Rivian's first car model was intended to be a sports car. This vehicle, dubbed the R1, was prototyped as a mid-enginehybridcoupe for the U.S. market, designed by Peter Stevens.[18] However, it was shelved in late 2011 as Rivian looked to restart its business in an effort to have a larger impact on the automotive industry.[19]
Rivian received a large investment and grew significantly in 2015, opening research facilities in Michigan and the San Francisco Bay Area.[20] Shortly thereafter, Rivian began working exclusively on electric autonomous vehicles, in an attempt to build a network of related products.[21] It also began gearing its prototypes toward the "ride-sharing and driverless car markets."[22]
Setting up production (2016-20)
By September 2016, Rivian was negotiating to buy a manufacturing plant formerly owned by Mitsubishi Motors in Normal, Illinois.[20][23][24] In January 2017, Rivian acquired the plant and its manufacturing contents for $16million, with the plant to become Rivian's primary North American manufacturing facility.[20][21][23][25] Rivian's acquisition of a near production-ready facility instead of building a new factory has been likened to Tesla's acquisition of the NUMMI plant in California.[25][23]
RJ Scaringe at the debut of the Rivian R1S SUV at the Los Angeles Auto Show, November 27, 2018
In December 2017, Rivian revealed its first two products: an electric five-passenger pickup truck and an electric seven-passenger SUV,[26][17] provisionally named the A1T and A1C, respectively. In November 2018, the truck and SUV were renamed the R1T and R1S, respectively, and unveiled at the LA Auto Show.[17][27][28][29] Both vehicles were described as ready for rough terrain and semi-autonomous, and the company outlined a plan for its next generation of models to be fully autonomous.[28] Production was scheduled to begin in 2020.[26]
Rivian had 250 employees at the start of 2018.[26] By February 2019, Rivian was employing 750 people[30] across facilities in Michigan, Illinois, California, and the United Kingdom. In November 2020, Rivian employed 3,000-plus workers.[31] Over the span of another year, employment roughly tripled, and in November 2021, Rivian was listed as having 9,000-plus employees.[32]
Shipment of first models; IPO; lay-offs (2021-24)
In late 2020, Rivian planned to begin shipments of the R1T in June 2021.[31] The June 2021 date later slipped to August. By August, vehicle shipments were delayed again, partly due to the global shortage of chips.[33] In September 2021, Rivian became the first automaker to bring a fully electric pickup to the consumer market, beating industry mainstays such as GM, Ford, and Tesla.[34] In October 2021, Rivian began delivering the R1T truck to customers.[35]
On November 10, 2021, Rivian became a public company through an IPO. 153 million shares were sold at an initial offering price of $78.00, valuing the company at $66.5billion. The shares began trading on the Nasdaq under the ticker "RIVN". On its first trading day, the stock closed at $100.73 per share, valuing the company at just under $100billion.[36] On November 19, 2021, Ford and Rivian announced that the two automakers no longer plan to co-develop an electric vehicle. Ford announced the company would retain a 12 percent stake in Rivian, which reached a value of more than $10billion after the IPO.[37] Ford sold around 90 percent of its stake in Rivian for $3billion by the end of 2022, an increase from its $1.2billion investment.[38] In December 2021, at the same time that Rivian began to deliver its R1S SUVs, Rivian's chief operations officer, Rod Copes, stepped down and retired from the company as it began to ramp up production of its vehicles.[39][40]
On March 1, 2022, Rivian announced price increases of 17% for the R1T and 20% for the R1S, citing a shortage of semiconductors and higher costs for other components.[41] There was immediate backlash from customers that had previously made reservations as the price hike would also affect their preorders.[42] Rivian later apologized for the retroactive price increases and stated that the original configured price would be honored for anyone with a Rivian preorder as of the March 1 pricing announcement.[43] On March 14, 2022, Rivian announced the company hired Frank Klein as its COO (chief operations officer). Klein began on June 1, 2022.[44]
