Advanced Placement

Last updated

Advanced Placement exams
AP logo (2017).svg
Logo since 2017
AcronymAP
Administrator College Board
Year started1952 (1952)
DurationMostly 2–3 hours [1]
Score range1–5 (details)
Score validityScores archived after 4 years, but remain valid [2]
OfferedYearly
Regions United States and Canada
Fee2024 exams (USD): [3]
  • $98 (US, Canada, DoDEA schools)
  • $128 (elsewhere)
  • $146 (AP Capstone)
Website ap.collegeboard.org

Advanced Placement (AP) [4] is a program in the United States and Canada created by the College Board. AP offers undergraduate university-level curricula and examinations to high school students. Colleges and universities in the US and elsewhere may grant placement and course credit to students who obtain qualifying scores on the examinations.

Contents

The AP curriculum for each of the various subjects is created for the College Board by a panel of experts and college-level educators in that academic discipline. For a high school course to have the designation as offering an AP course, the course must be audited by the College Board to ascertain that it satisfies the AP curriculum as specified in the Board's Course and Examination Description (CED). If the course is approved, the school may use the AP designation and the course will be publicly listed on the AP Course Ledger. [5]

History

20th century

After the end of World War II, the Ford Foundation created a fund that supported committees studying education. [6] The program, which was then referred to as the "Kenyon Plan", [7] was founded and pioneered at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, by the then-college president Gordon Chalmers. The first study was conducted by four prep schools—the Lawrenceville School, Phillips Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy, and St. Paul's School —and three universities—Harvard University, Princeton University and Yale University. In 1952 they issued the report General Education in School and College: A Committee Report which recommended allowing high school seniors to study college-level material and to take achievement exams that allowed them to attain college credit for this work. [8] The second committee, the Committee on Admission with Advanced Standing, developed and implemented the plan to choose a curriculum. A pilot program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines. In the 1955–56 school year, it was nationally implemented in ten subjects: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, English, History, French, German, Spanish, and Latin.

The College Board, a non-profit organization [9] based in New York City, has run the AP program since 1955. [10]

From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program. [11] It develops and maintains guidelines for the teaching of higher-level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and supports universities. [12] These activities are funded through fees required to take the AP exams.

21st century

In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations. [13] Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses, [14] though the College Board allows any student to take any examination regardless of participation in its respective course. [15] Therefore, home-schooled students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an equal opportunity to take AP exams.

In 2007, hedge fund manager and philanthropist Whitney Tilson helped create a $1 million program (called Reach, for Rewarding Achievement) funded by philanthropists to pay students in 25 public schools and six Roman Catholic private schools in New York City who do well on Advanced Placement exams. [16] [17] High school students receiving a top score of five on one of the exams earned $1,000 (a four was worth $750, and a three was worth $500). [16] The schools chosen for the program all had a high proportion of low-income black or Latino students. [16] Tilson approached the Pershing Square Foundation to finance the project, and it agreed to give the project $1 million for its first year. [16]

As of the 2024 testing season, exams cost $98 each, [3] though the cost may be subsidized by local or state programs. Financial aid is available for students who qualify for it; the exam reduction is $36 per exam from College Board plus an additional $9 rebate per fee-reduced exam from the school. There may be further reductions depending on the state.

On April 3, 2008, the College Board announced that four AP courses—French Literature, Latin Literature, Computer Science AB, and Italian Language and Culture—would be discontinued after the 2008–2009 school year due to lack of funding. [18] [19] However, the Italian Language and Culture test was again offered beginning in 2011.

Starting July 2013 AP allowed students for the first time to both view and send their scores online. [20]

The number of AP exams administered each year has seen a steady increase over the past decade. In 2003, 175,860 English Language and Composition exams were administered. By 2013, this number had risen to 476,277, or an increase of 171%. Such an increase has occurred in nearly all AP exams offered, with the AP Psychology exam seeing a 281% increase over the past decade. In 2022, the most taken AP exam was English Language and Composition with 520,771 students and the least taken AP exam was Italian Language and Culture with 2,194 students. [21]

In the 2022–2023 school year, College Board launched a pilot AP African American Studies course. The course is currently acknowledged credit at about 75 colleges and universities. [22]

AP exams begin on the second Monday in May and last ten school days.

