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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.858 |
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| Formula | C8H18O4S2 |
| Molar mass | 242.35 g·mol−1 |
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Trional (Methylsulfonal) is a sedative-hypnotic [1] and anesthetic drug with GABAergic actions [ citation needed ]. It has similar effects to sulfonal, except it is faster acting. [2]
Trional was prepared and introduced by Eugen Baumann and Alfred Kast in 1888. [3]
Appeared in Agatha Christie's "Murder on the Orient Express", "And Then There Were None" and other novels such as John Bude’s “The Lake District Murder” as a sleep inducing sedative, and in In Search of Lost Time (Sodom and Gomorrah) by Marcel Proust as a hypnotic. Sax Rohmer also references trional in his novel Dope .
Hypnotic, or soporific drugs, commonly known as sleeping pills, are a class of psychoactive drugs whose primary function is to induce sleep and to treat insomnia (sleeplessness).
Acetophenone is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C(O)CH3. It is the simplest aromatic ketone. This colorless, viscous liquid is a precursor to useful resins and fragrances.
Chloral hydrate is a geminal diol with the formula C2H3Cl3O2. It is a colorless solid. It has limited use as a sedative and hypnotic pharmaceutical drug. It is also a useful laboratory chemical reagent and precursor. It is derived from chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde) by the addition of one equivalent of water.
A sedative or tranquilliser is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement. They are CNS depressants and interact with brain activity causing its deceleration. Various kinds of sedatives can be distinguished, but the majority of them affect the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In spite of the fact that each sedative acts in its own way, most produce relaxing effects by increasing GABA activity.
An imidazopyridine is a nitrogen containing heterocycle that is also a class of drugs that contain this same chemical substructure. In general, they are GABAA receptor agonists, however recently proton pump inhibitors, aromatase inhibitors, NSAIDs and other classes of drugs in this class have been developed as well. Despite usually being similar to them in effect, they are not chemically related to benzodiazepines. As such, GABAA-agonizing imidazopyridines, pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrones are sometimes grouped together and referred to as "nonbenzodiazepines." Imidazopyridines include:
Flurazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It produces a metabolite with a long half-life, which may stay in the bloodstream for days. Flurazepam was patented in 1968 and came into medical use the same year. Flurazepam, developed by Roche Pharmaceuticals was one of the first benzo hypnotics to be marketed.
Eszopiclone, sold under the brand-name Lunesta among others, is a medication used in the treatment of insomnia. Evidence supports slight to moderate benefit up to six months. It is taken orally.
Zaleplon, sold under the brand name Sonata among others, is a sedative and hypnotic which is used to treat insomnia. It is a nonbenzodiazepine or Z-drug of the pyrazolopyrimidine class. It was developed by King Pharmaceuticals.
Butabarbital is a prescription barbiturate sleep aid and anxiety medication. Butabarbital has a particularly fast onset of effects and short duration of action compared to other barbiturates, which makes it useful for certain applications such as treating severe insomnia, relieving general anxiety and relieving anxiety before surgical procedures; however it is also relatively dangerous particularly when combined with alcohol, and so is now rarely used, although it is still prescribed in some Eastern European and South American countries. Its intermediate duration of action gives butabarbital an abuse potential slightly lower than secobarbital. Butabarbital can be hydrolyzed to Valnoctamide.
2,2,2-Trichloroethanol is the chemical compound with formula Cl3C−CH2OH. Its molecule can be described as that of ethanol, with the three hydrogen atoms at position 2 replaced by chlorine atoms. It is a clear flammable liquid at room temperature, colorless when pure but often with a light yellow color.
Cinolazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Due to its strong sedative properties, it is primarily used as a hypnotic.
Mebutamate is an anxiolytic and sedative drug with antihypertensive effects of the carbamate class. It has effects comparable to those of barbiturates such as secobarbital, but is only around 1/3 the potency of secobarbital as a sedative. Side effects include dizziness and headaches.
Sulfonmethane is a chemical compound first synthesized by Eugen Baumann in 1888 and introduced as a hypnotic drug by Alfred Kast later on, but now superseded by newer and safer sedatives. Its appearance is either in colorless crystalline or powdered form. In United States, it is scheduled as a Schedule III drug in the Controlled Substance Act.
A GABA receptor agonist is a drug that is an agonist for one or more of the GABA receptors, producing typically sedative effects, and may also cause other effects such as anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant effects. There are three receptors of the gamma-aminobutyric acid. The two receptors GABA-α and GABA-ρ are ion channels that are permeable to chloride ions which reduces neuronal excitability. The GABA-β receptor belongs to the class of G-Protein coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclase, therefore leading to decreased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). GABA-α and GABA-ρ receptors produce sedative and hypnotic effects and have anti-convulsion properties. GABA-β receptors also produce sedative effects. Furthermore, they lead to changes in gene transcription.
Pyrithyldione is a psychoactive drug invented in 1949. An improved method of manufacture was patented by Roche in 1959. It was used as a hypnotic or sedative and presumed to be less toxic than barbiturates. Today, this substance is no longer used. Agranulocytosis was sometimes reported as adverse effect. Pyrithyldione is also a CYP2D6 inducer but is not as potent as glutethimide In studies, it increased the O-Demethylation of codeine by 20%.
L-838,417 is an anxiolytic drug used in scientific research. It has similar effects to benzodiazepine drugs, but is structurally distinct and so is classed as a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic. The compound was developed by Merck, Sharp and Dohme.
SX-3228 is a sedative and hypnotic drug used in scientific research. It has similar effects to sedative-hypnotic benzodiazepine drugs, but is structurally distinct and so is classed as a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic.
Fenadiazole (INN), also known as phénadiazole (DCF) and sold under the brand names Hypnazol, Eudormil, and Viodor, is a hypnotic and sedative medication which has been used to treat insomnia but is no longer marketed. It is described as a non-barbiturate hypnotic with marked or profound hypnotic and sedative properties in animals, variable hypnotic effects in humans, additional anticonvulsant, antithermal, and spasmolytic effects, and a generally well-tolerated profile in humans. The drug was synthesized, pharmacologically characterized, patented, and marketed by the French pharmaceutical company Laboratoires Jacques Logeais between 1960 and 1962. As a hypnotic and sedative, fenadiazole has a unique oxadiazole-based chemical structure. It may be chemically related to certain other hypnotics and sedatives with atypical chemical structures.
Tetronal is a sedative-hypnotic and anesthetic drug with GABAergic actions. It is not as effective as trional.
JM-1232 is a sedative and hypnotic drug being researched as a potential anesthetic. It has similar effects to sedative-hypnotic benzodiazepine drugs, but is structurally distinct and so is classed as a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic. It was developed by a team at Maruishi Pharmaceutica.
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