In March 2022, Rivian made it to TIME's List of 100 Most Influential Companies of the year 2022.[45] On July 27, 2022, Rivian announced it would reduce its workforce by 6% in response to high inflation, rising interest rates, and an increase in parts prices.[46] In August 2022, regulatory filings revealed that investor George Soros sold roughly $8.5million of shares of the company.[47] The reason behind this sale is not definitively known; it could reflect the fund's overall sentiment or might be a tax-loss harvesting strategy to balance other capital gains.[48] Concurrently, the fund purchased shares in Tesla, an electric autonomous vehicle company and manufacturer of the Cybertruck, and Ford, the manufacturer of the F-150 Lightning.[47] In September 2022, Rivian signed an MoU with Mercedes-Benz Group to establish a joint venture to invest in and operate a factory in Europe, producing large commercial electric vans starting in a few years. The facility will have a common assembly line to produce a different design for each company.[49][50]The New York Times characterized the move as "a rare example of cooperation between a traditional carmaker and a new challenger" and noted that Mercedes' extensive experience in manufacturing may allow Rivian to overcome its own issues with it.[51] Rivian said this planned partnership would not go forward with this plan in December 2022 but stated that future collaborations may still be possible.[52] After the company received seven reports of loose torque bolts that did not result in injury, in October 2022, Rivian issued a voluntary recall of 13,000 vehicles.[53][54]
In January 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported the company experienced the departure of multiple top executives in recent months, including some that were among its longest-tenured employees, in what was referred to as a "challenging period for Rivian."[55]
On June 20, 2023, Rivian announced that it would incorporate Tesla's electric vehicle charging standard, the North American Charging System (NACS) into its R1T trucks and R1S SUVs in 2025, as well as in its upcoming R2 platform.[56][57] As early as the second quarter of 2024, Rivian owners may be able to use adapters to connect to Tesla's Supercharger network.[58]
A day after the big NACS announcement, on June 21, Rivian announced the acquisition of Iternio,[59] the Swedish mapping company known for its popular EV route-planning app, A Better Route Planner (ABRP), and integrated it into the in-car navigation system. In addition to Rivian mobile app integration, the company said it plans to maintain the standalone ABRP app.[60][61][62]
In late 2023, it was reported that Amazon's total fleet size of the EDV had reached 10,000 units.[63] In October 2023, the company also ended the exclusivity deal it had with Amazon, allowing Rivian to supply other commercial customers with its electric delivery vehicles. In December 2023 telecommunications company AT&T announced it would take delivery of the trucks from Rivian as part of a trial process for its fleet.[64]
In October 2023 Rivian announced to open a new Georgia manufacturing facility with an annual production capacity of 400,000 units in early 2024.[65] In March 2024, a delay was communicated.
On February 21, 2024, Rivian announced it would be laying off 10% of its salaried workers beginning on February 23, 2024.[66] On March 7, 2024, Rivian unveiled the R2 SUV that starts from $45,000, much less than current models, and the R3, that will cost even less than the R2.[67]
Partnership with Volkswagen (2024)
On June 25, 2024, Volkswagen Group announced its intention to invest up to $5 billion in Rivian. The investment will commence with an initial $1 billion, with an additional $4 billion anticipated by 2026. This commitment includes $1 billion slated for each of 2025 and 2026, followed by an additional $2 billion in 2026 earmarked for a prospective joint venture aimed at developing electrical architecture and software technology.[68]
It was reported on July 29, 2024, that Germany's competition authority gave green light to the form of the joint venture by two companies.[69]
Designed to be capable off-road, both R1 models have 14in (360mm) of ground clearance.[28] The truck was claimed in early testing to be able to accelerate from 0–60mph (0–97km/h) in under 3 seconds, wade through 3ft 7in (1.1m) of water and climb a 45degree incline.[28] The truck has a motor near each of the four wheels, and like some competitors, each wheel can be controlled interdependently.[70] According to Engadget, "the most expensive models will reach around 450 miles [720km] on a charge and feature [an] 800HP [600kW] electric motor Scaringe stated would beat Italian supercars."[28] Rivian has said it is designing the vehicles to facilitate carsharing with their autonomous features.[71] In addition, Rivian announced the intention to make an electric delivery van (EDV) in three different sizes, capable of carrying 500,700 or 900 cubic feet (14,20 or 25m3) of packages.[72] All three EDVs would share their basic electrical and network architecture, ECUs and battery packs with the Rivian R1 models.[72]
In December 2021, Rivian reported that it had over 71,000 pre-orders for its R1 models.[40] They produced a total of 24,337 cars in 2022.
