Renault Zoe

Last updated

Renault Zoe
Renault Zoe R110 Z.E. 50 Experience (Facelift) - f 22112020.jpg
2020 Renault Zoe R110 Z.E. (facelift)
Overview
Manufacturer Renault
ProductionDecember 2012 [1] – March 2024 [2]
Model years 2013–2024
AssemblyFrance: Flins-sur-Seine (Flins Renault Factory)
Designer Jean Semeriva [3]
Body and chassis
Class Supermini (B)
Body style 5-door hatchback
Layout Front-motor, front-wheel-drive
Platform Renault–Nissan B platform
Powertrain
Electric motor Synchronous with rotor coil motor
  • 66 kW (90 PS; 89 bhp) 220 N⋅m (162 lb⋅ft) (Q90/R90)
    (2012–2019)
  • 80 kW (109 PS; 107 bhp) 225 N⋅m (166 lb⋅ft) (R110)
    (2018–2024)
  • 100 kW (136 PS; 134 bhp) 245 N⋅m (181 lb⋅ft) (R135)
    (2019–2024)
Battery
  • 22 kW·h lithium ion battery
    (2012–2019)
  • 41 kW·h lithium ion battery
    October 2016–September 2019)
  • 52 kW·h lithium ion battery
    (September 2019–2024)
Range
  • 210 km (130 mi) (NEDC) [4]
    (2012–June 2015)
  • 240 km (150 mi) (NEDC) [5]
    June 2015–October 2016
  • 300 km (190 mi) (WLTP) / 400 km (250 mi) (NEDC)
    October 2016–September 2019 [6]
  • 395 km (245 mi) (WLTP)
    September 2019–2024
Plug-in charging
  • max 43kW [7] or
    max 22kW on Type 2
    (2012-2019)
  • max 50kW on CCS and
    max 22kW on Type 2
    (2019-2024)
Dimensions
Wheelbase 2,588 mm (101.9 in)
Length4,084 mm (160.8 in)
Width1,730 mm (68.1 in)
Height1,562 mm (61.5 in)
Kerb weight 1,468 kg (3,236 lb)
Chronology
Successor Renault 5 E-Tech

The Renault Zoe (stylized ZOE), known as Renault Zoe E-Tech Electric since 2021, is a five-door supermini electric car produced by the French manufacturer Renault. Renault originally unveiled, under the Zoe name, a number of different concept cars. Initially in 2005 as the Zoe City Car and later as the Zoe Z.E. electric concept was shown in two different versions in 2009 and 2010 under the Renault Z.E. name. A production ready version of the Zoe was shown at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show. [8] The Renault Zoe is based on the platform of the Renault Clio. [9]

Contents

Retail customer deliveries began in France in December 2012, followed in 2013 by several European countries. Since 2013, the Zoe has been the all-time top selling all-electric car in the French market, with more than 100,000 units registered through June 2020. [10] The Zoe was the top selling all-electric car in Europe for two years running, 2015 and 2016, [11] [12] and also topped European sales in the broader plug-in electric car segment in 2016 and 2020. [13] [14] As of 2020, the Zoe ranks as Europe's all-time best selling plug-in electric car. [15] As of December 2020, global sales totaled almost 285,000 units since inception. [16] [17]

The first production Zoe had a 22 kWh lithium-ion battery pack that delivers a range between 210 km (130 mi) [4] and 240 km (150 mi) [5] under the NEDC cycle. [4] In September 2016, Renault announced the introduction of new higher range model with a 41 kWh lithium-ion battery, increasing the range to 400 km (250 mi) under the NEDC cycle. [6] In mid 2018 a new model with increased motor power of 80 kW (110 hp), was announced as the ZE 40 R110. In mid 2019, the ZE 50 R135 was announced, with a 55 kWh battery pack (52 usable) and 100 kW (130 hp) motor, and CCS charging; the final production-ready model was shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show and deliveries started end of 2019.

Renault ceased production of the electric 5-door hatchback on 30 March 2024, after nearly twelve years. [18] [19] It was replaced by the retro-styled Renault 5 E-Tech.

Concepts

Zoe City Car Concept (2005)

The Renault Zoe City Car concept (or Z17) was shown at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show [20] featuring 3 seats, the 3.45 m long open top vehicle was proposed as an urban focused car. [21] This Zoe had no connection with the later electric Zoe concept to follow four years later.

