The Renault Alliance is a front-wheel drive, front-engine subcompact automobile manufactured and marketed in North America by American Motors Corporation (AMC) for the 1983 through 1987 model years. Developed through a strategic partnership with Renault, the Alliance and its hatchback counterpart, the Encore, were significantly re-engineered versions of the European Renault 9 & 11 tailored for the U.S. and Canadian markets.
The Alliance launched as a two- and four-door sedan, followed by the Encore hatchback in 1984 and a uniquely American convertible variant in 1985. For the final model year in 1987, AMC introduced the Renault GTA, a high-performance sports version. While Renault Styling Director Robert Opron penned the original exterior, AMC Vice President of Design Dick Teague led the interior design and the development of the two-door and convertible body styles.[3]
Production took place at AMC's historic Kenosha, Wisconsin plant, totaling 623,573 units before assembly was discontinued following Chrysler's acquisition of AMC in 1987.
History
By the late 1970s, American Motors occupied a precarious position in the U.S. marketplace relative to the "Big Three" domestic automakers. A combination of the 1973 oil crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, and the rising dominance of fuel-efficient Asian imports severely impacted sales.[4] While AMC maintained profitability through government contracts and its Jeep division, its passenger car market share plummeted to just 2% by 1979.[4]
Unlike its larger competitor, Chrysler, which received US$1.5 billion in federal loan guarantees via the Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act of 1979, AMC was not considered "too big to fail" by U.S. lawmakers.[5] Facing a refusal from banks to extend further credit for product development and the onset of the early 1980s recession, AMC sought a $90 million loan from Renault.[6] This evolved into an ownership agreement where the French government-owned company eventually acquired a controlling interest in AMC by late 1980.[7][8] This unique cross-continental merger earned the company the humorous industry nickname "Franco-American Motors."[9]
Renault's objective was to establish a North American manufacturing presence to hedge against a weak United States dollar against the French franc. The domestic carmakers had yet to bring out large numbers of small, fuel-efficient cars to deal with rising fuel prices.[4] By utilizing AMC's existing Kenosha facilities, Renault avoided the prohibitive costs and logistical hurdles that Volkswagen had previously faced in establishing its "Rabbit" version of the Mk1 Golf assembled in a new factory in Westmoreland, Pennsylvania.[10][9]
The development of the Alliance was a deeply collaborative effort.[11] Design chiefs Richard Teague (AMC) and Robert Opron (Renault) traveled between France and Wisconsin multiple times per year to synchronize their efforts.[11] A key contribution of the American team was the two-door sedan; initially, the project was intended only as a four-door, but Teague's staff prepared a two-door mockup just before Opron's review, which was immediately approved for production.[12]
Extensive market research and consumer clinics conducted between 1979 and 1982 revealed that American consumers had a slightly higher perception of the Renault brand than AMC.[13] Consequently, the car was branded as the Renault Alliance, with the AMC logo relegated to a small sticker on the rear window and the fine print of advertising materials.[14]
Production began in 1982, positioning Renault as the second European automaker to manufacture cars in the United States. Aimed at the economy segment, the two-door Alliance launched with a base sticker price of $5,595.[15][4] Having already won the 1982 European Car of the Year award, the Alliance was widely praised by the North American press upon its debut, often described as the "bargain of the year" for 1983.[16]
Model years
1987 Alliance 2-door sedan1986 Alliance 4-door sedan1985 Encore 2-door hatchback1985 Renault Encore 5-door hatchback1986 Alliance convertible DLAlliance L convertible1987 Alliance L convertible
The Alliance was a 2- or 4-door sedan, launched in June 1982 as a 1983 model after a US$150 million overhaul of AMC's Kenosha, Wisconsin, assembly plant.[18] Although marketed as a Renault, the car carried AMC's logo on a rear window decal and was officially classified as a domestic automobile as it was manufactured with more than 70% U.S.-produced parts.
