | 1996 | 2003 | PSA Group | France | Similar to Citroën Saxo |
| Peugeot iOn | 2010 | 2020 | PSA Group (produced by Mitsubishi Motors) | France | Similar to Mitsubishi i-MiEV. |
| Peugeot Partner Électrique | 1998 | 2005 | PSA Group | France | |
| Pininfarina Battista | 2022 | 2025 | Automobili Pininfarina | Germany/Italy | |
| Renault Fluence Z.E./Renault Samsung SM3 Z.E. | 2011 | 2020 | Renault | France | Global sales totaled 10,600 units through December 2019, mostly composed of SM3 Z.E. units. [48] |
| Renault Twingo Z.E. | 2020 | 2024 | Renault | France | |
| Renault Twizy | 2012 | 2023 | Renault | France | |
| Renault Zoe | 2012 | 2024 | Renault | France | |
| REVA/REVAi/G-Wiz i | 2001 | 2019 | Reva Electric Car Company | India | Since 2001 more than 4,000 cars were sold worldwide by March 2011 and was available in 26 countries. [49] [50] Sales in the UK, where it was sold as the G-Wiz and became its main market, ended by late 2011. [51] |
| SEAT e-Mii | 2020 | 2021 | SEAT | Spain | [52] [53] |
| Škoda/Tatra Beta | 1994 | 1997 | Škoda ELCAR Ejpovice | Czech Republic | About 100 produced, using nickel-cadmium batteries [54] [55] |
| Škoda Citigo iV | 2019 | 2020 | Škoda Auto | Czech Republic | [56] [57] Similar to Volkswagen e-Up. |
| Smart ED | 2007 | 2017 | Daimler AG | Germany | Available for lease in the United States since early 2011. Originally converted by Zytek from 100 Smart Fortwos. |
| Smart EQ fortwo | 2017 | 2024 | Daimler AG | Germany | |
| Smart EQ forfour | 2017 | 2021 | Daimler AG (produced by Renault) | Germany | |
| Tesla Model S | 2012 | 2026 | Tesla, Inc. | United States | |
| Tesla Model X | 2015 | 2026 | Tesla, Inc. | United States | |
| Tesla Roadster (first generation) | 2008 | 2012 | Tesla Motors | United States | |
| The Kurrent | 2006 | 2007 | American Electric Motor Vehicle Company | United States | Neighborhood electric vehicle. |
| Think City | 2008 | 2011 | Think Global | Norway | Successor of the Ford Th!nk. |
| Toyota eQ/Scion iQ EV | 2011 | 2013 | Toyota | Japan | Deployed in limited quantities for research purposes. |
| Toyota RAV4 EV (1997) | 1997 | 2003 | Toyota | Japan | Leased and sold on US east and west coast. 1,484 were leased and/or sold in California. [58] [59] |
| Toyota RAV4 EV (2012) | 2012 | 2014 | Toyota | Japan | Leased and sold only in California, from 2012 through 2015. 2,489 units were sold in the U.S. through April 2015. [60] [61] |
| Toyota C+pod | 2021 | 2024 | Toyota | Japan | |
| Tobe M’Car EV | 2009 | 2013 | Yulon Motors | Taiwan | |
| Tobe W’Car EV | 2010 | 2013 | Yulon Motors | Taiwan | |
| Tazzari Zero | 2009 | 2022 | Tazzari | Italy | |
| ThunderPower EV/TP | 2019 | Thunder Power | Taiwan | ||
| ThunderPower Chloe | 2020 | Thunder Power | Taiwan | ||
| Volkswagen e-Golf | 2014 | 2020 | Volkswagen | Germany | [62] |
| Volkswagen e-Up! | 2013 | 2023 | Volkswagen | Germany | NSF [63] |
| Volvo C30 Electric | 2010 | 2012 | Volvo Cars | Sweden | |
| Venturi Fétish | 2004 | 2007 | Venturi | Monaco | Only 25 units have been produced. [64] |
| Wheego Whip LiFe | 2011 | 2013 | Shuanghuan Auto and Wheego Technologies | China-United States | Sales began in the U.S. in April 2011. [65] A total of 34 units had been sold by March 2012, [66] and 400 had been produced when production ended in 2013. |
| ZENN | 2006 | 2010 | ZENN Motor Company | Canada | Based on the Microcar MC2 |
| Model | Calendar year produced | Calendar year discontinued | Manufacturer | Marque origin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AM General Jeep DJ-5E Electruck | 1974 | 1974 | AM General | United States | Sold to United States Postal Service and Canada Post. [74] |
| Baker Electric | 1899 | 1914 | Baker Motor Vehicle | United States | |
| CitiCar | 1974 | 1977 | Sebring-Vanguard | United States | Microcar, a total of 4,444 units were produced up to 1979. [75] |
| Citroën C15 | 1990 | 1994 | PSA Group | France | |
| Citroën C25 | 1990 | 1994 | PSA Group | France | Also named Fiat Ducato Elettra, Peugeot J5 Electrique |
| Detroit Electric | 1907 | 1939 | Anderson Electric Car Company | United States | Between 1907 and 1939 a total of 13,000 electric cars were built. [76] |