Zoe Concept (2009)

The Renault Zoe Concept was shown to the public in 2009 at the Frankfurt Motor Show to show the company's vision for a Clio sized electric car. [22] It was powered by a 71 kW (95 hp) electric motor (mounted at the front) and lithium-ion batteries (under the seats). It was estimated it would have a range of 160 kilometres (99 mi) and a top speed of 145 km/h (90 mph), and could be charged at a conventional 230 V socket, or fast-charged from a high-voltage supply to 80 percent in only 20 minutes. A third innovative option was to swap the batteries for a new pack at a Renault Quickdrop centre. [23] The vehicle was designed by Raphaël Linari. [24]

The design was tear-drop shaped featuring a see-through roof features solar panels which run the air-conditioning system [23] and gull-wing doors. A new climate control system was also shown, developed with L'Oréal, which could spray essential oils into the interior to cut out harmful exterior smells, or rehydrate the interior to prevent skin drying out.

Zoe Preview (2010)

The Zoe Preview, a substantially revised version of the Zoe concept, was shown to the public at the 2010 Paris Motor Show, and was claimed to be a near-definitive representation (90% showroom ready) of the final version of the car. Many of the existing design features of the 2009 concept model were discarded such as the gull-wing doors.

The technical specifications had changed from the 2009 version with the power of the electric motor reduced to 66 kW (89 hp), a reduced top speed of 145 km/h (90 mph), but still with a 160 kilometres (99 mi) range. [25] It was suggested that the Zoe ZE would be priced from €15,000. [26]

Zoe E-Sport (2017)

The Zoe E-sport is a hot hatch electric car concept unveiled at the 2017 Geneva Motor Show. [27] It has an all-wheel drive design with two electric motors, each one powering an axle. The combined power from both is 340 kW (456 bhp) and the torque 640 N⋅m (472 lbf⋅ft). The lithium-ion battery package weighs 450 kg (992 lb) and is on the rear. The car, weighing 1,450 kg (3,197 lb), has a carbon fibre chassis, racing brakes and equipment, and a double wishbone suspension on both axles. [28] [29]

Production versions

2019 Renault ZOE Dynamique Front.jpg
2019 Renault ZOE Dynamique Rear.jpg
Renault Zoe (ZE 40) Dynamique in Mars Red
Renault Zoe R110 Z.E. 50 Experience (Facelift) - h 22112020.jpg
Rear (facelift)
Geneva MotorShow 2013 - Renault Zoe steering wheel.jpg
Interior (pre-facelift)
2020 Renault Zoe Intens R135 Z.E. 50 Interior.jpg
Interior (facelift)

ZE

The production version of the Zoe was announced in March 2012 at the Geneva Motor Show. Similar to the Zoe Preview of 2010 and the design credited to Jean Semeriva, it is a five-door supermini at 4080 mm long, a little longer than the Renault Clio. [30] Retail customer deliveries began in limited number in France in December 2012, and Renault planned to increase availability during the first quarter of 2013. The first Zoe was delivered to Arnaud Montebourg, French Minister of Industrial Recovery. [31] The Zoe is produced at Flins on the same assembly line as the Renault Clio and Nissan Micra. About 170 Zoes are made per day. [32]

In France the Zoe pricing starts at €20,700 (US$27,250) before applying the existing €6,300 (US$8,300) tax incentive, plus a monthly fee for the battery. The cost of leasing the battery for 36 months starts from €79/month (US$104/month) for an annual distance travelled of 12,500 km (7,800 mi) and includes comprehensive breakdown assistance. [4]

The Zoes produced until June 2015 are powered by a 22  kWh lithium-ion battery pack weighing 275 kg, [32] driving a 65 kW (87 bhp; 88 PS) synchronous electric motor [4] supplied by Continental and called the Q210, as the NEDC cycle range is 210 km (130 mi). [33] Maximum torque is 220 N·m (162 lb-ft) with a top speed of 135 km/h (84 mph). Renault estimates that in suburban use, the Zoe can achieve around 100 km (62 mi) in cold weather and 150 km (93 mi) in temperate conditions. The car features a charging system called "Caméléon" (Chameleon) charger that allows the Zoe to be charged at any level of AC power up to 43 kW (63A), taking between 30 minutes and nine hours. [4] The particular type of grid system in parts of Norway with a different potential for the protective ground requires a special charger, which is included with all Zoes in Norway from summer 2015. [34]