Scoring

AP tests are scored on a 1 to 5 scale as follows: [23]

The multiple-choice component of the exam is scored by computer, while the free-response and essay portions are scored by trained Readers at the AP Reading each June. The scores on various components are weighted and combined into a raw Composite Score. The Chief Reader for each exam then decides on the grade cutoffs for that year's exam, which determine how the Composite Scores are converted into the final grades. During the process, a number of reviews and statistical analyses are performed to ensure that the grading is reliable. The overall goal is for the grades to reflect an absolute scale of performance which can be compared from year to year. [24]

Some colleges use AP test scores to exempt students from introductory coursework, others use them to place students in higher designated courses, and some do both. Each college's policy is different, but most require a minimum score of 3 or 4 to receive college credit. [25] Typically, this appears as a "CR" grade on the college transcript, although some colleges and universities will award an A grade for a 5 score. [26] Some countries, such as Germany, that do not offer general admission to their universities and colleges for holders of an American high school diploma without preparatory courses will directly admit students who have completed a specific set of AP tests, depending on the subject they wish to study there.

In addition, completing AP courses helps students qualify for various types of scholarships. According to the College Board, 31 percent of colleges and universities look at AP experience when making scholarship decisions. [27]

Beginning with the May 2011 AP Exam administration, the College Board changed the scoring method of AP Exams. [28] [29] Total scores on the multiple-choice section are now based on the number of questions answered correctly. Points are no longer deducted for incorrect answers and, as was the case before, no points are awarded for unanswered questions. However, scoring requirements have also been increased.

Score reporting

Starting with the May 2013 AP Examination Administration, the College Board launched an Internet-based score reporting service. [30] Students can use their 2013 AP Number or Student Number (if one was indicated) along with a College Board Account [31] to access current and previous years' exam scores. This system can also be used to send scores to colleges and universities for which a four-digit institutional code [32] is assigned.

Exam subsidies

Recognizing that the cost could be an impediment to students of limited means, a number of states and municipalities independent of the College Board have partially or fully subsidized the cost. The state of Florida reimburses school districts for the exam costs of students enrolled in Advanced Placement courses. [33] The Los Angeles Unified School District, the Montebello Unified School District, the Hawaii Department of Education, New York City Department of Education, and the state of Indiana subsidize Examination fees in subjects of math, science, and English, [34] and the Edmonds School District in suburban Seattle currently subsidizes Advanced Placement fees of students who enroll in the free school lunch program. Some school districts, such as Fairfax County Public Schools, will fully cover the cost of a limited number of exams, after which point the student must pay. In addition, some school districts[ which? ] offer free tests to all students enrolled in any Advanced Placement class.

Courses

Current subjects

There are currently 40 courses and exams available through the AP Program. [35]

Arts

English

History and Social Sciences

Math and Computer Science

Sciences

World Languages and Cultures

Capstone

Courses in development

In 2024, the College Board announced pilot programs for several new AP exams as part of the AP Career Kickstart program:

In the announcement, the College Board additionally noted that "We plan to build out multiple career and technical education (CTE) pathways in information technology (networking, cybersecurity, coding) and additional pathways in business and health sciences." [43]

In 2018, when the AP World History exam was discontinued, the College Board announced their commitment to developing two replacement courses, AP World History: Ancient and AP World History: Modern, but so far only the Modern course has launched, with the Ancient course still in development. [44]

Discontinued courses

Over the decades that the AP program has run, several AP courses and exams have been discontinued or replaced, including

Recent and upcoming exam changes

2016–2017

2018–2019

2019–2020

2020–2021

2021–2022

2022–2023

2023–2024

2024–2025

Recent exam information

AP Exam Taken by Subject 2019 AP Exams Taken by Subject 2019.png
AP Exam Taken by Subject 2019

Below are statistics from the 2023 exam cycle showing the number of participants, the percentage who obtained a score of 3 or higher, and the mean score. Students generally need a score of 3 or higher to receive credit or benefit.