The R1T is a pickup truck, which features four electric motors, two located on each axle (front and rear). The front two motors produce 415hp (309kW) and 413lb⋅ft (560N⋅m) of torque while the rear two motors produce 420hp (310kW) and 495lb⋅ft (671N⋅m) of torque.[73] The result is a Rivian-claimed 0–60mph (0–97km/h) time of 3.0 seconds.[74]
The Rivian R1T is offered with three battery sizes: 105 kWh, 135 kWh, or 180 kWh.[75] The R1T has a projected range of 230 miles (370km) with the smallest battery, 314 miles (505km) with the medium battery and over 400 miles (640km) with the largest battery. Extra batteries can be mounted in the R1T's bed for improved range. Those backup/auxiliary batteries can be charged by another R1T, if no charging infrastructure is available.[76]
In December 2021, the R1T was named the Motor Trend Truck of the Year.[77]
In August 2022, the company announced it would eliminate the base model of the R1T, called the Explore package, due to low customer demand, and would emphasize the Adventure model. The company said this would help it "streamline" its supply chain issues and deliver as many vehicles as possible.[78][79][80]
The R1S is a sport utility vehicle version of the first Rivian platform. Because of a shared electric chassis, the R1S design aimed, as of 2018[update], to have 91 percent shared components with the R1T.[28] The chassis includes braking, suspension and cooling systems with a battery in the center.[81] Rivian's skateboard platform is a relatively flat, low center of gravity chassis typical of electric vehicles, which enables straightforward modification for different body types.[82][81]
Rivian entered into a commercial agreement with its investor Amazon, Inc. in February 2019. By September 2019, Amazon's Logistics division had agreed to collaborate with Rivian to design, produce, and purchase 100,000 electric delivery vehicles (EDVs). Initial plans suggested a first delivery date in 2021.[83][12]As of 2019[update], Amazon expected to have as many as 10,000 electric vans in operation by 2022, but was not planning to take delivery of the entire 100,000 Rivian vans the contract calls for until 2030.[84] In November 2022, Rivian announced that it had delivered 1,000 EDVs to Amazon. The Rivian collaboration is part of Amazon's plan to convert its delivery fleet to 100% renewable energy by 2030.[85]
The van is slated to be built in three sizes, carrying 14m3 (500cuft), 20m3 (700cuft), or 25m3 (900cuft) of packages, each with the same stand-up interior height, but with a narrower smallest model. All of the vans will be built on the same platform, which shares the same electrical and network architecture, ECUs, and battery-pack design with the Rivian R1T/R1S models; most will use a basic single-motor e-axle drive unit driving the front wheels. The van is to be produced exclusively for Amazon, and will be built with a steel chassis on a "low-feature-content" assembly line to keep costs down. The van is explicitly designed to allow Amazon to reduce costs and shrink its carbon footprint.[86]
A 150-mile (240km) prototype for the Amazon electric delivery van was tested on public roads in early 2021. Testing began in Los Angeles[87] and San Francisco.[88] By April 2021, testing was being conducted in Denver[89] with plans to test in 16 U.S. cities in different climate zones. Tests in Oklahoma and Michigan were underway by July 2021.[88] Amazon also will source electric vans and three-wheelers from other OEMs, such as Stellantis, Mercedes-Benz Group, and Mahindra.[90] Deployment of the electric delivery vans began in nine U.S. cities in July 2022.[91]
Under terms of a 2019 agreement, Rivian was required to sell all of the vans it makes to Amazon. In early 2023, it was reported that Amazon had notified Rivian that it wanted to buy about 10,000 vans during the year. As this was at the low end of a range previously provided to the auto maker, in response Rivian sought to remove the exclusivity terms of the agreement.[92] Amazon agreed to end the exclusivity arrangement, allowing Rivian to be free to seek new commercial customers for the vans.[93]
The R2 is a smaller, less-expensive SUV on a new platform,[94] tentatively scheduled to launch in early 2026. It will be assembled at a new factory Rivian is building in Georgia (but will start initial production at the Normal, IL facility).[95] In May 2023, a shrouded clay model of the R2 was shown during a recorded conversation between R.J. Scaringe and Rivian lead designer Jeff Hammoud. As expected, the R2 appears to be smaller than the R1S while retaining the same boxy design; the start of R2 production is still scheduled for 2026,[96] but deliveries are now scheduled for 2026.[97] In June 2023 it was reported that the R2 would cost between $40,000 to $60,000 at its launch which would make it less expensive than the R1 models and that a pickup truck version of the R2 may also be created alongside the SUV.[98]
The Rivian R3 is an upcoming electric compact SUV.