In June 2015, Renault announced the introduction of a new, smaller electric motor called the R240, manufactured at its Cléon engine plant. [33] The new motor has the same power and torque as the Q210 unit [5] with an extended NEDC cycle range of 240 km (150 mi). [5] However, the Q210 would still be available as the R240 allowed only 22 kW quick charging. [33]

ZE 40

In October 2016 at the Paris Motor Show, Renault unveiled a 41 kWh lithium-ion battery called the ZE 40, [6] weighing 300 kg (661 lb). [32] The battery was developed by Renault and LG Chem, and is assembled at Renault's Flins plant. It is mounted on Zoes using the R75/90 motor (formerly R240, the name now making reference to the motor power output range between 55 kW (75 PS) and 66 kW (90 PS)) and increases the car range to 400 km (250 mi) under NEDC and allows quick charging. [35] The Q210 would still be available, renamed as Q90. [36] According to Renault, the battery delivers about 300 km (190 mi) on real driving conditions. [35] Older Zoes using the battery would get a less significant range increase because of various design upgrades. [6] Options to buy the battery would be available, [6] along with revised lease plans. [35]

Facelift

ZE 50

In June 2019 Renault announced a new Zoe with a 52 kWh battery, [37] just as the ZE 40 this was also developed by Renault and LG Chem, [38] achieving range of 385 km (239 mi) under WLTP conditions. It comes with either an 80 kW R110 electric motor for the "Iconic" trim level, or a 100 kW R135 electric motor for the "S Edition" and "GT Line +" trim levels. It also has faster charging, with the option to add 50 kW DC capability via CCS2. [39]

In mid-2022, the Zoe received some mild updates. [40]

Electrics and Drivetrain variants

Battery

First generationSecond generationThird generation
Total capacity25.92 kWh (22 kWh usable)45.61 kWh (41 kWh usable)55 kWh (52 kWh usable)
Cells192 cells
36 Ah nominal capacity
3.75 V nominal voltage
860 gram		192 cells
63.35 Ah nominal capacity
3.75 V nominal voltage
940 gram		192 cells
78 Ah nominal capacity
3.65 V nominal voltage
1073 gram
Pack weight280 kg305 kg326 kg
Thermalsair cooledair cooledair cooled

Buying options

In France, pricing of the Zoe with the 41 kWh battery starts at €23,600 (~ US$26,460) before any applicable government incentives (€6,300 or US$8,300), and without the purchase of the battery. The rental fee for the battery is €69 (~ US$77) per month for up to 7,500 km (4,700 mi) per year and €119 (~ US$133) per month for unlimited mileage. [41] In Norway, pricing starts at 229,400 kroner (~ US$28,760), and the pricing of the variant with the original 22 kWh battery starts at 40,000 kroner (~ US$5,000) less than the 41 kWh variant. [42] The small battery can be upgraded to the newer one, at a cost of around 3500 Euros for rented batteries.

In the UK, it has been possible to buy the Zoe with the battery, or lease the battery. Leasing the battery gives a free replacement if capacity falls under 80%.

Charger

Charging port in the "nose" of the Zoe, for many years AC-only Type2 as DC CCS2 was introduced in some models in 2019 20132-03-29-Zoe-Front.jpg
Charging port in the "nose" of the Zoe, for many years AC-only Type2 as DC CCS2 was introduced in some models in 2019

Renault Zoe uses 'Chameleon' onboard charger, that repurposes motor power electronics to charge the battery. Motor windings are used as power inductor for boost (single phase power) or buck (3 phase power) converter. This system saves on number of components, but it has several downsides:

There is no galvanic isolation between the grid and the battery. Because of this, Zoe has very strict HV fault and ground tests and will not charge if ground-neutral resistance is more 100 ohm. To perform this test, Zoe injects 20mA pulse between ground and neutral, and might trip some RCDs.

At the input side, it has a bridge rectifier with 3 inputs for 3 phases. When it does 1 phase charging, it uses internal 35A relay to connect the Neutral with L3. Decision if there are 3 phases or not is based on whether there is L2 present. If there is a fault on L2 (no voltage) and L3 is present, it would try to charge in single phase mode, which can damage the relay. This damage can be confirmed by multi-meter by checking if there is continuity between L3 and N pins at the charge port.