The Alliance was a front-drive sedan with a 163.8-inch (4,161mm) overall length on a 97.8-inch (2,484mm)wheelbase featuring a thrifty, transverse four-cylinder engine.[9] The Alliance had a long list of standard equipment and achieved 37 miles per US gallon (6.4L/100km; 44mpg‑imp) in city driving.[19] Fuel economy on the highway with the 5-speed manual transmission approached 60mpg‑US (3.9L/100km; 72mpg‑imp). It was a sensible car for a post-oil crisis period in which good fuel economy was highly prized.[20]
The Alliance used a Renault supplied OHV 1.4L I4 engine from the Renault Le Car. Cars sold in 49-states came with a Renix throttle-body fuel injection, while California emissions standards required the use of multi port injection.[21] This four-cylinder was upgraded with the latest electronics that included an electronically controlled fuel system, a digital ignition system, and a microprocessor to manage the optional three-speed automatic transmission.[22] Although Renault transmissions have been equipped with Renix based electronics and sensor assemblies, the all-new electronic controlled transmission system in the Alliance was an innovation to the U.S. mass-market.[23]
Power went through either a four-or five-speed manual, or a three-speed automatic transaxle. The base engine produced 64hp (48kW; 65PS) to accelerate the 2,030-pound (921kg) Alliance from 0 to 60 mph in 14.3 seconds, and gave it an 89-mile (143km) per hour top speed.[18] Steering was rack and pinion. The suspension system was fully independent via MacPherson struts in front, while the rear had a compact and ingenious system of transverse torsion bars and trailing arms.[20] At just under 2,000 pounds (907kg) for the base model, the Alliance was also the lightest car assembled in the U.S. in its time.[22]
The Alliance was slightly smaller on the outside than the competing first-generation Ford Escort (North America), but it was somewhat bigger on the inside where it looked larger and more inviting. Interior space was good for four or occasionally five people, in part due to a cleverly engineered front seats—where each seat was mounted on a 9-inch (229mm) wide central rail (rather than two side tracks) allowing for copious rear foot room on either side of the rail.[20] In addition to the usual recline and fore-and-aft movements, the upscale DL models included a curved track that allowed the seat to be adjusted along the arc to find the most comfortable position for driver and passenger.[20]
The Alliance sold well with over 142,000 of the debut 1983 models. Sales were limited by the availability of only two body styles.[24] American Motors' had several 4-door Alliances converted into stretch limousines for publicity and official use.
1984
American Motors introduced a companion model called Encore featuring a hatchback in both two- and four-door versions. The new derivatives featured a redesigned rear end and were 3.2 inches (81mm) shorter than the Alliance sedans. "More versatile and a little more luxurious than the Alliance," the marketing objective of the Encore was to attract younger and more "upscale" customers, but they were really the same cars.[21] California engines featured a Bosch LU multi-point fuel-injection system.[21] The 1984 models introduced innovative electronics that included an infrared remote power locking system, a "Systems Sentry" monitoring fluid levels, as well electronically tuned sound systems.[21]
Bolstered by the additional two- and four-door hatchback models, sales increased to over 208,000 for 1984.[9] While the financial fortunes of its French partner faltered, AMC recorded $7.4 million profit in fourth quarter of 1983, which a contrast to the previous 14 consecutive quarters of losses.[25] According to Jose Dedeurwaerder, a Renault executive who became AMC's president, 1984 was profitable for AMC on an annual basis for the first time since 1979 during which the automaker lost $637.6 million.[25]
However, the new Encores were introduced just in time to encounter a sag in the small-car market because as fuel prices fell, consumers began to drift away to larger automobiles, leaving the Renault-based models to scramble against low-priced Chevrolet Chevettes (and their Pontiac 1000 cousins), Ford Escorts (and their Mercury Lynx cousins), the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon twins, as well as Japanese imports that were gaining popularity and market share.[4]
1985
The 1.7L fuel injection (EFI) engine with 5-speed transmission was introduced in 1985 as optional on all versions except the base model. It developed 96 pound-feet (130N⋅m) of torque at 3000rpm and 77.5hp (58kW; 79PS) at 5000rpm. Designed to be either gasoline or diesel, the new five main bearing engine was torture tested to higher levels than normal to be "the strongest Four in the industry."[26] The fully pressurized cooling system eliminated corrosive oxygen while engineers reduced the number of connections to avoid coolant leaks for both the 1.7 and 1.4 engines.[26]
In addition to the sedan, the Alliance was now offered as a convertible for 1985 (AMC's first of this body type since the 1968 Rebel).[27] The design was in collaboration with American Sunroof Company (now American Specialty Cars) that reinforced the Alliance's unibody for torsional rigidity during manufacture in Kenosha, Wisconsin.[27]
Potential buyers were asking at AMC/Jeep/Renault dealerships for an Alliance-based station wagon, who pointed them toward the larger Renault 18 Sportwagon.[28]
By 1985, the U.S. automobile market was starting to move away from the subcompact Alliance and Encore as the gasoline crisis ended and consumers were buying larger cars.[28] Increasing competition in the subcompact market segment from imported vehicles meant that total Alliance and Encore sales fell to 150,000 for 1985.