EV charging
Rivian R1T charging at a Rivian charger
In March 2021, Rivian announced ambitious plans to develop a network of public charging stations across the United States and Canada by the end of 2023. Usage will be restricted to Rivian owners only. Similar to competitor Tesla, it plans to offer a combination of fast chargers and slower destination chargers and also sell home chargers.[7] The target for the charging network is set for 600 Rivian-exclusive Adventure Network sites made up of 3,500 DC fast chargers at high-traffic locations; 200kW will be the initial charging speed, with an eventual target of 300kW.[7]
The company is also planning 10,000 destination chargers (Level 2, 11.5kW)—called "Rivian Waypoints"—at retail, lodging and dining businesses, as well as parks and other locations; Waypoint chargers are designed to be usable by all electric vehicles with a J1772 connector.[99] Starting July 2021, Rivian planned to install two Rivian Waypoint chargers at up to 50 Colorado State Parks and state recreation areas.[100][101][102] However, by October, none had yet been installed as the contract was still making its way through state government bureaucracy with first installations expected in early 2022.[103] In September 2021, the first Waypoint 11.5kW chargers were installed near Moab, Utah.[104][105]
In July 2021, Rivian and the state of Tennessee announced plans to install Waypoint chargers at all 56 Tennessee state parks, saying that "Rivian will begin site surveys and engineering over the summer, with installation beginning as early as fall 2021".[106][107] The first site, Radnor Lake State Park, was unveiled on October 1, 2021.[108]
In June 2023 it was reported that Rivian adopted the North American Charging System for its vehicles in North America beginning in the 2025 model year.[109]
Facilities
The first ever high volume manufactured electric Rivian R1T pickup rolls off the Normal, Illinois, assembly line, September 28, 2021
Rivian is headquartered in Irvine, California, with its location focusing on vehicle engineering and design, propulsion and battery system development, and commercial functions. Rivian's sole production factory in Normal, Illinois,[23][21][110] manufactures vehicle components, such as battery packs.[17] The 2.6-million-square-foot (240,000 m2) plant has a paint shop, robotics, stamping machines, and other production equipment,[25][23] such as injection molding.[110] Rivian's facility in Plymouth, Michigan, focuses on vehicle engineering, prototyping, supply chain, and accounting. Rivian's facility in Palo Alto, California, focuses on software development and engineering, including self-driving features.[111][112] The company has additional office locations in Carson, California, and Woking, England, working on electric power conversion and advanced engineering, respectively.[113][114]
Rivian's Normal factory has steadily grown over the years. In July 2020, Rivian's plans for additions totaling 576,000 sq ft to its production facility were approved by the town council.[115] In October 2021, Rivian made public plans to grow the facility with a 623,000sqft (57,900m2) addition to be built on the west side of the existing facility, which if built would bring the total Rivian facility size to 3,900,000sqft (360,000m2).[116]
In December 2021, Rivian announced plans to build a $5billion battery and assembly plant east of Atlanta. Construction is planned to begin in summer 2022 with car production beginning in 2024 with plans to manufacture up to 400,000 vehicles a year. The plant is currently projected to employ 7,500 workers with possible growth to 10,000 workers.[117] Some locals are opposed to the Rivian plant with reasons such as environmental concerns and government costs, including Georgia proposing to allocate $125million for costs associated with the factory.[118] In early 2024, the company announced that it was putting on hold construction of the Georgia plant, the land for which had been at least 90% graded. For the present, all vehicles will continue to be made in the Normal plant.[119]
Vehicle sales
The chart below presents the quarterly sales of Rivian Electric Vehicles as per the data provided by the company in the shareholder letters for the financial years mentioned.[120]
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
21Q4
22Q1
22Q2
22Q3
22Q4
23Q1
23Q2
23Q3
23Q4
24Q1
24Q2
24Q3
The table below shows the cumulative total production of vehicles with the quarterly total production and total sales also shown.