2023 scoring results
Exam nameNumber of studentsScored ≥3 (%)Mean score
2-D Art and Design 43,85483.63.36
3-D Art and Design 7,50572.13.07
Art History 24,62464.63.04
Biology 239,47064.43.04
Calculus AB 273,98758.02.99
Calculus BC 135,45878.53.75
Chemistry 139,44875.13.26
Chinese Language and Culture 16,49588.44.09
Comparative Government and Politics 23,61170.83.14
Computer Science A 94,43868.03.21
Computer Science Principles 164,50578.53.75
Drawing 22,55584.83.47
English Language and Composition 562,32856.12.82
English Literature and Composition 356,04377.23.26
Environmental Science 209,75753.72.79
European History 81,78859.42.95
French Language and Culture 18,65574.73.21
German Language and Culture 4,375683.20
Human Geography 247,04354.42.75
Italian Language and Culture 2,03472.93.32
Japanese Language and Culture 3,08976.93.72
Latin 4,53356.72.79
Macroeconomics 148,83664.73.08
Microeconomics 94,77268.03.25
Music Theory 17,83460.73.02
Physics 1: Algebra-Based 159,58245.62.55
Physics 2: Algebra-Based 20,45369.83.15
Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism 24,17970.23.49
Physics C: Mechanics 55,60273.53.40
Psychology 321,32959.62.89
Research 28,40284.43.34
Seminar 73,33485.03.24
Spanish Language and Culture 164,43483.83.60
Spanish Literature and Culture 22,86067.42.98
Statistics 242,92960.02.89
United States History 467,97547.52.54
United States Government and Politics 329,13249.22.59
World History 350,35364.73.04
Total5,197,601**

The College Board estimates that about 2/3 of students enrolled in an AP course take the course's AP test. [65] On the other hand, a study of University of California system students found that only about 55% to 60% of AP students took their course's exam. [66]

One 2014 study of math and science AP courses showed that participation rates were 52.7% for AP Chemistry, 53.6% for AP Physics, 57.7% for AP Biology, and 77.4% for AP Calculus. [67] A 2017 study found similar participation rates (49.5% for AP Chemistry, 52.3% for AP Physics, 54.5% for Biology, and 68.9% for Calculus). History exams were found to have slightly higher participation rates (57.9% for AP European History, 58.5% for AP World History, and 62.8% for AP U.S. History), and 65.4% of AP English students took either the AP English Language or AP English Literature exam. This study found that for "core AP subjects (i.e., no arts or language subjects)", the overall test participation rate was 60.8%. [68]

In February 2014 College Board released data from the previous ten years of AP exams. College Board found that 33.2% of public high school graduates from the class of 2013 had taken an AP exam, compared to 18.9% in 2003. In 2013 20.1% of graduates who had taken an AP test achieved a 3 or higher compared to 12.2% in 2003.

Criticism

Decreasing quality

Lichten appears to have been the first to question whether AP can maintain high academic standards while experiencing explosive growth. [69] [70] Whether the AP program can serve large numbers of students well is a matter of some concern within the education field. [71]

Passing scores and university credit

A 2024 report stated that students who receive scores of 3 and higher are being given college credit at fewer top colleges and universities. [72] Also in 2024, Hess noted that an increasing proportion of students who take and pass AP courses is not ready for college-level work. [73]

Academic achievement

A 2010 study of the impact of the Advanced Placement program on students' academic achievement found that students who took AP courses in the sciences but failed the AP exam performed no better in college science courses than students without any AP course at all. [74] Referring to students who complete the course but fail the exam, the head researcher, Phillip M. Sadler, stated in an interview that "research shows that they don't appear to have learned anything during the year, so there is probably a better course for them."