The 2015 R240 version removed the 43 kW AC charging capability, in exchange for better efficiency of low power home charging. The 2017 facelift still allowed for a Q90 rapid charge option (full-speed 43 kW rapid charging). [43]

Motor

In February 2018, Renault introduced an updated version of the R90 motor, the R110, which upped power output to 80 kW (110 PS) while maintaining the same estimated economy and similar torque (225 N⋅m (166 lb⋅ft)). [44] [45] The R90 would still be available for sale. The price for cars equipped with the new motor would be slightly higher than those using the R90 version. [46] The R110 will be the first Renault motor certified under WLTP [44] and sales would start by the end of the 2018 summer in Europe. [45]

In 2019, Renault introduced the R135 motor (100 kW) in the ZE 50.

Safety

The Zoe in its standard European market configuration received a five-star Euro NCAP 2013-rating. The score was:

Euro NCAP test results
Renault Zoe (2013) [47]
TestPoints%
Overall:Star full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svg
Adult occupant:3289%
Child occupant:3980%
Pedestrian:2466%
Safety assist:885%

In 2021, the updated Zoe in its standard European market configuration received a zero-star safety rating, becoming the third car in Euro NCAP's history to record a zero-star rating. [48] The score was:

Euro NCAP test results
Renault Zoe (2021) [49]
TestPoints%
Overall:Star empty.svgStar empty.svgStar empty.svgStar empty.svgStar empty.svg
Adult occupant:1643%
Child occupant:2552%
Pedestrian:2241%
Safety assist:214%

According to the investigation, the violent explosion in a garage in Neuss on 27 August 2023 was caused by a parked Renault Zoe electric car. A defect in the car's battery caused a fire and gas escaping from the battery led to the explosion, the Neuss police said. [50] Investigations by the criminal police and an expert have meanwhile been able to rule out other causes, it said. The explosion had caused considerable damage in the residential area. Several neighbouring garages were destroyed and residential buildings damaged. [51]

Sales and markets

Retail customer deliveries began in limited numbers in France in December 2012, and availability was increased during the first quarter of 2013. [31] [52] A total of 48 units were registered in France during December 2012, and cumulative sales reached 5,559 units through December 2013. [53] The Zoe became the top selling all-electric vehicle in the country in January 2013, and kept the monthly lead through December 2013, representing 62.8% of electric car sales in the country during 2013. In addition, the Zoe became the best selling electric car in France accounting for registrations in the electric passenger car segment since 2010 through December 2013. [53]

Renault Zoe Zero Emissions (ZE) badge Renault Zoe SAO 2014 0342.JPG
Renault Zoe Zero Emissions (ZE) badge

Deliveries in the UK began in March 2013, [54] and Germany, Italy and Spain in April 2013. Cumulative global sales totaled 8,874 units through December 2013. [55] Out of 8,792 cars sold in Europe through December 2013, 62.7% were sold in France (5,511). [53] [55] Germany was the second top selling market, with 1,019 units delivered through December 2013, [56] followed by the Netherlands with 547 units registered. [57]

The Renault Zoe was officially launched in the Norwegian market in April 2014, though retail deliveries began in late March. Unlike other European countries, the Zoe is sold in Norway with the battery pack included and there are no battery leasing options available. [58] A total of 11,323 Zoes were sold globally in 2014. [55] France continued as the top selling market with cumulative sales of 11,529 units, and the Zoe continued as the all-time best selling electric car in the country, with 5,970 units sold in 2014. [53] Global sales reached the 10,000 unit mark in January 2014, [59] and 25,000 in May 2015. [60] The milestone of 50,000 units produced was reached in April 2016, [61] while sales achieved the 50,000 unit milestone in June 2016. [62]

With a record 10,406 units sold in 2015, the Zoe was again the top selling all-electric car in France, and continued as the best-selling electric car in the country ever. [53] [63] The Zoe, with 18,453 registrations, was the top selling pure electric car in Europe in 2015. [11] [64] The Zoe ranked as the world's 8th best-selling electric car in 2015. [65] As of June 2016, France remained as the Zoe's top country market, with 27,155 units registered since its inception in 2012. Zoe sales in the French market represented 53% of global sales. [62]

Since 2020, the Renault Zoe ranks as Europe's all-time best selling plug-in electric car. Renault Zoe ZE50 White.jpg
Since 2020, the Renault Zoe ranks as Europe's all-time best selling plug-in electric car.