Quarter
Cumulative production
Total production
Total sales
Q4 2021
1,003
1,003
909
Q1 2022
3,556
2,553
1,227
Q2 2022
7,957
4,401
4,467
Q3 2022
15,320
7,363
6,584
Q4 2022
25,340
10,020
8,054
Q1 2023
34,735
9,395
7,946
Q2 2023
48,727
13,992
12,640
Q3 2023
65,031
16,304
15,564
Q4 2023
82,572
17,541
13,972
Q1 2024
96,552
13,980
13,588
Q2 2024
106,164
9,612
13,790
Q3 2024
119,321
13,157
10,018
Finances
As of December 2021, Rivian is a public company trading under the symbol RIVN on the Nasdaq stock exchange.
From initial seed stage capital invested by CEO Scaringe in 2009 to its final $2.5billion round in 2021, Rivian secured 10 rounds of private funding to support the completion of development of line of its vehicles and build out to support production.[124][125] On November 10, 2021, the company completed its initial public offering, raising $13.5billion.[12]
Private capital funding
In 2011, the company filed a Form D, reporting debts and warrants totaling $250,000.[126] The following year, in 2012 the company filed a second Form D, reporting debts and warrants totaling $1million[127]Jeddah-based investment firm Abdul Latif Jameel claims to have been the company's earliest investor.[128][129] From 2013 to 2016, there were no filings or announcements of funding for Rivian. Cumulative funding remained at $1.25million.[130]
In January 2017, at the time the company acquired the former Mitsubishi plant in Normal, Illinois, Rivian received a $1million grant and a five-year tax abatement from Normal, contingent on meeting certain employment targets and investing $40.5million over five years.[21] Rivian also received $49.5million in tax credits from the Illinois state government;[25] these credits are also contingent upon meeting employment targets and investing at least $175million into the site by 2024.[23]Sumitomo Corporation made a "large strategic investment" in Rivian in December 2017. The amount was not disclosed.[26][71][131] Announced on May 23, 2018, Rivian closed on $200 million in debt financing from Standard Chartered Bank,[17] bringing total raised funds to upwards of $450 million.[131] Other backers at the time included existing investors Abdul Latif Jameel and Sumitomo Corporation.[17][132]
Announced on February 15, 2019, Amazon led an investment round of $700million into Rivian. The round included participation from existing shareholders.[133] Another announcement a couple months later on April 24, 2019, Ford Motor Company invested $500million at a pre-money valuation of $4.5billion.[134] On September 10, 2019, Cox Automotive invested $350million into Rivian, bringing the total raised in 2019 to $1.5billion. Rivian remained independent, but Cox Automotive planned to add a representative to Rivian's board as part of the investment.[135] On November 19, 2021, Ford and Rivian announced that they no longer plan to co-develop an electric vehicle. Originally, both companies had planned the joint development of a vehicle for Ford's luxury Lincoln brand. Those plans were canceled in 2020.[136][137] Ford continued to hold a stake in Rivian, valued at over $10billion as of November 2021.[138] In December 2019, Rivian announced it raised US$1.3billion in a round led by investment manager T Rowe Price with existing investors Ford and Amazon, alongside new investors London/New York firm Pario Ventures and BlackRock-managed funds.