Two subsequent studies compared non-AP students with AP students who had not taken their course's AP exam, had taken the AP exam but did not pass it, or had passed the AP exam. Like Sadler's study, both found that AP students who passed their exam scored highest in other measures of academic achievement. [75] The largest study of this sort, with a sample size of over 90,000, replicated these results and also showed that non-AP students performed with equal levels of academic achievement as AP students who did not take their course's AP exam—even after controlling for over 70 intervening variables. [76] This led the authors to state that AP participation "is not beneficial to students who merely enroll in the courses..." [76] : 414 

Some researchers have questioned the validity of Advanced Placement scores or Advanced Placement as an effective form of positive reinforcement.[ citation needed ] It is argued that the pursuit of extrinsic reward is not an accurate reflection of intrinsic interest in course material.[ citation needed ] Many other criteria should also be employed to judge a student including standardized test scores, research experience, breadth and the level of courses taken, and academic-related extracurriculars performance.[ citation needed ] Writing honors thesis or semi-independent research in a subject may be more signal of interest or academic potential than achieving the label of "Advanced Placement" student.[ citation needed ]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Exam Timing and Structure". AP Students. College Board . Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  2. ↑ "I took AP Exams over four years ago. How do I send my old scores?". AP Students. College Board . Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  3. 1 2 "AP Exam Fees – AP Central | College Board". apcentral.collegeboard.org. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  4. ↑ "AP Central". Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
  5. ↑ "AP Course Ledger". AP Course Audit. University of Oregon. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  6. ↑ "A Brief History of the Advanced Placement Program" (PDF). College Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
  7. ↑ "Historical Markers: Kenyon College". Kenyon College. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  8. ↑ Stanley N. Katz (March 10, 2006). "The Liberal Arts in School and College". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  9. ↑ About the College Board Archived December 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  10. ↑ The History of the AP Program Archived May 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  11. ↑ DiYanni, Robert (2008). "The History of AP Program". CollegeBoard.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
  12. ↑ The Advanced Placement Program Archived May 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  13. ↑ Program Summary Report 2006 Archived October 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  14. ↑ AP Fact Sheet Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  15. ↑ AP: Frequently Asked Questions Archived June 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  16. 1 2 3 4 Jennifer Medina (October 15, 2007). "Making Cash a Prize for High Scores on Advanced Placement Tests", The New York Times.
  17. ↑ Elissa Gootman (August 19, 2008). "Mixed Results on Paying City Students to Pass Tests", The New York Times.
  18. ↑ de Vise, Daniel (April 4, 2008). "AP Language, Computer Courses Cut". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  19. ↑ Important Announcement about AP Italian Language and Culture Archived July 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  20. ↑ "AP Online Scores". Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  21. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ↑ "African-American History Finally Gets Its Own AP Class". Time. August 22, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
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  25. ↑ Understanding AP Exams Archived September 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine from PathAspire.com
  26. ↑ Multiple-Choice Scores Archived September 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  27. ↑ "AP Program". College Board. September 7, 2007. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012., citing "Unpublished institutional research, Crux Research, Inc. March 2007."
  28. ↑ "Guess What? Taking AP Exams Just Got Easier". ParentDish. 2010. Archived from the original on March 14, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
  29. ↑ Finnegan, Leah (August 11, 2010). "AP Eliminates Guessing Penalty On Tests". HuffPost. Archived from the original on July 19, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
  30. ↑ "Score Reporting Services". College Board. 2013. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
  31. ↑ "Create a CollegeBoard Account". College Board. 2013. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
  32. ↑ "List of 4-digit Institutional Codes, PDF" (PDF). Educational Testing Service. 2013. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
  33. ↑ Florida Early Learning-20 Education Code (Title XLVIII, Section 1011.62(1)(n)). The Florida Senate. 2022.