The Zoe ranked as the best-selling all-electric car in Europe for the second year in a row in 2016 with 21,735 units delivered, representing 21.2% of the segment sales that year. [12] [66] Also, the Zoe topped European sales in the broader plug-in electric car segment, ahead of the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, the top selling plug-in in the previous two years. [13] In 2016 the Zoe ranked again as the world's 8th best-selling electric car. [67] As of December 2016, the Zoe ranked as the world's all-time eighth best selling plug-in car. [67]

Global sales totaled 31,932 units in 2017 and 40,517 in 2018. [16] [68] Global sales reached the 150,000 unit milestone in June 2019, [69] and the 200,000th Zoe produced rolled off the Flins plant in November 2019. [70] Annual sales passed the 100,000 unit mark in 2020 for the first time, [17] and the Zoe listed as the best selling plug-in passenger car in Europe in 2020, [14] and by the end of 2020, the Zoe ranked as the all-time best selling plug-in car in Europe. [15]

As of 30 June 2020, the Zoe continued as France's all-time best selling plug-in with more than 100,000 units registered, [10] and has led electric car sales in the French market for seven years running, from 2013 to 2019. [71] Since inception, global sales totaled 284,761 units through December 2020 including both the passenger and cargo variants. [16] [17]

2021 saw the Zoe fall behind the Tesla Model 3 as the best-selling plug-in electric car in France. [72]

Renault Zoe sales by top national markets(1) 2012–2020
CountrySales
cumulative202020192018201720162015201420132012
Flag of France.svg  France 84,437—18,817 [73] 17,038 [74] 15,245 [53] 11,402 [53] 10,406 [53] 5,970 [53] 5,511 [53] 48 [53]
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany [56] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] 57,60330,3819,4316,3604,3222,8051,7871,4981,019 
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway [80] [81] [82] [83] 13,9952,346 [84] 2,0903,1412,5331,8181,634433  
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom [85] [86] [87] [88] 10,510—2,3801,9811,1751,6471,9711,104252 
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria [89] [90] [91] 7,4402,0719441,1701,391829279387369 
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] 7,3642,132 [97] 2,0361,663533418378204  
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands [57] [98] [99] [100] [101] 7,2842,073 [102] 2,2081,017781183223252547 
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland [103] [104] 5,055—1,799908741406478381342 
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] 5,025—1,0511,4181,327446312289182 
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal [110] [111] [112] [113] 3,381—9681,30575117015334  
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark [114] [115] [116] 2,564—56843138661233014592 
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] 1,749—6662943512103311085 
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy [122] [123] [124] ————318210326155203 
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg [125] [126] ———6775———  
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland [127] [128] [129] ——596385———  
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland [130] 2821422355602    
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania [131] ————49———  
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey [132] [133] ——317942203621  
Global sales [16] [55] [68] [17] 284,791102,86848,26940,51731,93222,00918,93111,3238,87468
Notes: (1) Global annual sales includes passenger cars and its light utility variant.

Recognition

The Zoe was one of the top three finalists for the 2013 World Green Car of the Year. [134]

Criticism

Technology blog Techdirt suggested that the Zoe's battery pack could contain digital rights management software, on the grounds that the original battery lease agreements for the Zoe gave Renault the right to prevent the car's battery from charging at end of lease. [135] Following an Electronic Frontier Foundation article which cited Techdirt's supposition to argue that this could render the vehicle unusable if the owner ceases payment or Renault withdraws support, [136] Renault publicly denied any use of DRM technology through its official Twitter account. [137]

Name dispute

In May 2010, a Parisian woman named Zoe Renault commenced legal action to try to force Renault to rethink their choice of name amid claims it would lead to mocking jibes. [138] In November 2010, a French judge ruled that Renault could use the name. [139]

Discontinuation

In 2024, Renault will launch the 5 E-Tech, which will replace the Zoe after being on the market for 12 model years in a single generation.

