Medicines for pain and palliative care
Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)
- Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
- Ibuprofen [note 3]
- Paracetamol [note 4] (acetaminophen)
Opioid analgesics
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The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (aka Essential Medicines List or EML [1] ), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system. [2] The list is frequently used by countries to help develop their own local lists of essential medicines. [2] As of 2016 [update] , more than 155 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization's model list. [1] This includes both developed and developing countries. [2] [3]
The list is divided into core items and complementary items. [4] The core items are deemed to be the most cost-effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources. [4] The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost–benefit ratio. [4] About 25% of items are in the complementary list. [5] Some medications are listed as both core and complementary. [6] While most medications on the list are available as generic products, being under patent does not preclude inclusion. [7]
The first list was published in 1977 and included 208 medications. [8] [2] [9] The WHO updates the list every two years. [10] There are 306 medications in the 14th list in 2005, [11] 410 in the 19th list in 2015, [10] 433 in the 20th list in 2017, [12] [13] 460 in the 21st list in 2019, [14] [15] [16] and 479 in the 22nd list in 2021. [17] [18] Various national lists contain between 334 and 580 medications. [5] [19] The Essential Medicines List (EML) was updated in July 2023 to its 23rd edition. This list contains 1200 recommendations for 591 drugs and 103 therapeutic equivalents. [20]
A separate list for children up to 12 years of age, known as the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (EMLc), was created in 2007 and is in its 9th edition. [10] [21] [22] [23] It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of proper formulations. [24] [25] Everything in the children's list is also included in the main list. [26] The list and notes are based on the 19th to 23rd edition of the main list. [4] [12] [14] [17] [27] Therapeutic alternatives with similar clinical performance are listed for some medicines and they may be considered for national essential medicines lists. [17] [18] The 9th Essential Medicines List for Children was updated in July 2023. [23] [28]
Note: An α indicates a medicine is on the complementary list. [4] [14] [17]
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Reserve antibiotics are last-resort antibiotics. The EML antibiotic book was published in 2022. [29] [30] [31]
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Recommendations for all
Recommendations for certain regions
Recommendations for some high-risk populations
Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics
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An α indicates the medicine is on the complementary list for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring or training is needed. An item may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or a less attractive cost-benefit ratio. [4] [14]
ATC code C03Diuretics is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. Subgroup C03 is part of the anatomical group C Cardiovascular system.
ATC code C07Beta blocking agents is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. Subgroup C07 is part of the anatomical group C Cardiovascular system.
ATC code C09Agents acting on the renin–angiotensin system is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. Subgroup C09 is part of the anatomical group C Cardiovascular system.
ATC code C10Lipid modifying agents is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. Subgroup C10 is part of the anatomical group C Cardiovascular system.
ATC code J04Antimycobacterials is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. Subgroup J04 is part of the anatomical group J Antiinfectives for systemic use.
ATC code J05Antivirals for systemic use is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. Subgroup J05 is part of the anatomical group J Antiinfectives for systemic use.
ATC code P01Antiprotozoals is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. Subgroup P01 is part of the anatomical group P Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents.
Artesunate (AS) is a medication used to treat malaria. The intravenous form is preferred to quinine for severe malaria. Often it is used as part of combination therapy, such as artesunate plus mefloquine. It is not used for the prevention of malaria. Artesunate can be given by injection into a vein, injection into a muscle, by mouth, and by rectum.
Lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Zestoretic among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension). It contains lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor, and hydrochlorothiazide, a diuretic. Typically, it becomes an option once a person is doing well on the individual components. It is taken by mouth.
Rifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide, also known as rifampin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide, and sold under the trade name Rifater, is a medication used to treat tuberculosis. It is a fixed dose combination of rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide. It is used either by itself or along with other antituberculosis medication. It is taken by mouth.
Amodiaquine (ADQ) is a medication used to treat malaria, including Plasmodium falciparum malaria when uncomplicated. It is recommended to be given with artesunate to reduce the risk of resistance. Due to the risk of rare but serious side effects, it is not generally recommended to prevent malaria. Though, the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013 recommended use for seasonal preventive in children at high risk in combination with sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine.
Sodium lactate is the sodium salt of lactic acid, and has a mild saline taste. It is produced by fermentation of a sugar source, such as maize or beets, and then, by neutralizing the resulting lactic acid to create a compound having the formula NaC3H5O3.
Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS). They are about 30 to 70% effective in the first two years, depending on the specific vaccine in question. The Vi-rEPA vaccine has been shown to be efficacious in children.
Intravenous sodium bicarbonate, also known as sodium hydrogen carbonate, is a medication primarily used to treat severe metabolic acidosis. For this purpose it is generally only used when the pH is less than 7.1 and when the underlying cause is either diarrhea, vomiting, or the kidneys. Other uses include high blood potassium, tricyclic antidepressant overdose, and cocaine toxicity as well as a number of other poisonings. It is given by injection into a vein.
Ethambutol/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin, also known as ethambutol/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampin, is a medication used for tuberculosis. It is a fixed dose combination of ethambutol, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampicin. It is used either alone or with other antituberculosis medication. It is taken by mouth.
Artesunate/mefloquine is a medication used to treat malaria. It is a fixed dose combination of artesunate and mefloquine. Specifically it is recommended to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria. It is taken by mouth.
Lisinopril/amlodipine, sold under the brand name Lisonorm among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure. It is a combination of lisinopril an ACE inhibitor with amlodipine a calcium channel blocker. It may be used when blood pressure is not well controlled with each of the two agents alone. It is taken by mouth.
Telmisartan/amlodipine, sold under the brand name Twynsta among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used to treat high blood pressure. It is a combination of telmisartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, and amlodipine, as the besilate, a calcium channel blocker. It is taken by mouth.
Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir (DTG/3TC/TDF) is a fixed-dose combination antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV/AIDS. It is a combination of dolutegravir, lamivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil. As of 2019, it is listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the first line treatment for adults, with tenofovir/lamivudine/efavirenz as an alternative. It is taken by mouth.
The current versions are the 21st WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) and the 7th WHO Essential Medicines List for Children (EMLc) updated in June 2019.
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