Announced on January 19, 2021, Rivian raised $2.65billion led by existing investor T. Rowe Price alongside Soros Fund Management, Fidelity Management & Research, Coatue Management, BlackRock-managed funds, Abdul Latif Jameel, and Amazon, now through its Climate Pledge Fund, plus new investors D1 Capital Partners.[139] Abdul Latif J holds almost 114 million shares in Rivian acquired through $303million of loans made to the company.[140] Bloomberg estimated the company's value at nearly $28billion.[141][142] Announced on July 23, 2021, Rivian raised $2.5billion in a round led by Amazon's Climate Pledge Fund, D1 Capital Partners, and Ford Motor Company, alongside existing investors T. Rowe Price, Coatue Management, Fidelity Management & Research. New investors Third Point Ventures and Dragoneer Investment Group joined the round.[125]
Public company
In August 2021, Rivian filed for an initial public offering, seeking a valuation as high as $80billion.[143] By then, the firm had raised a total of approximately $11billion.[144]
In November 2021, Rivian completed its IPO with net proceeds to the firm of $13.5billion.[12] While initial price targets were in the $58 to $62 range, the actual offering price was $78.00 per share. On its first trading day on November 10, the stock closed at $100.73 per share with a market value of just under $100billion.[36] At that value, it was worth more than General Motors or Ford and was behind only Tesla in terms of the market cap of automakers. CEO R.J. Scaringe's ownership of 17.6million shares was worth approximately $2billion.[145]
Amazon purchased $200million of stock in the IPO, raising its total stake in Rivian to 22%.[146] Previously, in October 2021, Amazon stated that it owned a 20% stake in the company.[147]
The stock peaked at a closing price of $146.07 on November 13, 2021.[148] From there, the stock price fell more or less continuously during the tech sell-off in early 2022 to reach $30.68 on April 26, 2022.[149] The market value at the end of April 2022 had declined to roughly $29billion, a loss of 79 percent.[150] At the beginning of May 2022 the stock price fell further, closing at an all-time low of $22.78 on May 9, 2022, the decline from the peak in November 2021 being nearly 85 percent.[151]
Rivian's stock price recovered significantly through the first half of 2023, reaching a period high of $28.06 on July 27, 2023. However, momentum has subsequently reversed with a $1.5bn convertible green note received poorly by the financial markets,[152] causing the share price to decline to a daily low of $15.88 on October 26, 2023.
Largest shareholders
Around 28% of shares are held by insiders. The 10 largest institutional shareholders of Rivian in December 2023 were:[153]
Emerald City Rivian Club meetup at the Westport, WA beach
On December 20, 2018, professional rock climber Alex Honnold announced his partnership with Rivian as a brand partner and collaborator.[154][155] During a live stream on June 15, 2019, Rivian announced plans to collaborate with the Honnold Foundation and nonprofit Casa Pueblo on a solar project aiming to establish a microgrid in Adjuntas, Puerto Rico, a city that was severely affected by Hurricane Maria in 2017.[156][157][158] Rivian planned to repurpose used battery packs from its development vehicles into stationary energy storage units.[157][158] The microgrid is intended to grant residents access to electricity for core business and will be used daily to mitigate the high cost of energy in Puerto Rico, which is twice the U.S. national average.[157] The project was expected to launch in 2020.[157]
Rivian partners with Yakima for their roof racks (bike, kayak, surfboard etc.) and rooftop tents, and MAXTRAX for their recovery boards.[160][161]
In 2024, Volkswagen announced they would form a joint venture with Rivian.[162]
Lawsuits
In July 2020, Tesla sued Rivian for allegedly stealing proprietary information, as well as for poaching employees.[163] In March 2021, the Illinois Automobile Dealers Association filed a lawsuit against Rivian and fellow EV manufacturer Lucid Motors for their plans to sell electric vehicles directly to consumers.[164][165] In November 2021, Rivian's former sales and marketing vice president Laura Schwab filed a suit against the company, claiming she was fired a month after raising concerns of discrimination and Rivian being a "boys' club" to the company's HR department. Schwab also claimed that she warned company executives of their vehicles being underpriced and the manufacturing process not conforming to security standards.[166] According to the lawsuit, issues she raised were ignored until male colleagues also raised them subsequently.[167]
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Robert Joseph "RJ" Scaringe is an American entrepreneur and engineer, and the founder and CEO of electric vehicle manufacturer Rivian.
Scout Motors Inc. is an American automotive company. It is owned by German manufacturer Volkswagen Group, which obtained the Scout brand after acquiring American truck manufacturer Navistar International in 2021.
The Rivian EDV and ECV, also known as the Delivery, are a line of battery-electric cargo vehicles built by Rivian. Initially they were exclusive to its investor Amazon, which uses the EDV for package delivery, but in November 2023, sales were opened to other companies as the ECV / Delivery, with minor cosmetic changes. The EDV and ECV use the RCV platform, which is derived from the R1 platform that underpins the manufacturer's R1T pickup truck and R1S sport-utility vehicles, and is built in three sizes. Specific models include the EDV/ECV-500/Delivery 500, EDV/ECV-700/Delivery 700, and EDV-900.
1 2 3 4 "FORM 10-Q". U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission. December 16, 2021. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
↑ "SEC FORM D". U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission. December 15, 2011. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
↑ "SEC FORM D". U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission. August 8, 2012. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
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57,232 vehicles (2023)
US$−5.7 billion (2023)
US$16.8 billion (2023)