In December 2023, the model was withdrawn from sale in the United Kingdom, production ended in March 2024. [140] [141] 426,706 units have been manufactured overall. [141]

See also

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The Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance, originally known as the Renault–Nissan Alliance, is a French-Japanese strategic alliance between the automobile manufacturers Renault, Nissan and Mitsubishi Motors, which together sell more than one in nine vehicles worldwide. Renault and Nissan are strategic partners since 1999 and have nearly 450,000 employees and control eight major brands: Renault, Nissan, Mitsubishi, Infiniti, Renault Korea, Dacia, Alpine, and Venucia. The car group sold 10.6 million vehicles worldwide in 2017, making it the leading light vehicle manufacturing group in the world. The Alliance adopted its current name in September 2017, one year after Nissan acquired a controlling interest in Mitsubishi and subsequently made Mitsubishi an equal partner in the Alliance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway</span>

The Norwegian fleet of plug-in electric vehicles is the largest per capita in the world. In December 2016, Norway became the first country where five in every 100 passenger cars on the road were plug-in; attained 10% in October 2018, and reached 25% in September 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plug-in electric vehicles in France</span> Overview of plug-in electric vehicles in France

The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in the France is actively supported by the French government through a bonus–malus system through which provides subsidies towards the purchase of all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids with low CO2 emissions. The government also provides non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; and long term regulations with specific targets. Additionally, France passed a law in December 2019 to phase out sales of cars that burn fossil fuels by 2040.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plug-in electric vehicles in Germany</span> Overview of plug-in electric vehicles in Germany

The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Germany is actively supported by the German Federal Government. Under its National Platform for Electric Mobility, Chancellor Angela Merkel set an initial goal in 2010 to deploy one million electric vehicles on German roads by 2020, which was achieved with a six months delay in July 2021. Initially, the government did not provide subsidies to promote sales of plug-in electric vehicles, however, by the end of 2014 it was recognized that the country was well behind the set sales targets. A purchase bonus scheme was approved in 2016, but premium cars were not eligible to the incentive. In order to meet the climate targets for the transport sector, in 2016 the government set the goal to have from 7 to 10 million plug-in electric cars on the road by 2030, and 1 million charging points deployed by 2030.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plug-in electric vehicles in Canada</span> Overview of plug-in electric vehicles in Canada

The stock of plug-in electric passenger cars in Canada in use totaled 141,060 units at the end of 2019, consisting of 78,680 all-electric cars and 62,380 plug-in hybrids. Sales totaled 50,960 units in 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plug-in electric vehicles in Europe</span> Overview of plug-in electric vehicles in Europe

The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Europe is actively supported by the European Union and several national, provincial, and local governments in Europe. A variety of policies have been established to provide direct financial support to consumers and manufacturers; non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; and long term regulations with specific targets. In particular, the EU regulation that set the mandatory targets for average fleet CO2 emissions for new cars has been effective in contributing to the successful uptake of plug-in cars in recent years