| Enfield 8000 | 1973 | 1973 | Enfield Automotive | United Kingdom | 120 cars were built in total, of which 65 were used by the Electricity Council. [77] |
| Fiat Panda Elettra | 1990 | 1998 | Fiat | Italy | |
| Henney Kilowatt | 1959 | 1960 | Henney Motor Company | United States | |
| Scottish Aviation Scamp | 1964 | 1966 | Scottish Aviation | United Kingdom | Produced for the Central Electricity Generating Board. 13 prototypes only. |
| Sinclair C5 | 1985 | 1985 | Sinclair Vehicles | United Kingdom | Recumbent tricycle. Out of 14,000 C5s made, only 5,000 were sold. [78] |
| Studebaker Electric | 1902 | 1912 | Studebaker | United States | Produced from 1902 to 1912 in South Bend, Indiana |
| VAZ-111E | 1989 | 1998 | AvtoVAZ | Soviet Union | |
| Zagato Zele | 1974 | 1976 | Zagato | Italy | Made by the Italian design firm Zagato. About 500 vehicles were made. |
| Model | Calendar year produced | Calendar year discontinued | Manufacturer | Marque origin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AC Propulsion tzero | 1997 | 1997 | AC Propulsion | United States | Two-seat sportster prototype, four produced.[ citation needed ] |
| Acura RSX | 2026 | Acura | Japan | Supposed to go into production with prototype model already being shown to the public, but the company in March 2026 and cancelled the entire vehicle. | |
| Afeela 1 | 2026 | Sony Honda Mobility | Japan | Supposed to go into production with prototype model already being shown to the public, but the company cancelled the vehicle in March 2026. | |
| Arrival Bus | 2022 | Arrival | United Kingdom | Production of the bus was planned for the end of 2022, but development was paused in August 2022. The company went into administration in 2024. | |
| Autobianchi Y10 Electrica | 1989 | 1990 | [79] | ||
| BMW 1602 Elektro-Antrieb | 1972 | BMW | Germany | BMW's first electric vehicle prototype, based on the production 1602 model. Unveiled during the 1972 Olympics and used to carry VIPs. | |
| BMW ActiveE | 2012 | 2012 | BMW | Germany | Field testing in the U.S. began in January 2012, after the Mini E trial ended. [80] Available only in select markets. [81] |
| Byton M-Byte | 2018 | 2021 | Byton | China | Supposed to go into production with concept model already being shown to the public, but the company went bankrupt in 2021 and cancelled the entire vehicle. |
| Byton K-Byte | 2018 | Byton | China | Supposed to go into concept model already being shown to the public, but the company went bankrupt in 2021 and cancelled the entire vehicle. | |
| Canoo MPDV | 2020 | Canoo | United States | The company went bankrupt in 2025 and cancelled the entire vehicle. | |
| Elcat Electric Vehicles | 2002 | Elcat Automotive | Finland | ||
| Electrorides ZeroTruck | 2008 | Electrorides | United States | Based on an Isuzu N-series platform, retrofitted with a UQM Technologies electric motor. [82] | |
| Electrosport | 1971 | 1974 | Electric Fuel Propulsion Company | United States | |
| EMC E36 | 2011 | 2011 | EnVision Motor Company | United States | Rebadged Dacia Logan I |
| Fisker Pear | 2024 | Fisker Inc. | United States | Supposed to go into production with concept model already being shown to the public, but the company went bankrupt in October 2024 and cancelled the entire vehicle. | |
| Fisker Alaska / Kayak | 2024 | Fisker Inc. | United States | Supposed to go into production with concept model already being shown to the public, but the company went bankrupt in October 2024 and cancelled the entire vehicle. | |
| Fisker Ronin | 2024 | Fisker Inc. | United States | Supposed to go into production with concept model already being shown to the public, but the company went bankrupt in October 2024 and cancelled the entire vehicle. | |
| Ford SUV (electric) | 2024 | Ford | United States | Supposed to go into production, but the company in August 2024 and cancelled the entire vehicle. | |
| Hyundai BlueOn | 2009 | 2010 | Hyundai | South Korea | Field testing with 30 units began in South Korea by late 2010, production was planned. [83] |