1986
Improving economic conditions and lower gasoline prices meant total sales dropped to 65,000 in 1986. American Motors had already stopped production of the Concord and Spirit in 1983 (the four-wheel drive AMC Eagle continued to be built), while the larger Medallion (to replace the Renault 18) was not going to be ready until 1987. The automaker offered zero-interest financing on the Alliance and Encore models in the fall of 1986.[29] By mid-December 1986, around 2,000 hourly employees at its Kenosha factory were put on temporary layoff through the first week of January to balance inventory with sales of the Alliance.[30]
1987
A separate model was added for the 1987 model year, the GTA that offered higher performance and its name recalled the Alpine GTA.[17] All models received a front end facelift and featured new headlamps. The remainder of the Alliance line was carried over, but the two Encore hatchback body variants were renamed the Alliance Hatchback.
The government of French President François Mitterrand was concerned with an upcoming election at a time when Renault not only lost its number one automaker spot in Europe, but was also losing money.[4] Moreover, while Georges Besse championed the opportunities in the North American market, Renault executives and labor leaders perceived AMC as a bottomless pit.[4] On 9 March 1987, Chrysler agreed to buy Renault's share in AMC, plus all the remaining shares, for about US$1.5billion (US$4,151,581,722 in 2024 dollars[31]) and AMC's operations became the new Jeep-Eagle division of Chrysler.[32]
The focus of Chrysler's acquisition was on the highly profitable Jeep vehicles and the brand-new Brampton Assembly plant that was just built in Ontario, Canada.[32] In the first five months of 1987, only 13,390 Alliances were sold while inventory levels increased.[33] Nevertheless, press kits were prepared for the 1988 models and early media reports of upcoming 1988 cars stated "with the buy-out of American Motors, Chrysler will continue to market the subcompact Renault Alliance..."[34]
Alliance production at the Kenosha plant closed out as of Friday, 5 June 1987.[33] The Alliance competed with Chrysler's domestic and imported models such as the Dodge Omni, Shadow and Colt, as well as similar versions sold by Plymouth.[35]
With AMC's acquisition, Chrysler saw itself "saddled with a largely unsuccessful assortment of cars" including imports from Renault.[36] Moreover, the Alliance line of passenger automobiles did not fit in Chrysler's existing product mix. The final year saw about 35,000 Alliances sold in 1987.[9]
The Renault GTA was a performance version of the Alliance for the 1987 model year.[20] It was manufactured during 1986 and early 1987 as a limited production, specialty model.[9] It was described as "dandy little sports car" and a "pocket rocket" defined as a low-priced "car based on high production economy but with emphasis placed on appearance, performance and handling."[37] It replicated what Volkswagen had done when the Rabbit was upgraded into the GTI.[38]
The GTA was available in two-door sedan or convertible versions, with a single powerplant: a 2.0L fuel-injected 4-cylinder engine. At 4900rpm with premium U.S. gasoline, this engine developed 95hp (71kW; 96PS). Driving performance of the vehicle included a 10.2 second mark for 0 to 60 mph and a .89g-force cornering rating in road tests conducted by Car and Driver magazine.
The GTA used the same uni-body as the two-door Alliances, but was distinctive to the other models. It was available only in silver, white, red, or black monochrome body paint with special color-keyed "ground effects" bodyside cladding styled by Zender of West Germany, one of Europe's leading after-market designers.[37] It also featured 15-inch aluminum alloy sport wheels with low-profile Michelin Sport XGT 195-VR50 series tires, upgraded suspension with thicker sway bars, vented front disc brakes, larger exhaust pipe, optional driving lights, custom body moldings, a small spoiler on the rear trunk, red inlaid shift knob, close ratio gears on the manual transmission, stiffer engine mounts, larger brake booster, and special bolstered "racing" seats unique to the model.[39] An automatic transmission was not available.