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  56. 1 2 Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2014). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember 2013 nach Segmenten und Modellreihen" [New registrations of passenger cars in December 2013 by segment and model series](PDF) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  57. 1 2 RAI (24 January 2014). "Verkoopstatistieken - nieuwverkoop personenautos" [Sales Statistics - New passenger car sales] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2013 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201312").
  58. ↑ Michaël Torregrossa (8 April 2014). "La Renault Zoé arrive en Norvège, capitale mondiale du véhicule électrique" [Renault Zoe arrives in Norway, the world capital of the electric vehicle] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  59. ↑ Michaël Torregrossa (29 January 2014). "Voiture électrique – La Renault Zoé souffle sa première bougie" [Electric car - the Renault Zoe celebrates its first birthday] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  60. ↑ Jeff Cobb (15 June 2015). "Three More Plug-in Cars Cross 25,000 Sales Milestone". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
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  62. 1 2 Cobb, Jeff (1 August 2016). "Renault Zoe and BMW i3 Join The 50,000 Sales Club". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 1 August 2016.As of June 2016, cumulative global sales of the top selling plug-in electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf (about 225,000), Tesla Model S (over 129,000), Votl/Ampera family (over 117,000), Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (about 107,000), Toyota Prius PHV (over 75,000), BYD Qin (56,191), Renault Zoe (51,193), and BMW i3 (almost 50,000).
  63. ↑ AVERE (11 January 2016). "Plus de 22 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en France en 2015 !" [Over 22 000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2015!]. AVERE France (in French). Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  64. ↑ Automotive Industry Data (AID) (26 January 2016). "Renault ZOE was last year's top-selling electric car in Western Europe". AID Newsletter. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  65. ↑ Jeff Cobb (15 December 2015). "Tesla Model S Crossed 100,000 Sales Milestone This Month". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 17 December 2015.Accounting for global cumulative sales by December 2015, plug-in electric car sales are led by the Nissan Leaf (200,000), followed by Volt/Ampera family (104,000), and the Tesla Model S (100,000). As of November 2015, ranking next are the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (85,000), and the Prius Plug-in Hybrid (75,000), Mitsubishi i-MiEV family (~50,000), BYD Qin (45,275), BMW i3 (38,581), Renault Zoe (36,040), and the Ford Fusion Energi (26,742). Combines sales of the top 10 PEV models represent almost 50% of cumulative global PEV sales through November 2015)
  66. ↑ Automotive Industry Data (AID) (31 January 2017). "Zoe was last year's top-selling BEV in Western Europe, AID's own data reveals". AID Newsletter. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  67. 1 2 Cobb, Jeff (31 January 2017). "Tesla Model S Is World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car For Second Year in a Row". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 31 January 2017.See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs.
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  71. ↑ Automobile Propre (12 July 2020). "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France" [Sales figures & electric car registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 21 July 2020.See "Ventes de voitures électriques en 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010" It shows all electric car registrations between 2010 and June 2020.
  72. ↑ "France: More Than 315,000 Plug-In Electric Cars Were Sold In 2021". 18 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  73. ↑ Mark Kane (13 January 2020). "In 2019 Plug-In Electric Car Sales In France Hit All-Time Record". InsideEVs. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  74. ↑ Renault (2 January 2019). "SALES RESULTS, FRANCE 2018: Groupe Renault announces its best sales results for 8 years". renault.com. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  75. ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2015). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2014" [New registrations of passenger cars in December 2014 by segment and model](PDF) (in German). KBA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.A total of 1,498 units were registered in Germany in 2014.
  76. ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2016). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2015" [New registrations of passenger cars by segments and models in December 2015](PDF) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 1 March 2016.A total of 1,582 Model S cars were registered in Germany in 2015.
  77. ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2017). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2016" [New registrations of passenger cars by segments and models in December 2016](PDF) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 5 June 2017.A total of 1,582 Model S cars were registered in Germany in 2015.
  78. ↑ Jose Pontes (19 January 2019). "Renault Zoe Wins 2018 Electric Model Trophy In Germany, BMW Wins Manufacturer Title — Germany EV Sales Report". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  79. ↑ José Pontes (18 January 2020). "Germany December 2019". EV Sales. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  80. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "CO2-utslippet i desember 2014" [CO2 emissions in December 2014] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 14 February 2015.See graph: "Gjennomsnittlig CO2-utslipp for registrerte ney personbiler per modell 2014, til og med desember." A total of 433 new Renault Zoes were registered in Norway in 2014.
  81. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2016). "CO2-utslippet i desember" [CO2 emissions in December] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2 March 2016.See graph: "Gjennomsnittlig CO2-utslipp for registrerte ney personbiler per modell 2015, til og med desember." A total of 1,634 new Zoes cars were registered in Norway in 2015.
  82. ↑ José Pontes (11 January 2019). "Norway December 2018". EV Sales. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  83. ↑ Zachary Shahan (13 January 2020). "100% Electric Vehicles Collected 42% of Norway's Vehicle Sales in 2019". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  84. ↑ José Pontes (12 January 2021). "Norway December 2020". EV Sales. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