| Honda 0 Saloon | 2026 | Honda | Japan | Supposed to go into production with concept model already being shown to the public, but the company in March 2026 and cancelled the entire vehicle. | |
| Honda 0 SUV | 2026 | Honda | Japan | Supposed to go into production with prototype model already being shown to the public, but the company in March 2026 and cancelled the entire vehicle. | |
| Indi One | 2022 | Indi EV | United States | Supposed to go into production with prototype model already being shown to the public, but the company went bankrupt in October 2023 and cancelled the entire vehicle. | |
| Jaguar XJ (electric) | 2020 | Jaguar Land Rover | United Kingdom | Supposed to go into production, but the company in February 2021 and cancelled the entire vehicle. | |
| Iveco Daily | 2010 | Iveco | Italy | ||
| Lada Ellada | 2011 | AvtoVAZ | Russia | ||
| Mercedes-Benz Vito 108E | 1996 | Daimler AG | Germany | [84] | |
| Mini E | 2009 | 2010 | BMW | United Kingdom | Built for field trials. [85] |
| Miles ZX40ST | 2007 | Miles Electric Vehicles | United States | ||
| Mitsubishi Fuso eCanter | 2016 | Mitsubishi Fuso | Japan | ||
| Nissan Altra EV | 1998 | 2002 | Nissan | Japan | Only about 200 vehicles were ever produced mainly for fleet. [47] |
| Nissan Hypermini | 1999 | 2001 | Nissan | Japan | Only about 219 vehicles were ever produced mainly for Japanese market. |
| Optimal Energy Joule | 2008 | 2012 | Optimal Energy | South Africa | A concept car that was never released commercially; development ceased in April 2012. |
| Ram 1500 REV (All-Electric) | 2023 | Ram Trucks | United States | Supposed to go into production with concept model already being shown to the public, but the company in September 2025 and cancelled the entire vehicle. | |
| Tango | 2005 | Commuter Cars | United States | ||
| Tata Indica Vista EV | 2008 | 2011 | Tata Motors | India | |
| Volkswagen Golf blue-e-motion | 2011 | 2012 | Volkswagen | Germany | |
| Volkswagen Golf CITYStromer | Volkswagen | Germany | |||
| Volkswagen Jetta CITYStromer | Volkswagen | Germany | |||
| Wrightspeed X1 | 2006 | Wrightspeed | United States | An Ariel Atom sports car modified to use an all-electric powertrain. Production has been cancelled. | |
| Zytek Lotus Elise | 1998 | 2003 | Lotus Cars and Zytek | United Kingdom |
| Model | Calendar year |
|---|---|
| Aptera | 2026 |
| Aston Martin Lagonda All-Terrain | 2026 |
| Audi A2 e-tron | 2026 |
| Avinya X | 2027 |
| Bentley Torcal | 2026 |
| BMW iX4 | 2026 |
| BMW iX5 | 2026 |
| Chrysler Arrow Cross/Arrow | TBA |
| Citroën 2CV | 2028 |
| City Transformer CT-1 | 2025 [86] |
| City Transformer urban CT-2 | 2025 [87] |
| Comsove BUTIQ | 2025 |
| Comsove ATIQ | 2025 |
| DeLorean Alpha5 | 2025 |
| EdisonFuture EF1-T | 2025 |
| Fiat Grizzly | 2026 |
| Fiat Ippo | 2028 |
| Ford Fathom | 2027 |
| Genesis GV90 | 2026 |
| Jaguar Type 01 | 2027 |
| Lancia Gamma | 2026 |
| Lexus TZ | 2026 |
| Maserati Quattroporte EV | 2028 |
| Mercedes-AMG GT 4-Door Coupé | 2026 |
| Mitsubishi ASX VR-e | 2026 |
| Nissan Juke EV | 2026 |
| Nissan Pixo EV | 2026 |
| Polestar 2 | 2027 |
| Polestar 5 | 2026 |
| Polestar 6 | 2029 |
| Polestar 7 | 2028 |
| Porsche 718 EV | 2026 |
| Range Rover GT | 2027 |
| Rivian R3 | TBA |
| Renault FlexEVan | 2026 |
| Scout Terra | 2027 |
| Scout Traveler | 2027 |
| Slate | 2026 |
| Smart #2 | 2026 |
| Subaru Getaway | 2026 |
| Suzuki e Sky | 2026 |
| Telo MT1 | 2026 |
| Tesla Roadster (second generation) | 2028 |
| Toyota Highlander BEV | 2026 |
| Volkswagen ID. Tiguan | 2026 |
| Model | Calendar year |
|---|---|
| Beijing Xingtan 5X | 2026 |
| BYD Dahan EV | 2026 |
| Honda GT | 2026 |
| MG2 EV | 2027 |
| Stelato V8 | 2026 |
| Volkswagen ID. Era 5X | 2026 |
| Volkswagen ID. Unyx 09 | 2026 |
| XPeng Mona L05 | 2026 |
Champion polyplast
Mahindra Electric Mobility Limited
Omega Seiki Mobility
Piaggio Vehicles Private Limited
Altigreen Propulsion Labs Pvt Ltd [94]
Keto Motors Private Limited
Kinetic Green Energy & Power Solutions Ltd [95]
Lohia Auto Industries
Mahindra Electric Mobility Limited [96]
Omega Seiki Mobility [97]
Kinetic Green Energy & Power Solutions Ltd [98]
Mahindra Electric Mobility Limited [96]
Omega Seiki Mobility [97]