Road test of the GTA described it to be quite comfortable with responsive handling that "was particularly impressive on tortuous back roads. It just hung in there like a sports car under the most trying conditions ... Hard acceleration will usually result in spinning wheels and a good deal of torque steer."[37]
The GTA served as "last-ditch" sales boosters for the economical Alliance line.[40] However, the models were discontinued when Chrysler bought AMC and Renault pulled out of the U.S. market.
Reception
The Renault 9 was voted the 1982 European Car of the Year.[41] It became France's most popular car and Renault's best selling model ever.[20]
The Alliance was listed as number one on Car and Driver's list of Ten Best cars for 1983.[42] The magazine's editors wrote that it "represents a blending of compact dimensions, surprising creature comfort, excellent fuel economy, good looks and very pleasing over-the-road behavior."[42] They noted, "if we were some other magazine, this would be our car of the year."[42]
The American-built, French-designed, Renault Alliance had a U.S. content of 72%. The engine, gearbox, and some axle parts come from France,[43] thus qualifying it as a domestic vehicle, and making it the first car (in 1983) with a foreign nameplate to win the Motor Trend Car of the Year award.[44]Motor Trend subsequently dropped the distinction between domestic and imported vehicles for the award in 2000.
A long-term test of a four-door Alliance by Popular Mechanics described the car as "economical, well-built and has superb ride quality" summarizing that "it's nearly perfect."[45] The engine was smooth, refined, and built tight, but difficult to "keep on cam" with the automatic transmission.[45] The suspension system was praised for its ability to cope with "suspension-destruction" roads at higher than normal speeds while providing good road feel with excellent handling and cornering – achieving .71g-force on the skid pad with the small standard 175/70xR13 tires.[45]
A 1983 Popular Mechanics survey of 1,000 owners said "60% of our respondents rated the Alliance's workmanship excellent. That's a high figure for any car and considerably above the norm for U.S. built cars."[46] The magazine's editor-in-chief, John Linkletter, addressed the findings that, "the old canard about shoddy American craftsmanship suffers" and that "an American manufacturer and a foreign manufacturer can, in a combined effort, produce a very good car."[47]
In 1983, Popular Science described that, "Renault will find its reputation dramatically brightened when word of the AMC Alliance gets around."[48] The report expanded, "The new Alliance is a miracle for AMC. Not only does it show a general excellence in construction and appointments, it's also a state-of-the-art front-wheel-drive that AMC could not have produced on its own. Combine those three elements and you have tough competition for the Escort, Chevette and Horizon and the imports, and a product that comes close to being the best in its class."[48]
A 1983 report in the New York Times described, "the Alliance's appeal has brought AMC's United States car sales 117.6 percent ahead of 1982 levels."[49]
After a long-term road test conducted by Popular Mechanics of a four-door with a 1.7L and automatic transmission setup in 1985, and summarized the experience as a "faithful servant", but a "generic no-frills car" – except for the unusual steering wheel stalks – that "nothing gave us pause" with their "compliant appliance".[50]
Alliance interior
By 1986, a Popular Science comparison with newly introduced Asian-built competing cars, the Renault Alliance was described as the oldest design, and "felt the most refined."[51] The road test noted the Renault did well in the tests with "trunk and doors closed with an almost Mercedes-like clunk" and "the car's excellent handling" allowing to remain poised through potholes and "stable when passed by large tractor-trailer trucks."[51] The Alliance performed better than the new Hyundai Excel and that Renault "dealers would be willing to negotiate on the final price."[51]
In 1987, Popular Mechanics reported on the Alliance convertible in sports trim, saying "the GTA package is really excellent, transforming the bland Alliance econobox into a veritable Pocket Rocket."[2]
In 1987, the New York Times reported, "despite the favorable early response to products like the Alliance and the Encore, the models failed to generate enough sales to prevent AMC's share of the car market from declining to about 1 percent."[52]
Racing series
The Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) spec-racing series Renault LeCar Cup was successful, and while relatively underpowered with its "fuel sipping" 1.4L engine, the Alliance's "excellent" ride and handling compared to the other small cars sold in America at the time, was an advantage that contributed to establishing the Alliance Cup in 1983.[53] Modifications to the showroom stock cars were limited to fitting a roll cage, free flow exhaust, upgraded shock absorbers, as well as wider rims and tires.