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  87. ↑ Jose Pontes (27 January 2014). "UK December 2013 (Draft Edition)". EV Sales. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  88. ↑ "Renault Zoe (model family) – Vehicles registered for the first time, annually". How Many Left (source DVLA). Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  89. ↑ "Bundesländer-Statistik - Dezember 2015" [Federal Statistics - December 2015] (in German). Myampera.wordpress.com. January 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.Click on the tables by model by each year.
  90. ↑ José Pontes (24 January 2019). "Austria December 2018". EV Sales. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  91. ↑ Bundesanstalt Statistik Österreich (14 September 2020). "Austria December 2019". Statistik Austria. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  92. ↑ Bil Sweden (2 January 2015). "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" [New registrations in December 2014 (preliminar)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 28 June 2015.Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" see table "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2014" with summary of plug-in passenger car registrations by model for 2014.
  93. ↑ Bil Sweden (4 January 2016). "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" [New Registrations December 2015 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 4 March 2016.Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" See table: Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2015
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  95. ↑ José Pontes (2 January 2019). "Sweden December 2018". EV Sales. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  96. ↑ Zachary Shahan (4 January 2020). "Plug-In Vehicles = 11% of Swedish Auto Market". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  97. ↑ José Pontes (5 January 2021). "Sweden December 2020". EV Sales. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  98. ↑ RAI (January 2015). "Nieuwverkoop Per Merk/Model" [New Sales By Brand / Model] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  99. ↑ RAI (January 2016). "Nieuwverkoop Personenautos Per Merk/Model" [New passenger cars sales by brand/model 2015/12 2015 toal] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.A total of 223 Zoes cars were registered in the Netherlands in 2015".
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  101. ↑ José Pontes (8 January 2020). "Netherlands December 2019". EV Sales. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  102. ↑ José Pontes (7 January 2021). "Netherlands December 2020". EV Sales. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  103. ↑ Vereinigung Schweizer Automobil-Importeure. "Autoverkäufe nach Modellen – Modellstatistik" [Passenger cars by model – Statistics by model] (in German). Auto Schweiz Suisse. Retrieved 3 March 2016.Under "ModellstatistikJanuar - Dezember 2015" download the xls file "ModellePW2015" for 2015 sales, and under "Modellstatistiken 2008–2014" click "2014 Statistik" to download the file "ModellePW2014" with sales by model for 2014 and "2013 Statistik" to download the file "ModellePW2013" with sales by model for 2013.
  104. ↑ José Pontes (16 January 2020). "Switzerland December 2019". EV Sales. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  105. ↑ "Datos de Mercado: Diciembre 2013 - Matriculaciones" [Market data: December 2013 - Registrations] (in Spanish). ANIACAM. January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014.Download the file "DossierAutomóviles_diciembre13.xls (929KB)" with current month and cumulative sales for 2013.
  106. ↑ "Datos de Mercado: Diciembre 2014 - Matriculaciones" [Market data: December 2014 - Registrations] (in Spanish). ANIACAM. January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015.Download the file "DossierAutomóviles_diciembre14.xls (929KB)*" with current month and cumulative sales during 2014.
  107. ↑ "Datos de Mercado: Diciembre 2015 - Matriculaciones" [Market data: December 2015 - Registrations] (in Spanish). ANIACAM. January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016.Download the file "DossierAutomóviles_diciembre15.xls (929KB)*" with current month and cumulative sales for year 2015.
  108. ↑ José Pontes (6 January 2019). "Spain December 2018". EV Sales. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  109. ↑ José Pontes (15 January 2020). "Spain December 2019". EV Sales. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  110. ↑ Jose Pontes (30 January 2015). "Portugal December 2013". EV Sales. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  111. ↑ Associação de Utilizadores de Veículos Elétricos (UVE) (28 January 2016). "Explosão de vendas de VE's em Portugal no mês de Dezembro" [EV sales burst in Portugal in December] (in Portuguese). UVE. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  112. ↑ José Pontes (24 January 2019). "Portugal December 2018". EV Sales. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  113. ↑ José Pontes (15 January 2019). "Portugal December 2019". EV Sales. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  114. ↑ De Danske Bilimportører (January 2016). "Statistik" [Statistics (Passenger cars by model)] (in Danish). Bilimp. Retrieved 4 March 2016.Select 2015/2014/2013 – "Hele året" for the corresponding year and click on "Pr. model" for details of sales by brand and model.
  115. ↑ José Pontes (16 January 2019). "Denmark December 2018". EV Sales. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  116. ↑ José Pontes (9 January 2020). "Denmark December 2019". EV Sales. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  117. ↑ Jose Pontes (18 January 2014). "Belgium December 2013". EV Sales. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  118. ↑ Jose Pontes (24 January 2015). "Belgium December 2014". EV Sales. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  119. ↑ Pontes, Jose (26 January 2016). "Belgium December 2015". EV Sales. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  120. ↑ José Pontes (4 January 2019). "Belgium December 2018". EV Sales. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  121. ↑ José Pontes (6 January 2020). "Belgium December 2019". EV Sales. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  122. ↑ Luca Moroni (3 January 2014). "I dati di vendita di auto elettriche e ibride a dicembre 2013 in Italia" [Sales figures of electric and hybrid cars in Italy through December 2013] (in Italian). Green Start. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  123. ↑ Jose Pontes (12 January 2015). "Italy December 2014". EV Sales. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
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