  34. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. ↑ "AP Central - Course Home Pages". apcentral.collegeboard.com. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  36. ↑ "Career Kickstart Cybersecurity Pilots". College Board. 2024. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  37. ↑ "Cybersecurity Pilot Instructional Overview" (PDF). College Board. 2024. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  38. 1 2 "What are the details of the CompTIA/AP Cybersecurity partnership?". College Board. 2024. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  39. 1 2 "Career Kickstart Cybersecurity Pilots". College Board. 2024. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  40. 1 2 "Cybersecurity Pilot Instructional Overview" (PDF). College Board. 2024. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  41. ↑ "AP for all sophomores? This school is doing it". School News Network. 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  42. ↑ "Advanced Placement A&P to Launch in Fall 2024". Human Anatomy and Physiology Society. 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  43. ↑ "Career Kickstart". College Board. 2024. Retrieved December 26, 2024.
  44. ↑ "AP World History: Ancient" (PDF). College Board. 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  45. ↑ "AP World History Revisions - Advances in AP - The College Board | Advances in AP". advancesinap.collegeboard.org. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
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  47. ↑ Watanabe, Teresa (March 18, 2020). "How will students take AP tests with schools closed? At home, College Board proposes". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
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  53. ↑ "AP Human Geography Exam". AP Central. July 10, 2006. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
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  55. ↑ "AP Italian Language and Culture Exam". AP Central. July 10, 2006. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  56. ↑ "AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based – AP Students | College Board".
  57. ↑ "AP Precalculus Exam – AP Central | College Board". apcentral.collegeboard.org. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  58. ↑ "AP World History: Modern Exam – AP Central | College Board". apcentral.collegeboard.org. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
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  63. 1 2 "AP Physics Revisions for 2024-25 – AP Central | College Board". apcentral.collegeboard.org. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
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  65. ↑ College Board (November 30, 2000). Access to excellence: A report of the commission on the future of the Advanced Placement Program (PDF). Author. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  66. ↑ Geiser, Saul; Santelices, Veronica. "The role of Advanced Placement and honors courses in college admissions". Center for Studies in Higher Education, University of California. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  67. ↑ Sadler, P. M.; Sonnert, G.; Hazari, Z.; Tai, R. (2014). "The role of advanced high school coursework in increasing STEM career interest". Science Educator. 23: 6.
  68. ↑ Warne, R. T. (2017). "Research on the academic benefits of the Advanced Placement Program: Taking stock and looking forward". SAGE Open. 7 (1): 9. doi: 10.1177/2158244016682996 .
  69. ↑ Lichten, William (2000). "Whither Advanced Placement". Education Policy Analysis Archives. 8 (29): 29. doi: 10.14507/epaa.v8n29.2000 . Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  70. ↑ Lichten, William (2010). "Whither Advanced Placement--now?". In Sadler, P. M.; Sonnert, G.; Tai, R. H.; Klopfenstein, K. (eds.). AP: A critical examination of the Advanced Placement program. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Education Press. pp. 233–243.
  71. ↑ Warne, R. T. (2017). "Research on the academic benefits of the Advanced Placement program: Taking stock and looking forward". SAGE Open. 7 (1): 215824401668299. doi: 10.1177/2158244016682996 .
  72. ↑ Terr, Alex (December 10, 2024). "Diminishing Credit II: How Colleges and Universities Restrict the Use of AP and IB Towards Earning a Degree in Less Than Four Years". Progressive Policy Institute. Retrieved February 17, 2025.
  73. ↑ Hess, Rick (October 31, 2024). "'Academic Rigor Is in Decline.' A College Professor Reflects on AP Scores". Education Week. ISSN   0277-4232 . Retrieved February 17, 2025.
  74. ↑ Hood, Lucy; Sadler, Philip M. (2010). "Putting AP to the Test: New research assesses the Advanced Placement program". Harvard Education Letter. 26 (May/June 2010). Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  75. ↑ Ackerman, Phillip; Kanfer, Ruth; Calderwood, Charles (2013). "High school Advanced Placement and student performance in college: STEM majors, non-STEM majors, and gender differences". Teachers College Record. 115 (10): 1–43. doi:10.1177/016146811311501003. S2CID   141871464.
  76. 1 2 Warne, Russell T.; Larsen, Ross; Anderson, Braydon; Odasso, Alyce J. (2015). "The impact of participation in the Advanced Placement program on students' college admissions test scores". The Journal of Educational Research. 108 (5): 400–416. doi:10.1080/00220671.2014.917253. hdl: 10.1080/00220671.2014.917253 . S2CID   146577291.

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