The Alliance provided many donor parts (engine and suspension) for the Sports Renault race car, a single make series created by the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) in 1984.[54] Designed by Roy Lunn, it was a low-cost purpose-built racer. The car was developed and manufactured by Renault/Jeep Sport USA in Livonia, Michigan, under direction of Vic Elford; with more than five hundred were built. Most cars still exist, although the majority have been converted to use a Ford engine (thus now known as Spec Racer Fords), and run in the SCCA club-racing program.
Legacy
The 1983 Motor Trend Car of the Year award for the Renault Alliance was an industry-wide recognition that contributed to increased sales, as well as to AMC's profits of about $15 million in 1984 (US$45,398,783 in 2024 dollars[31]).[55]
The Alliance afforded AMC the opportunity to field a new compact car without the expense of its design and tooling, still the business relationship with Renault exacted a heavy price on the U.S. company. The automaker was required to shed its profitable AM General line of commercial and military vehicles because of U.S. Government regulations prohibiting foreign companies from owning domestic military suppliers.[56]
Automotive journalist Gary Witzenburg noted that the Alliance sedan's "excellent reputation and phenomenal first-year success" caused AMC to stop production of its larger and older Spirit and Concord with the introduction of the new hatchback versions under a different name.[57] The initial positive reception and the "impressive" sales total of 200,000 Alliances by the end of 1984 was later hindered by the market offer of only two models while the competition was offering with a wider range of cars for the market segments.[24]
Renault failed to fully accommodate the European-origin cars to U.S. market demands. These included the Alliance's less powerful engine whose output was further limited by the more demanding U.S. emission requirements, as well as the popularity of air conditioning in the U.S. when it was seldom ordered by European customers.[24] The exchange rate of the U.S. dollar also became "very problematic in the mid-1980s" due to the inflation and declining economy in the U.S., compared to French currency.[24] Renault also did not consider the costs of manufacturing at AMC, and failed to "properly support its distribution network" because AMC's U.S. dealerships were seldom brand exclusive.[24] The mistakes in controlling "the quality delivered by the distribution network" resulted in "disastrous" consequences for the image of the automobiles, as well as increasing warranty costs.[24]
The Alliance has the arguable distinction of being the car that saved AMC, while at the same time the cars possibly hastened the automaker's disappearance as an independent company.[58]
The Encore nameplate would reappear in the United States in 2013, this time on a small Buick SUV.
↑Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act of 1979 Pub. L.96–185 Public Law 96-185, 96th Congress, 7 January 1980
↑Taylor III, Alexander L. (8 September 1980). "Detroit's Uphill Battle". Time. Archived from the original on 30 November 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
↑Dunne, Jim (July 1978). "Detroit Report". Popular Science. Vol.213, no.1. p.20. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
12"People and Projects: Design changes at GAF and 'Franco-American Motors'". Industrial Design. Vol.28. 1981. p.13.
↑"Renault Alliance". Motor Trend. Vol.34. 1982. p.44.
↑Blackwell, Roger D.; Engel, James F.; Talarzyk, W. Wayne (1985). Contemporary Cases in Consumer Behavior. Dryden Press. pp.3–6. ISBN9780030639562.
↑Alsop, Ronald; Abrams, Bill (1986). "Alliance: Overcoming AMC's Dowdy Image". The Wall Street Journal on Marketing. Dow Jones-Irwin. pp.55–57. ISBN9780870948961.
123456Jones, Geoffrey; Gálvez-Muñoz, Lina (2001). "6". Foreign multinationals in the United States: management and performance. Taylor & Francis. pp.110–112. ISBN9780415250559. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
AMC Rambler Club encourages and promotes the preservation, restoration, and collection of automobiles produced by American Motors Corporation, as well as collecting information and printed matter relating to these cars.
The American Motors Owners Association aids and encourages the use, enjoyment, preservation, and restoration of vehicles built by American Motors Corporation between 1954 and 1988 model years.
Vehicles sold under Renault marque in gold background
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
